AP Biology Summer Assignment Objective: To review the information and knowledge you should know or have accessible from both biology and chemistry. Directions: You will need to complete each section and bring them with you the first day of school. You will be given a 31 question SUMMATIVE test and you will be allowed to use whatever parts of these notes you have. You can print these out and hand write them, type them or write on the document; whatever makes you happy. All this information is on the web I recommend the following websites. ONLY DO UP TO PAGE 9!!! http://prezi.com/user/knuffke/ - you will have to search for the topic but these are the Prezis I use for class, they are the text book diagrams that you will need. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/biologypages/t/toc.html the professor s page I refer to when I need to look something else up. Crash course Biology is super helpful and I often reference the videos as I have them memorized (= Bozeman science videos http://www.bozemanscience.com/biology-main-page/ I would use the Biology ones and not AP Bio because those go in depth and you will need them later, not now. If you get super stuck feel free to email me Kathryn.baker@stjohns.k12.fl.us or text me 240-256-5432. I have toddler so free time is not happening. Text is the best way to get my attention. Just state your question and I will answer. Chemistry 1. Fill out the table for each element below Element Draw a Lewis Dot Diagram Hydrogen From lab experience or online write out some example compounds How it is related to biology Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus 2. Explain the difference between ionic and covalent (polar and covalent) bonding; make sure to provide yourself with at least one example. Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 1
3. Draw a picture of a water molecule making sure to label all the parts. Then write a brief explanation that helps you understand the difference between hydrogen bonds and polar covalent bonds. 4. Water is an essential inorganic compound that is vital to life. Review the properties of water and provide an example of how each properties is used by living organisms. 5. Explain how you would identify an acid (characteristics, chemical composition) and the behavior of acids in water. 6. Explain how you would identify a base (characteristics, chemical composition) and the behavior of bases in water. Macromolecules and Enzymes 7. Find and draw the building blocks for carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid (you will be expected to identify these) 8. For each macromolecule (Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acids) you need to create an outline or bulleted list that review the following information a. Building block and its chemical shape and composition (see #6) b. Examples of each macromolecule c. All the organelles associated with that macromolecule. Make sure to include how that macromolecule is used/builds/or is created by that organelle 9. What is an enzyme? 10. For the following vocab terms provide a definition (preferably in your own words) and an example a. Substrate e. Optimal conditions b. Binding site f. Reactant c. Activation energy g. Product d. Denature 11. The diagram below shows an activation energy graph. Explain what it is showing. You will be asked to read it. Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 2
Cells: Organelles and Cell Types 12. In your own words explain the function of each organelle. Then place them into one of the following categories (DNA and Protein Synthesis, Energy, Endomembrane, Waste, and Support or Movement). Make sure to note which are animal, plant, or both (most are both). Name of Organelle Basic Function of Organelle Category Nucleus Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Ribosome Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Cell membrane Lysosome Vesicles Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell wall Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Centriole 13. Fill in the following chart for each cell type Name Prokaryote Membrane Bound Organelle or Not Type of Cell membrane or Cell Wall Multicellular or Unicellular Unique Characteristics Protista Fungi Plant Animal 14. Endosymbiosis is an important theory that must be understood as it explains the formation of eukaryotic plant and animal cells. Write an explanation of what this theory states and provide an MODERN example of this happening. Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 3
15. Throughout the year I will be referring to several different diseases as examples of homeostasis and different ways the function of the body can be compromised. You are expected to have a passing understanding of these diseases. Use the heading to help organize your notes Name of the disease Symptoms Organs affected How homeostasis is impacted Cause (Pathogen, Genetic) a. Cholera b. Cystic fibrosis c. Huntington disease d. Hemophilia e. PKU f. Tay sachs g. Ebola h. Cancer Transport 16. What is diffusion? 17. What is osmosis? 18. Draw a diagram showing the diffusion of pizza from the oven moving into air around it. Then label the high and low concentration, movement of molecules 19. Define the following terms a. Semi-permeable b. Phospholipid bilayer c. Concentration gradient d. Hypotonic e. Hypertonic f. Isotonic 20. Draw a diagram of a freshwater cell being placed into a salt water tank and use the terms from above to label the diagram 21. Explain what a protein channel is and how it is used in the cell membrane. 22. Compare and contrast the difference between active transport and passive transport DNA and Protein Synthesis 23. Draw a nucleotide and label the parts 24. Fill in the chart below DNA RNA Location in the cell Arrangement of strands Unique nitrogen base Sugar in backbone Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 4
25. Label the diagram below 26. Label the diagram below 27. Use the diagram and all the vocab below to write out the steps for protein synthesis a. DNA b. mrna c. Transcription d. Translation e. trna f. amino acid g. protein h. rrna i. Nucleus j. Ribosome 28. Replicate the following strand ATG CCG TTG AGG CAT TAG GCC 29. Transcribe the following strand ATG CCG TTG AGG CAT TAG GCC Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 5
30. Translate the following strand (yes you need a mrna codon table) ATG CCG TTG AGG CAT TAG GCC Genetics Websites that might be useful in your research/memory recall Learn Genetics 31. Define the following terms (when I say define what I mean is write out information so that you understand the term and can use it; don t write definitions that mean nothing to you) a. Allele b. Gene c. Homozygous d. Heterozygous e. Dominant f. Recessive g. Complete dominance h. Codominance i. Incomplete dominance j. Sex-Linked k. Blood Typing l. Hemophilia m. Pedigree chart n. Monohybrid cross o. Dihybrid cross 32. Find examples of monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, incomplete, codominance (blood typing), pedigree charts and sex-linked and be able to do them. I would definitely take notes on your sheet so you have them for the first day of school. a. http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/intro.htm b. http://www.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/biology%20101/biol%20101%20genetics%20problems.htm c. http://www.biologyjunction.com/ap_worksheets.htm d. http://gator.gatewayk12.org/~ckohler/coursework/human%20genetics/pedigree%20chart.pdf Reproduction Websites that might be useful in your research/memory recall http://www.genome.gov/11508982 http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/stem-cell-research-therapy-types-stem-cells-and-their-current-uses 33. Draw and label a diagram showing mitosis make sure to include the following parts a. Parent cell b. Daughter cell c. Chromosome number (assume human) 34. Explain the process of mitosis 35. Label the cell cycle Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 6
36. Explain what happens during each part of the cell cycle 37. Label the stages of mitosis Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 7
38. Explain what happens in each stage 39. Differentiate between these forms of chromosomes a. Chromatin b. Sister Chromatids c. Homologous Pairs d. Chromosome 40. Label the steps of meiosis make sure to identify what happens in each stage 41. Explain how the process of meiosis works. 42. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (I would make a Venn diagram with Only Mitosis, Only Meiosis, Similar) 43. Draw a diagram of crossing over 44. Explain what crossing over is and how it helps create genetic variation. 45. Label Fertilization Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 8
46. Explain how fertilization leads to chromosome number alignment (ie how it goes from n 2n) 47. Look up the following chromosome abnormalities and explain how they happened and what the result is a. Down Syndrome b. Turners c. Klinefelters d. XXY 48. Look up the following structural abnormalities for chromosomes (define them); makes sure you understand how they can causes gene expression problems later a. Deletions b. Duplication c. Translocation d. Inversions 49. Below are the different stages of develop from a zygote to an embryo. For each letter explain what is happening/being shown. 50. Stem cells come in two main forms (Embryonic Stem Cell and Adult Stem Cells) and research is discovering many different things about them. For each type explain what it is, how scientist obtain them, and some research they are being used for Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 9
Energy Transfer 1. Write out the formula for photosynthesis 2. Explain what happens to each reactant (what product does it turn into) 3. Write out the formula for cellular respiration 4. Explain what happens to each reactant (what product does it turn into) 5. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Make sure to be able to give examples and reasons why they are both performed 6. Explain how fermentation is different from lactic acid fermentation. Find the formula and compare the products of both reactants and what organisms perform them. 7. Explain why scientists believe that the first type of bacteria were all anaerobic obligates. Microevolution Websites that might be useful in your research/memory recall http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ has almost every topic covered 8. Find the following scientist and describe their contributions and how they influence the thoughts of Darwin. a. Jean Baptiste Lamarck b. Thomas Malthus c. George LeClerc d. Alfred Wallace e. Charles Lyell f. James Hutton g. Georges Curvier 9. Darwin came up with four basic tenets of Natural Selection. Look up these tenets and explain how they work in your own words. It is often easiest to use an animal as an example when thinking about how the tenets apply. 10. Lamarck and Darwin came up with two separate ideas of how organisms change over time. Compare and Contrast their ideas making sure to show (or have notes) the difference between them and why Darwin s logic won out. 11. I will say over and over that an individual CANNOT evolve only a population can evolve. Explain what is meant by this. 12. There are four types of ways that the phenotype and genotype of a population can shift. For each one below explain what it is and find an example of it a. Natural selection b. Genetic Drift c. Gene flow d. Sexual selection 13. Once the alleles a population start to shift speciation can occur. Explain what speciation is. 14. There are two types of speciation: Sympatric and Allopatric speciation. Look these up and explain the difference 15. Once speciation has occurred animals can typically no longer interbreed. There are several reasons why they fail to do so. These are called pre-zygotic (if they happen before the zygote forms) or post zygotic (if they happen after). Look up these pre-zygotic barriers and come up with an explanation of what they are and an example a. Temporal b. Gametic c. Habitat d. Behavioral Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 10
e. Mechanical Relatedness 16. Scientist use several different methods to show relatedness. Use the heading of the graphic organizer to create a table Method of Relatedness Definition / Explanation Common Example Weakness a. Biogeography b. Homologous Structures / Divergent Evolution c. Analogous Structures / Convergent d. Vestigial structure e. Embryology f. Amino Acid Sequencing g. DNA comparisons Ecology 17. Ecology is the study of the environment and all the different factors. It is a multidiscipline subject. It also studies different levels of organization. This is called emergence when you move up different levels. For each level below explain what is contained inside this level. (Your text book does a great job of this) a. Population b. Community c. Ecosystem d. Biome 18. As you remembered a second ago a biome is large area of several different ecosystems but they still retain the same basics abiotic and biotic factors. Below is a list of terrestrial biomes you should be familiar with. You need to able to recognize where, what are the ionic flora and fauna of the area, average temp and average rainfall, and what unique features it possess. a. Tundra b. Taiga c. Temperate Rainforest d. Deciduous Forest e. Tropical Rainforest f. Grasslands / Savannahs g. Desert h. Chaparral 19. Abiotic factors are hugely important in determining the type of flora and fauna that can live in an area. Below are listed different types of abiotic factors; for each one you are to explain how it affects the ecosystem and give an example of how its absence or abundance or presence is required. Example Water is essential to life and is required by all living things to maintain osmotic balance. Deserts are biomes that receive less than 50cm of rain a year, while the rainforest is the wettest biome coming in at 200 cm a year. a. Temperature b. Altitude c. Salinity (marine, estuary, fresh) d. Fire e. Wind f. Soil Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 11
20. Energy transfer is a huge concept in ecology and is quite easy. For the Florida Everglades please find native species and create a food web containing 15 different species and include all the levels (producer, primary, secondary, tertiary, scavenger and decomposers). 21. Use your food to explain how energy is transferred through the environment and why there are always less tertiary consumers then primary. 22. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are closely linked to the food web. Provide an explanation of how these two process are utilized in food chains. 23. Symbiosis are relationship between certain animals. Below are four types of symbiotic relationships explain what they are and provide examples. a. Mutualism b. Commensalism c. Parasitism d. Predator Prey (not often classified this way but it works) 24. Carrying capacity is an important concept that shows how dense of a population a certain ecosystem can support. Explain what the graph below is showing Baker-Smith Summer assignment page 12