Journal of Physics: Conference Series OPEN ACCESS Monte Carlo Studies of Identified wo-particle Correlations in p-p and Pb-Pb Collisions o cite this article: Gyula Bencédi et al J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 89 View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related content - Identified wo-particle Correlations and Quantum Number Conservations in p-p and Pb-Pb Collisions at LHC Energies Gyula Bencédi, Gergely Gábor Barnaföldi and Levente Molnár - Recent results on two-particle correlations in ALICE Alice Ohlson - Experimental overview on heavy-flavor production Alessandro Grelli his content was downloaded from IP address 8...8 on 9/6/8 at 6:
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// Monte Carlo Studies of Identified wo-particle Correlations in p-p and Pb-Pb Collisions Gyula Bencédi, Gergely Gábor Barnaföldi, Levente Molnár Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France E-mail: bencedi.gyula@wigner.mta.hu Abstract. Azimuthal particle correlations have been extensively studied in the past at various collider energies in p-p, p-a, and A-A collisions. Hadron-correlation measurements in heavyion collisions have mainly focused on studies of collective (flow) effects at low-p and parton energy loss via jet quenching in the high-p regime. his was usually done without event-byevent particle identification. In this paper, we present two-particle correlations with identified trigger hadrons and identified associated hadrons at mid-rapidity in Monte Carlo generated events. he primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of quantum number conservation and the flavour balance during parton fragmentation and hadronization. he simulated p-p events were generated with PYHIA 6. with the Perugia- tune at s = 7 ev. HIJING was used to generate % central Pb-Pb events at s NN =.76 ev. We found that the extracted identified associated hadron spectra for charged pion, kaon, and proton show identified trigger-hadron dependent splitting. Moreover, the identified trigger-hadron dependent correlation functions vary in different p bins, which may show the presence of collective/nuclear effects.. Introduction Charged hadron-hadron correlations have been extensively studied since the ISR and Sp ps experiments in the mid 7 s []. hese measurements have provided a good basis for investigating fragmentation processes. Well before jet reconstruction methods were born, these correlation measurements have been applied more recently in relativistic heavy-ion collisions where full jet reconstruction is challenging, especially at low jet energies. he focus of these studies was to investigate medium effects such as back-to-back jet suppression and modifications of the fragmentation process. Additionally, the discovery of long-range correlation structures in p-p, p-pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC was based on two-particle correlation measurements [,, ]. Various hadronization and hydrodynamical models of the space-time evolution of the hot and dense color medium, which have been employed to describe these phenomena, rely heavily on assumed parton and hadron distributions. Nevertheless, the measured hadron spectra and extracted fragmentation functions are integrated distributions which mix up all possible contributions of parton-hadron channels via the convolution of initialstate, QCD and final state effects of high energy collisions []. he only way to decouple the specific hadronization contributions is to test the conservation of quantum numbers by tracing the baryon number and flavor-specific emission patterns of hadrons from the partonic medium. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution. licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by Ltd
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// his study focuses on the identified-hadron correlations, which is related to the hadronization mechanisms. Here, the baryon-to-meson ratio (for light and strange particles) is enhanced by more than a factor of three in Pb-Pb collisions compared to p-p collisions [6]. Since this unique kinematic range separates the low momentum thermal bulk production from the parton fragmentation dominated regime at high momenta, the expected production mechanism is of particular interest. On the other hand, the question of quantum number conservation during the phase transition from the partonic to the hadronic world can be addressed only through correlations beyond the simple baryon-to-meson ratios. In this short review we investigate the strength of the expected effects revealed by PIDtriggered hadron-hadron correlations in high-energy p-p and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies in the mid-rapidity region ( η < ). his region represents the sensitive geometrical areas of the RHIC/LHC detectors, that are common to SAR, PHENIX, ALICE, ALAS and CMS.. Monte Carlo simulations of identified hadron-hadron azimuthal correlations in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions.. Monte Carlo samples used for the analysis In this study we focused on the generated identified particles: π ±, K ±, p, p, and the charged hadrons (h ± ) as a reference. Event generators PYHIA 6. [7] and HIJING.6 [8] were used for the production of p-p and Pb-Pb event samples. he Perugia- tune [9] was chosen for PYHIA. HIJING event generation included the simulated effects of quenching and shadowing. he generated data include million p-p events at 7 ev and million central ( %) Pb-Pb events at.76 AeV. All charged final-state particles were kept for analysis from the Monte Carlo events, nevertheless the trigger particles and associated particles used for the two-particle correlations measurements were limited in pseudorapidity. rigger particles with η trig >. and the associated particles with η assoc > were rejected. In order to exclude the low-momentum region from the bulk effects, the transverse momenta of the trigger particles were considered above p > GeV/c in all the cases. he associated particle momenta were chosen such that p c < p to avoid double counting. he uncorrelated background was subtracted by the ZYAM method []... he definition of the associated per trigger yield Measuring quantum number conservation requires constraints both on the trigger and the associated particle directions to tighten the sensitivity of the measurement. he associated per trigger yield is defined with the following quantity as a function of pseudorapidity difference η = η trig η assoc and azimuthal angle difference φ = φ trig φ assoc : d N d( η)d( φ) ( φ, η, p, p c ) = dn assoc N trig d( η)d( φ), () where N trig and N assoc is the number of trigger and associated particles, respectively. his quantity was measured in several p and p c intervals. he azimuthal angle correlations in this study are always projected within the pseudorapidity difference η <. he associated per trigger yield on the near-side was extracted from the φ interval φ < π/ and the away-side from the φ interval π/ < φ < π/... he PID-associated spectra o test the quantum number conservation with p c the identified associated spectra of the associated particles (hereafter called PID-associated spectra) have been plotted. We have investigated the PID-associated raw spectra using π ±, K ±, p, p, and charged hadron h ± triggers. Figure shows the raw (unnormalized) identified particle yields dnassoc/dp P ID c
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// for the identified associated particles up to p c < GeV/c. he PID-associated spectra have been plotted for positively charged pions, as trigger particles, selected from the transverse momentum range GeV/c < p < GeV/c. he upper row (Figure a and b) shows the 7 ev p-p PYHIA results and the lower row (Figure c and d) shows the % central Pb-Pb collisions at.76 AeV from HIJING. he left column shows the spectra extracted from the near-side and the right column shows the spectra extracted from the away-side. he PIDassociated spectra of the different associated particle species show the expected evolution with the transverse momentum. he yields of the PID-associated spectra significantly decrease with the selection of charged pion, kaon and proton triggers. 9 PYHIA (M events), NEAR SIDE Projected within η < a) Projected within Φ < π/ rigger particle: π, < p (GeV/c) < 9 PYHIA (M events), AWAY SIDE Projected within η < b) Projected within π/ < Φ < π/ rigger particle: π, < p (GeV/c) < 6 Associated species π K p π - - K p 7 ± h dn assoc/dp P ID,assoc HIJING (M events), NEAR SIDE Projected within η < c) Projected within Φ < π/ rigger particle: π, < p (GeV/c) < - 7 HIJING (M events), AWAY SIDE Projected within η < d) Projected within π/ < Φ < π/ rigger particle: π, < p (GeV/c) < 9 9 6 6 p,assoc [GeV /c] Figure. (Color online) Identified associated particle spectra in correlation with positively charged pions (π ). Open symbols indicate the positive particles and the filled symbols indicate the negative particles. he upper row (a and b) shows the PYHIA simulation in p-p and the lower row (c and d) shows the % central Pb-Pb HIJING events. he left column corresponds to the near side (π/ < φ ) correlations and the right column corresponds to the away-side (π/ < φ < π/) correlations.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89//.. Identified particle ratios At the Monte Carlo event generator level, the basic conservation laws of the quantum numbers such as charge (C), baryon number (B), and strangeness (S) are fulfilled and reflected in the PID-associated spectra after the hadronization process. o extract and enhance the expected quantum number conservation effects, we use the following ratio: dnassoc P ID / dn hadron assoc dp c dp c () which is the PID-triggered to charged hadron-triggered ratio of the PID-associated particle spectra, that is the case when we plot the associated spectra having an identified trigger compared to the one when we have a unidentified (charged hadron) trigger. Furthermore, it can be understood as a specific normalization to the hadron-triggered associated spectra. In Figure the ratios for six identified trigger / identified associated particle species are shown: π /π, π /π, K /K, K /K, p/p, and p/ p. he Fig. a shows the near-side ratios in p-p events. A visible splitting effect is observed for all the trigger species starting from the first p c bin up to GeV/c. he largest splitting is observed in the unlike-sign correlation, p/ p, where there is approximately -times more anti-protons than protons above a specific p c bin, that is the splitting strength is about an order of magnitude larger than the like-sign correlation p/p. he splitting, in case of unlike-sign pairs, for K /K is weaker than in the p/ p but still comparable with it but the π /π shows very weak splitting. In contrast, the away-side p-p ratios, in Fig. b, show an equal ratio for the pions and protons (compared to the near-side in Fig. a). Conversely, kaons show a weak splitting in a limited transverse momentum range with respect to the near-side. he baryon number and charge is conserved and leads to highly correlated distributions in the same cone, since the fragmentation process was not modified by the media. hese qualitative observations show that the strength of the quantum number conservation effects is increasing in the order of charge (C), strangeness (S) and baryon number (B) respectively. In case of hadron correlations with multiple quantum number conservation (C, B, S,... etc.) this effect will be stronger. Fig. c and d exhibit a peculiar pattern for the case of HIJING on the near- and away-side in the p c = 8 GeV/c range for charged kaons and protons, where the baryon/meson anomaly was observed at RHIC and at the LHC [], followed by the reversal of the splitting trend at higher transverse momenta. he charged pions show the splitting pattern only on the near-side. he lack of the splitting effect below GeV/c may be attributed to the fact that in HIJING the embedded mini-jet production starts to appear around this scale. On the away-side (Fig. d), it can be seen that the effect is opposite to the PYHIA (Fig. b), there are more like-sign particles coming from that region. Although it is much smaller than in the near-side, but not negligible. Moreover, we believe that the observed splitting of the protons and anti-protons presumably related to the embedded parametrization of baryon number and charge in HIJING. Further studies are ongoing to characterize better the observed splitting effects that provide an interesting contrast point between various MC event generators and experimental results from the LHC... Identified particle ratios in different trigger p bins In the previous subsection the associated particle spectra were studied in the case that the trigger particles have p in a wide range ( GeV/c < p < GeV/c). In this section we investigate the p dependence of the spectra. We plot the differences between the like-sign and unlike-sign particle pairs for the normalized yields (dnassoc/dp P ID c )/(dnassoc hadron /dp c )
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// PYHIA (M events), NEAR SIDE Projected within η < Projected within Φ < π/ a) rigger / Assoc π / K / p / π K p π - - K p PYHIA (M events), AWAY SIDE Projected within η < Projected within π/ < Φ < π/ b) dn assoc/dp P ID,assoc / dn assoc hadron /dp,assoc HIJING (M events), NEAR SIDE Projected within η < Projected within Φ < π/ c) HIJING (M events), AWAY SIDE Projected within η < Projected within π/ < Φ < π/ d) - - - - p,assoc [GeV /c] Figure. (Color online) PID-triggered associated particle yields relative to the charged hadrontriggered associated yields. Open symbols indicate the positive particles and the filled symbols indicate the negative particles. he three different cases for the trigger/associated particle species are the unlike-sign pairs of π /π, K /K and p/ p. he upper row (a and b) shows the PYHIA simulation in p-p and the lower row (c and d) shows the % central Pb-Pb HIJING events. he left column corresponds to the near side (π/ < φ ) correlations and the right column corresponds to the away-side (π/ < φ < π/) correlations. as plotted in Fig.. Since positively charged triggers were choosen we came to the definition below in order to plot these ratios higher than one: ( ) dn P ID / assoc dn hadron (/ ) / ( assoc dn P ID ) / assoc dn hadron (/) assoc = dp c dp c dp c dp c ( ) dn P ID (/ ) / ( assoc dnassoc P ID dp c dp c () where (/ ) and (/) denote the unlike-sign and like-sign trigger/associated particle pairs, respectively. his ratio gives a more detailed insight into the evolution of the particle yield differences between the positive and negative associated particles as a function of p c. he ratios defined by Eq. () are plotted for four different p trigger bins on the horizontal axis ) (/)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// of Fig.. In Fig. a it can be observed how the splits in agreement with Fig. evolve as a function of p c in the near-side cone in PYHIA events. In general, the splitting effect is the largest and growing for the case when we look at the differences between the p and p. Concerning strange particles it seems to saturate at higher p c. For pions the relative difference is about factor of at most. here is almost no change in the ordering of the species in the other p bins, 7 GeV/c, 7 GeV/c, and GeV/c, and the shapes remain at the same level. pp s = 7 ev, PYHIA 6. (Perugia) Near side φ < π/ a) pion kaon proton pp s = 7 ev, PYHIA 6. (Perugia) Away side π/ < φ < π/ b) pion kaon proton ) (/) dn assoc/dp P ID,assoc dn assoc/dp,assoc) P ID / (/ ) PbPb s NN =.76 ev, HIJING -% Near side φ < π/ c) pion kaon proton - PbPb s NN =.76 ev, HIJING -% Away side π/ < φ < π/ d) pion kaon proton ( ( - - 7 7 7 7 p,trig [GeV /c] Figure. (Color online) Yield differences between the oppositely charged trigger/associated particle pairs. he yield enhancement is relative to the positively charged trigger particles. he upper row (a and b) shows the PYHIA simulation in p-p and the lower row (c and d) shows the % central Pb-Pb HIJING events. he left and right panels correspond to the nearand away-side cases, respectively. Concerning the away-side, in Fig. b, pions and protons with opposite charges are generated with the same yield but there can be a marginal difference for the kaons as it was shown in Fig. b. For HIJING-generated Pb-Pb events in the % central region, Fig. c and d, the kaons and the protons show an reverse trend with respect to the PYHIA events. In the near-side case, the spectrum is different for the first p c bins in all cases for the trigger 6
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// p bins and after that rises above unity. he number of K s produced (compared to π s) is proportional to p c. his trend is unexpected and completely opposite to the PYHIA on the away-side for all the p bins. Moreover, the effect manifests with similar magnitude within any p ranges. In summary, these effects are observed in the central Pb-Pb collisions within the GeV/c transverse momentum range, where the Cronin effect [] and the baryon/meson anomaly act. Conversly these effects are not seen in the bulk, as indicated by the plot..6. esting conservation laws by φ correlations In Fig. the φ-distributions given by Eq. () of identified two-particle correlations are shown for unlike-sign trigger/associated particle pairs in different p, p c bins extracted from PYHIA events. Recall that the spectra, mentioned previously, are baselinesubtracted by applying the ZYAM-method. he columns refer to the different species of the trigger/associated particle pairs, going from left to right we plotted π /π, K /K and p/ p. he rows correspond to the different settings of the p bins, going from top to bottom they are GeV/c < p < 7 GeV/c, 7 GeV/c < p < GeV/c, and GeV/c < p < GeV/c. he near- and away-side peaks show the expected evolution of p c. Higher trigger momentum p yields a narrower near-side peak, whereas higher associated momentum particles p c result in a lower associated particle yield. Nevertheless, the amplitude of the correlation peak stays approximately constant on the away-side as a function of p. If we compare the columns, that is the different trigger/associated particle pairs, we can observe that on the near-side, the ratio of the number of the associated particles to the trigger particles is less for strange particles with respect to the baryons compared to the pions. here is a hint that the same effect is visible on the away-side, but a more thorough study is needed. In Fig. the distributions for the Pb-Pb events, generated by HIJING, show the same trend that is seen on the near-side for the PYHIA events. he difference between PYHIA and HIJING in terms of the chosen trigger/associated species is evident, practically there is only a small flavour and charge correlation effect in HIJING at all studied p momentum bin. Moreover, the number of associated particles for kaons and protons has the same order of magnitude on the near-side as well as on the away-side.. Summary and Outlook Monte Carlo studies of two-particle azimuthal correlations have been performed with identified trigger particles and identified associated particles in p-p collisions at s = 7 ev and in Pb-Pb collisions at s NN =.76 AeV at mid-rapidity. As for the first verification of the generated samples the identified hadrons were extracted from the raw associated particle spectra: π, π, K, K, p and p with fixed positively charged pion (π ) trigger in two separated φ regions, near- and away-side. Further investigation was needed to look deeper into the validity of the quantum number conservations of correlated particle pairs. For this reason we plotted the identified associated spectra for like-sign and unlike-sign trigger/associated particle pairs compared to the charged hadron identified associated spectra. We obtained conclusive results for PYHIA: the PID-triggered-to-hadron-triggered associated spectra on the near-side show a significant splitting between the particles and anti-particles which have the largest effect for the baryon triggers, but is absent on the away-side. Qualitatively the difference between the baryon triggers and the pions is about one order of magnitude. For the HIJING simulation the results show an opposite trend to the PYHIA up to p c = 7 GeV/c and these effects are not vanishing on the away-side except for the pions. he splitting in Pb-Pb collisions starts at slightly larger p c threshold than in p-p because of the embedded physics in HIJING (for example the minijet production), but further investigation is needed with real data to confirm 7
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// rigger / Assoc: π / π rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 7 rigger / Assoc: K / K rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 7 rigger / Assoc: p / p rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 7 /Ntrig dnassoc/d( η)d( φ) [rad ] Associated p range < p (GeV/c) < < p (GeV/c) < < p (GeV/c) < < p (GeV/c) < 7 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: π / π rigger p : 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: π / π rigger p : < p (GeV/c) <. - rigger / Assoc: K rigger p : 7 < p - / K rigger / Assoc: K / K rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < (GeV/c) <. - - rigger / Assoc: p / p rigger p : 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: p / p rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < - - φ [rad] Figure. (Color online) PYHIA simulation of the p-p collisions at s = 7 ev. he associated per trigger yields are plotted for unlike-sign trigger/associated particle pairs: π /π, K /K and p/ p in different p p c bins. he extracted distributions are integrated in the pseudorapidity difference range η <. he different columns and rows correspond to different species of trigger/associated particle pairs and trigger momentum bins p, respectively. he insets correspond to magnified portion of the y-axis of the plotted distribution for better visibility. this observation. o conclude: collective/nuclear effects are visible in the studied GeV/c momentum range. here is no significant change between the yields of the unlike-sign particle pairs as we change the trigger p bins. Finally, we showed the PID-triggered azimuthal φ correlation spectra for the different trigger species. We have seen more associated protons than kaons on the nearside of the p-p collisions which does not depend on the applied trigger momentum p cuts. In Pb-Pb collisions the probability to generate protons or kaons as associated particles on the near-side is about equal. 8
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 89 () doi:.88/796/89// 8 6 rigger / Assoc: π / π rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 7 8 rigger / Assoc: K / K rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 7 8 rigger / Assoc: p / p rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 7 /Ntrig dnassoc/d( η)d( φ) [rad ] 6 Associated p range < p (GeV/c) < 6 < p (GeV/c) < < p (GeV/c) < < p (GeV/c) < 7 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: π / π rigger p : 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: π / π rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: K / K rigger p : 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: K / K rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < 6 rigger / Assoc: p / p rigger p : 7 < p (GeV/c) < rigger / Assoc: p / p rigger p : < p (GeV/c) < φ [rad] Figure. (Color online) HIJING simulation of Pb-Pb collisions at s NN =.76 ev. he associated per trigger yields are plotted for unlike-sign trigger/associated particle pairs: π /π, K /K and p/ p in different p p c bins. he extracted distributions are integrated in the pseudorapidity difference range η <. he different columns and rows correspond to different species of trigger/associated particle pairs and p trigger momentum bins, respectively. he insets correspond to magnified portion of the y-axis of the plotted distribution for better visibility. Acknowledgement his work was supported by Hungarian OKA grants NK77886, NK69, K6, and E CN--. Author Gergely Gábor Barnaföldi also thanks the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. References [] M. G. Albrow et al., Phys. Lett. B 6 (976) 9. [] S. Chatrchyan et al. [CMS Collaboration], [arxiv:.86 [nucl-ex]]. [] B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 79 () 9 [arxiv:. [nucl-ex]]; B. B. Abelev et al. [ALICE Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 76 () 6 [arxiv:7.7 [nucl-ex]]. [] G. Aad et al. [ALAS Collaboration], JHEP () 8 [arxiv:.9 [hep-ex]]. 9
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