Corporate Income Tax Credits: Examining the Relationship between Tax Credits and Employment

Similar documents
EXHIBIT LIST. No Exhibit Name Page. 1 P412 Location Map.pdf (P412) 2. 2 P413 Construction.pdf (P413) 3. 3 P414 Operation.

Level of Service Snow and Ice Control operations are intended to provide a reasonably safe traveling surface, not bare or dry pavement.

Empowers Families Unites Communities Builds Capacity. An In. Read and Rise. Cultivates Literacy

2 w cv c bu mv cu Wh chv b h whch w ch, w huh cu c, b - x wh cc h c v, mucu c, B Ch v m b h whch whch b, k qu c ch m hh cm h k hv vc x vc u h wh cm cm

Report Card. America's Watershed. Moving the report card forward. Information for multiple uses. A vision for. High. Low. High.

Napa Valley Intergroup July 8, 2017

Evaluation of The Necessary of Agriculture Public Expenditure for Poverty Reduction and Food Security in Benin

Part One. Introduction and General information Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida 1

Oak Ridge High School Biology Common Pacing Guide

H ev n t e m l e s e s t o e l r t a r r c f a t i se s a t e h i s r t d l i i g se? n e i s e d n e ce t t h o r u n i o y s, e y

Analysis of Effects of Rebounds and Aerodynamics for Trajectory of Table Tennis Ball

13 Congruent Circles in a Circle

Publication Programme

8 Peaks Sustainable Resource Management Plan Terms of Reference. September 16, 2002

CONTENTS KILIMANJARO TREK4MANDELA TEAM SUMMITS MOUNT. Halala! Congratulations! Parabens! Felicitations! on Madiba s Birthday

A Step by Step Guide Chris Dew: Clinical Indicators Programme Manager Health and Social Care Information Centre

FAIR FOOD GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES ICONIC EDIBLES LIGHTS CAMERA ACTION!

UCM DEPARTMENT OF THEATRE & DANCE PRESENTS SEASON

26th Feb To 16th Apr 2017

NID Inspection Area 1

Constitution Day: September 17

AROUND THE WORLD IN 50 WAYS

No-Bend Orthogonal Drawings of Subdivisions of Planar Triconnected Cubic Graphs

Made-to-measure malaria vector control strategies: rational design based on insecticide properties and coverage of blood resources for mosquitoes

S J M I PAC T A F CT R O : CR E D EP

T h e C e n t r e f o r U l t r a h i g h b a n d w i d t h D e v i c e s f o r O p t i c a l S y s t e m s ( C U D O S )

Local EleveD Wins Spectacular Game

THE ROOST. Thanks, Brad. Sad faced hurdy-gurdy girl, City of cobbles, Where the muddy Meuse Marks cathedral floors With fingers of flood.

OIL & GAS EQUIPMENT RENTAL SOLUTIONS

Investing in Brownfields: The Economic Benefits of the Clean Ohio Revitalization Fund

Help us transform the Central Suburbs bus network Tell us what you think

GNSS-Based Orbit Determination for Highly Elliptical Orbit Satellites

The World s Most Effective Midway Traffic Builders!

What areas are affected? Bucklands. Beach. Eastern. Beach. Half Moon Bay. Mellons. Bay. Howick. Highland. Cockle Bay. Park. Shelly. Botany Downs.

Heroes. of the New Testament. Creative. Communications. Sample

Superior protection that you can count on.

to Highbury via Massey University, Constellation Station, Smales Farm Station, Akoranga Station and Northcote

Kosciuszko. National Park. Free 2012 Guide

INVITATION FOR BID Exploratory Geothermal Drilling Services Department of Natural Resources (DNR)

WEAR A COLLAR RAISE A DOLLAR THIS

Shedding Light on Ireland s online content sharing habits October Vicky Shekleton, Insights Manager

BIG TEX GRADE 5 SOCIAL STUDIES CELEBRATING SYMBOLS: BIG TEX & LADY LIBERTY UNITE

2 xg v Z u R u B pg x g Z v M 10 u Mu p uu Kg ugg k u g B M p gz N M u u v v p u R! k PEKER S : vg pk H g E u g p Muu O R B u H H v Yu u Bu x u B v RO

Sidewalk Snow Clearing Update Information Report

О РАЗВИТИИ НОВОГО ЭФИОПСКОГО КАДАСТРА И ЗЕМЕЛЬНОГО РЕГИСТРА DEVELOPING A NEW ETHIOPIAN CADASTRE AND LAND REGISTER

11,, Q rc/ lndusgfléfifh flted IATTASHANKAR INDUSTRIES LIMITED. etary vbtcompliance Officer. (Scrip Code: Scrip ID: JATTAINDUS)

that a w r o n g has been committed recognize where the responsibility

b y G a r s i d e S i g n s & D i s p l a y s ( E s t a b l i s h e d )

A Bias in the Volatility Smile

68X LOUIE B NUNN PKWYLOUIE B NUNN PKWY NC

PwC Middle East Spa Benchmarking Survey January - August 2012

Creative Communications Sample

>> Taste from our extensive collection. >> Meet the chefs and producers. >> Connect with our team to chat

MAHARASHTRA STATE POWER GENERATION COMPANY LIMITED [Plot No. G-9, Prakashgad, Bandra (E), Mumbai ] Website:

Contents FREE!

HYDROMETRIC NETWORK REQUIREMENTS OKANAGAN BASIN FOR THE. Prepared for. Photo: Belgo Creek at Highway 33

3.2. Built Environment: Land Use and Transportation

FFA FOURTH MANAGEMENT OPTIONS WORKSHOP Rarotonga, Cook Islands October 2007 SUMMARY RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

qu: C gc ul c? v gl c, vg m, c B uc, Mc l c l c c 75% v u l ul l c. Pl c l cm lg l m cul mc cmc l (.g., gculul c, lg- l) um l (.g., ml, W Nl Vu). S c

An Elephantine Misunderstanding: A miscommunication between researchers and their subjects

r R N S Hobbs P J Phelan B E A Edmeaes K D Boyce 2016 Membership ams A P Cowan D D J Robinson B J Hyam J S Foster A NAME MEMBERSHIP NUMBER

WORKERS STRIKE AT TEE BALLOT M

September 7, Joan Alfaro COUNCIL. Don Farrell

August 30, 2013 Volume 85 Issue 2 echo.snu.edu 6612 NW 42nd St. Bethany, OK (405)

2 Lx H h , ug ,. Lx, h yph p g j g - pg g, pg g h h uy h, k. h p Uvy ' P g gz, u hy u u g h y h. P' k h, guy hh u, v u,. p p u h WW v

GUIDE. mirfieldshow.com. Sponsored by. Orange Design Studio.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT IMPORTANCE FACTOR (Ip) DESIGNATION EMERGENCY LIGHTS EXIT LIGHTS FIRE ALARM /MASS NOTIFICATION SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORIES D,E,F

MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION Avraham Marcus KLINGBERG ISRAEL/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

A tale of two architectures (2)

Analysis of Collaborative Learning Behaviors and the Roles of Collaborative Learning Agent

Part Two. Southern Florida s Early Native People

Maturity Models Development in IS Research: A Literature Review

The fact there s no hard evidence to back up the claims of psychics doesn t always matter to women

Grand Bapids Business Directory.

Coolsicles. Chicken Tenders. Hearty Beef Stew

CITY OF LAS CRUCES INFRASTRUCTURE/CIP POLICY REVIEW COMMITTEE

NEW GYMNASIUM AT BOYNTON HIGH SCHOOL 901 BOYNTON AVENUE, SAN JOSE, CA CAMPBELL UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT

Data, frameworks, and financial instrument identification

The Evolution of Outsourcing

THE MIDWAY & GAMES GRADE 4 SOCIAL STUDIES DEEP IN THE HEART OF TEXAS THE TEXAS STAR ILLUMINATED

INCITE. The Collaboration Issue 20 VOL UME. A Dixon Schwabl Publication. dixonschwabl.com

FIRE DESTROYS PROCTOR INN AT CASCADE

Supporting youth mental health & suicide prevention programs. Your schools mental health awareness journey begins here...

Constable. House. Nash. House. Nash. House. 1to56. Stanliff. Fairlead. 1to18. Keelson. r e. Bowsprit 159 Point m 127. Surgery. 9 to.

OUR SAVIOR LUTHERAN CHURCH

YEARS OF GIVING HOPE TO ALL The first Catholic Charities Appeal raised $2 million helping 70,000 people in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.

1. Improvement Resource That Can Be Discovered from Actual Site

Library Advisory Committee. Meeting, Wednesday, April 29, 2015, 10:00 AM. Cachuma Lake Recreation Hall Highway 154, Santa Barbara, CA

CATALOG. Children s Ministry International CMI. Celebrate the 500th Anniversary of. newly-revised and colorized HEROES of the REFORMATION REFORMATION

P e r - t S c a k i T m e i M r g t a i i g H T e l c s w r o f k l w p es r o u i n

Parts Manual. EPIC II Critical Care Bed REF 2031

elegant Pavilions Rediscover The Perfect Destination

Original. Public-Private Transportation Act Detailed Proposal ROUTE 28 PHASE III. Linton Hall Road to Pennsylvania Avenue Prince William Count y, VA

INTA s 2011 In-House Practitioners Benchmarking Survey

Analytical Study on Seismic Energy Balance of NPP Buildings Part 2 Verification, Application and Ultimate State with Energy Index

Lions 202L News and Views Week Commencing 2 nd May ISSUE 586. Like us on facebook/noozletta Please address all items to

A B C D E F G H I J K

Help parents get their kids settled in with this fun, easy-to-supervise coloring activity. A Fun Family Portrait... 3

2016 Annual Report. Making a difference. in the lives of our members.

Components. Spanish Treasure Galleon

Transcription:

Pjc M Sch f Pubc Pc A Uv f Kuck Ic : g h Rh bw P b Ykvk MPA 12 Fcu Av: D. G W D. J.S. Bu Lg, KY A 212

Ic : g h Rh bw b f : I. cuv Su.......3 II. Iuc.....4 III. cu Fwk...7 IV. Rch Dg 15 V. Fg Dcu... 21 VI. cu......26 Rfc..28 A A Su M...3 2

Ic : g h Rh bw I. XUIV SUMMARY cv - cu, c c - hv b c f cu g gv, ubc c, c ch. h c jc w cbu h cu b g h h bw c, v c g h ffc h c hv. h u u ggg g, f 1999 28, g 18 u c wh 18 bv. h z wh h h f h w g : F ffc Bw ffc. h fg hw h h c gfc h bw c, cg h c cvz f h. A fc h h u u b c gfc u g ffc h w c uc. h u u, hwv, hu b vw u g. Fuu ch hu cu fcu h h c g. Rf f h - cu, fuh h vu f v h h h ggg u v - h h c jc, w cfc f h f c v, c f h h bw c. 3

Ic : g h Rh bw II. INRODUION Accg h Bu c Dg f h N Buu f cc Rch (NBR), h U S c c Dcb 27. 1 I Fbu 29, h U.S. g P Ob g w h Ac Rcv Rv Ac f 29. h $787 b cc uu ckg cu $286 b uc ug h c. Ag h cu, w cv, cug c, g bu. 2 I cu, h Wk Ou (WO) w uc ff wh wu h vu f vg gu, cug wf c, -ff, uh g h. I Nvb 211, P Ob h WO b gg w h Vw H H Ac f 211, whch bh w vg gu f u v. h Wk Ou (WO) F c cv h h g v v-c bu f hg vu f g gu wh hv c fc gfc b. h bjcv f h g b h g gu v f cc c fuffcc h c bc cbug, wh h cg c b bg b uc h f c b. WO j h wkfc g h h cvz wkc v fc cc g jb f Ac wk. 3 1 NBR f c f fg cc cv c h c, g h fw h, vb GDP, c,, u uc, wh-. (h://www.b.g/cc/21.h) 2 h://www.cv.gv/abu/pg/h_ac. 3 h://www..gv/bu/cv// 4

Ic : g h Rh bw A, bv hv u fuh bu c cug v. F c, f Rv J Sk uc h Jb Ou Bu Sb Ac f 29 (H.R. 456), whch wu v bu wh c g c f h c. 4 h cu U.S. u 8.3 c. Wh h c h cv, jb gwh b ggg c. h wh, c h ubk f c 27, h Ob A h b cuu uhg f c f c cv v c w jb h U S. hu, u v jb c c g ufcug, f c, h Ac Rcv Rv Ac c c f v ufcug fc f c g chg. I h 21 cc R, h P f h U S gu h h w j bc h cu c h cu cug bu v jb v f f hv b v h. H bv h f w wu h h cv (cc R f h P 21; 155). qu, Fbu 212 h Wh Hu cb wh h D f h u h P Fwk f Bu Rf, 5 whch uc h u c c f 35 c 28 c. I cug gh Ac ufcug v, f v ufcug b v, v u c-w ucv gwh. O 4 h://h.c.gv/cg-b/qu/l?c111:.//c111h.:41 5 h://www.u.gv/-c/w/pg/222212-. 5

Ic : g h Rh bw f h v h fwk h f g kg c f Rch Dv (R&D) c g ufcug. h u f h u h h bw c, whh h vb f c ffc h ub f. I hu h gh g c gu h c v cv h. h u g h ccu fwk f h u Sc 3. Sc 4 v ch g, cug h cfc c. Sc 5 h c u ug h Bw ffc h F ffc g, u. F, Sc 6 ccu. O Df - c c f hg b f. c - u f h f ubc f h u f h w h gv. Uk uc, whch uc h u f f b c, c uc h cu u f w. Gv g c cfc bhv, uch hg, f c. 6

Ic : g h Rh bw Wh c? III. ONPUAL FRAMWORK A c g, f f bu gz, whch chcz b h b f w h uc f h f fb ck. Sc h w f c, wh c, qu : Wh c? S c gu h w c h g f c, wh c b h w/ckh. Oh c h c c c b u f h c h f vg bf h c h fc f b f ckh. A, f, h c f c uc ckh cv k h g wh h c v bg. Of cu, h w b u w h f f b v bu u h f v (R 25; 428-429). Hw c c f? h c c, whch gfc f h U S, h u b b c b h u f f g. h u f - hw ccu - v g u h g whch h c c. h U S h gu ucu,.. c g wh h b b. h f,, c v. U h U S f c, h u c g f 15% 35%. M c c h 35%. Fuh, U S h cu h c c h fg c (R 25; 429-43). 7

Ic : g h Rh bw c u f h h c cu. O f h b c: wg bf u wk cu h b c f c. Puch f w, g vc h f ucb, f cug b hugh bwg. Hwv, v ckh f ug ck cu f b c. Ah ucb c h c f c c (R 25; 43-433). Su R v. ffcv R h u c h h b c f c, whch qu c c uc f b c,, c f c. hf, f c c c, f, h ccu b c. Afw, chu f u h c uc c h cv (g Bug Offc 25; 11). I c, h ffcv c u h cu c v b b c bf. F c g, h ffcv (R) b f h f - f f gv (D 211; 2). hf, ffcv h c cu f b c, u, ffcv b u f h c bu h u c c h ccu f bh h whch c f h b whch. 8

Ic : g h Rh bw R: Bf -u I h c, h j f h Ogz f cc Dv (OD) 6, cug h U S, h cu u c c. w-v u f h h cu h OD hv uc h c c 2. h U S c vu cv c uc, u, ufcug, ch v, g g h cfc u. Nvh, bu h fc f c c c uch c h v u ffcv cv, whch cug cv f w v. qu, h u c c h w c hgh h U S, g bu 4%. h U.S. ffcv c ccu b 35%, whch 15.5% hgh h h OD vg. O fw cu, cug Ag, h, Bz, I Uzbk, hv hgh ffcv c f 29 fg (h Mz 21). Rc OD ch fg hw h h cu bv bf gv h c. v h g u c vu - h f G Dc Puc (GDP) - hv gw OD cu h c f hv. I h OD, h vg c h b uc f 47% 1981 28% 27. A, h OD ch fg v ffc v b hgh c (Jh 28; 15-16, 31-41). 6 OD - gz h h gv ck h cc, c gvc chg f gbz c. 9

Ic : g h Rh bw I D: Lc f hv chc wh c h c, whch h bc cg b c b. A u, h gwg u gv c w c v h whch. c c ffc h f c ccuu hc GDP c. Sc f v c v b h c f h c u v jc, c c hv gv ffc c v b ucg f- u. h f h ffc c, u, b c h g f f h c, wh c k uff f cv hgh c h c c (Jh 28; 31-32). S u f ub gv ffc f h vg v c wh, h, h u f gfc h bw v c. Accg Dvu Gffh vw f c c, h vc h c c hv c c v c, u, c f c jb c. Nvh, uc wh uch c ccu (Dvu Gffh 22; 98). hu, vg, hgh c c cv f c fg v bu hv c c h c b c. A u, cu h v hgh c c hv hgh chc c v cu wh cv w c c (g Bug Offc 25; 5-9). qu, v w wg gwh uc vg v h g u (h Mz 21; 3). 1

Ic : g h Rh bw Bu Icv: Ic R Bu cv 7 w u h w cu vcg. h c b f uc f b f c cc cv c ff uc cc gwh. cv u fc u f vu. Ag f h c g, uch u f cc cv g, h cv c c c jb k c vvg gb c (K 29; 3). h f cv cug cc cv cg h f h c. h u bck h -195 wh h f j, hwv, bg h 196 wh h K u f 1962 fw gh f h 196-61 c. h w h wh h v c (I) - uc b c cg f v - h cc c h - w f w ff f chu h u cc c - g (K 29; 4). I u ub c f h ffcv. Sc h, h I hv b vu, u, c, c, v c h Rf Ac f 1986 (Fh 1985). Sc h K u f 1962, h f bu cv h w c w jb c v v c f. h hv b fqu u u f fc c. h u b h H. Hu, Gg. P, Rb M. Schwb (1982) gu h h cu f f h 196 cbu c v ug h. Oh ch u gu h cv hv v ffc v (H Jg 1967). 7 c Icv: ff f c, h, c z, v wc, cc c, uc, f vu, fcg cv (K 29; 4). 11

Ic : g h Rh bw : Wh h fc? h w j g b hg h 197 w h Nw Jb (NJ) h g Jb (J). h NJ w c 1977, fw f h c f 1973-1975. h c w c h w hgh h 12% c h vu. Accg h Buu f h u qu uv b Pff Wch (1979), h c h kw bu h c gw bu 3% f h h c bw 1976 1977. h, hwv, h b h h c h w k h w wk w k uu bf. A, h f h kw bu h c w w, whch hv v f h c ffc. I h u f 1981, Jh Bh h h NJ ccu f 15, 67, f h 1,14, c h cuc bu u bw -1977-1978. H u h k vb, Pff Wch (1979), whch w h f c h kw bu h c. h c ffc, hwv, ff g f u h f c cfc h f h u. hu, wh bh u ugg h h NJ hv b uccfu cg, hwg h h bw h f kwg f h c c c c h cu h h u h g cv f h uch h f bv. N NJ vu u w v. Accg w (1982), wh z f uv f v f Wc, h NJ cbu 12

Ic : g h Rh bw gwh c. Ov hf f h f, h h c, h h v f w cg h cu f h uc. Sv c h h w uc k vg f h NJ u c u. h U.S. D f Lb u g (1986) c ub h ffc f h NJ. I uv b h D f Lb, wh f w k, 2.4% f h hvg ccu ff b u h c c. h NJ c hv h ffc, f h f hg w u whh h wu b quf f h c. Su h h c g u. h J v wg ub h h g gu (wf c, -f, vg uh, c.). Accg Kv Hbck Rch Wk (1991), h J hc f -wh uh bu f h h gb gu. Bh Mg (1993) h h J wh cbu w. A 7% f h c, hwv, w c f hg vu h wu hv b h w. I h u f h c g, Dv O N gu h g g w ccc gu k chv h ffc f gfc cg h v f h g gu (O N 1982; 449). Agh, h u f h vu f u ugg h h c c, bu cc b ffcv c. h v wh h b h c. F, f kw f gb f h c h f hg, f h gb wh f u u. Sc, 13

Ic : g h Rh bw c c u, u,, cu f, wh cu v c-kg c. h, f v kw bu h vb f c u h f u. Ufu, h b c u g h c ffc f c. hf, I h h h c jc w b g f fuu / g bu ch h ffc h c hv. 14

Ic : g h Rh bw IV. RSARH DSIGN D F h c jc I ug vb ggg c c u b Nh Ac Iu fc S (NAIS) Iu Sc f 1999 28, b hugh h I Rvu Svc wb. 8 Ju f gv Ju f h fwg. h c gh u c. 9 h cu u whh c hv h ffc v -. hf, I hv u u u f 1999 28, b f h Buu f Lb Sc wb. 1 hu, h vb bg z h u, h k vb c. M c vb : ub f u,, wh, uc, u. Agh, h 18 u wh f 18 bv g -. A f vb c b 1. Su c c b fu b 2. F u, f A A. 8 h://www..gv//c/,,=175864,.h 9 S A A 1 h://www.b.gv// 15

Ic : g h Rh bw b 1: Vb Dc Vb ( hu) ( b) Iu Y Ru A ( b) N Wh ( b) Duc ( b) U ( %) Dc Nub f gv u gv ; cu b ubcg u Ic f f Ic bf gv ; 18 NAIS u c; /Ic f 1999 28, g Ju f gv g Ju f h fwg ; Nub f u f b cv c gv u gv ; Su f cu g- b cv c gv u gv ; h hh' qu h c, h u b; f h fwg : (1) h c f g ; (2) h c bu uc f g c; (3) f f c ; N u u f 1999 28; 16

Ic : g h Rh bw b 2: Dcv Sc Vb Ob. M S. Dv. M M Ru 18 32674.3 273259.6 744 11211 A 18 3331.3 6918.8 13. 3 3947. N Wh 18 1173.5 2864.3 4.9 1756.4 Duc 18 1232.7 1868. 22.5 7892.3 18 4.4 11.8.7 79.1 18 6245.5 5579.1 52.6 21531.9 U 18 5.3.68 4 6 N: A, N Wh, Duc, - $b; - hu; U - cg. M Scfc h u h ffc h c hv. Sc I ug, c c-c, wh u c bv v f, g ffc. h w f f h u : h c-c f hw h ffc bw u; h wh-u f hw h chg wh u v. P g chqu c k vg f h w ff f f. hf, w h f - h Bw ffc h F ffc - w b u h w ch qu. I b u u g c-c bu h ffc gh b ubjc vb b f h uc vb vb whch gh ffc h vb. Fuh, h 17

Ic : g h Rh bw cc bcu bv f h u c. Wh Bw ffc F ffc, hwv, b c f f vb whch f wh u wh b bvg chg h vb - h c - v, f u ch. F ffc Rg M I ug h F ffc b b c f vb h c v bu ff bw u c c h b h ffc f h vb f, c, h vb. h fcu g h chg h vb f ch u v, kg b whh h chg hv ffc. hf, h whh chg wh cu u c wh c c h u v. I h w, h F ffc w u h chg h vb v h ffc f h vb, f k vb,. Rch Qu 1: D chg c ffc chg? H - h h bw c. H 1 - h -z h bw c. Bw h F ffc g : D. MPLOYMN = β + β 1 D. AX RDIS + β 2 D. ASSS + + β 3 D. N WORH + β 4 D. RURNS + β 5 D. DDUIONS + 11 + β 6 D. UNMPLOYMN + α + 11 D. f h f ffc u chg v h vb. 18

wh: Ic : g h Rh bw MPLOYMN - f u AX RDIS - f u ASSS - A f u N WORH - N Wh f u RURNS - Nub f Ru f u DDUIONS - Duc f u UNMPLOYMN - Au N U R α - Ubv Iu ffc ( c g h --vg vb) - R Bw ffc Rg M I ug h Bw ffc g k ffc bw u h ffc. I h ffc f vg g h vb vg, whh h vg c wh c c. Bf, k vg g h vb bw h u, wh F ffc k chg. Avg chg c hv ff ffc, c k bu, wh cb. Sb vg c b c bu cc. Rch Qu 2: O vg, h h bw c? H - h c gfc h bw c. H 1 - h c gfc h bw c. 19

Ic : g h Rh bw Bw h Bw ffc g : wh: MPLOYMN = β + β 1 AX RDIS + β 2 ASSS + + β 3 N WORH + β 4 RURNS + β 5 DDUIONS + α + 12 MPLOYMN - f u AX RDIS - f u ASSS - A f u N WORH - N Wh f u RURNS - Nub f Ru f u DDUIONS - Duc f u α - Ubv R ffc ( u-cfc f ubv fc) - R F bh g, w b g h f c vb -, wh, u, uc, u h k vb, whch h vb f, c. 12 h D. (ffc) bcu h vg. h UNMPLOYMN vb f h, f h u, whch h c u. 2

Ic : g h Rh bw V. FINDINGS AND DISUSSION B h u b 3 4, c hw c gfc ffc f h. Ig ugh, h c vb whch hw gfc g ffc bh g. b 3: F ffc Rg Ru I Vb ffc -c -vu 2.638.56.575 A -.6 -.9.368 N Wh.76.58.561 Ru.1.38.72 Duc*.586 5.32* <.1* U* -86.6-4.85* <.1* _c 18.8 1.16.247 * Sgfc h 95% cfc v b 4: Bw ffc Rg Ru I Vb ffc -c -vu -31.2 -.22.828 A -.245 -.48.64 N Wh.22.18.858 Ru.6 1.18.261 Duc* 2.254 2.23*.46* _c 2471. 1.59.137 * Sgfc h 95% cfc v 21

Ic : g h Rh bw F ffc Ru h F ffc (b 3) hw c gfc h bw h vb,, h k vb, c. hu, ccg h g, h c vc h c hv ffc. h u c f ub f h vb cu h :, u wh vb hw c gfc h wh c. hf, h vc h h ffc h. Accg h F ffc, h w vb h hv c h u vb. h u uc. h cffc f h u vb -86.6, whch h f v c c h u, h vg u c b 866. A -c qu -4.85 -vu h.5. qu, h h bw u c gfc, whch c uc. O vb h hw g ffc uc. h cffc f h vb.586, whch c h v b c uc c h vg b 6. h u c gfc, f -c qu 5.32 -vu h.5. Bw ffc Ru S h F ffc g, h Bw ffc g u (b 4) hw c gfc h bw c 22

Ic : g h Rh bw. hu, ccg h g f h, h c vc h c g, h u, wh. O c vb whch g c gfc h wh h F ffc uc. h g u hw h uc hv v ffc. A -c qu 2.23 -vu h.5. h cffc f h vb 2.25. I h f v b uc, h vg ub f c b 2,25. A u f h F ffc h Bw ffc g, h u hh f bh, whch h h h bw c hu b jc. h w Rch Qu 1 gv, f h chg c ffc h chg b h F ffc. h w Rch Qu 2 gv c, vg, h c gfc h bw h c u f h Bw ffc g. h u g u h ccu h hc b c uc, h h c. I hu b h uc w c h k-h f - whh h f f v h f f c g - f w f h c, h u f h f bu g. qu, fw h ucg v, h h vg, f c, g c, c bh vg. Wh h h 23

Ic : g h Rh bw fcu f h c jc, c h c uc c. O qu: cu fuc uc ugh uc u g? Sc u ucb, h cu uc g., hwv, fuc f h fc, uch k bu, f c, c uc fuc f w v, cug c, bh hv v. hf, wh g b, g. Fuh, g g wu h uc c hu c g, whch h c. Su L O f h u h u f ggg f. A u chcc b f h IRS wb, uch u,, c uc b. h, hwv, v f u, whch k h v b. Nvh, wu b hfu hv vu f, whch wu h u bk w h v fuh bv ffc vu f v. Fuh, h u k v ffc f c whu fcug cfc u. A, ukw wh f c cu h, w wh ubc cu wh u c. Hvg h f - cu, kwg h f c gv u - cu h h ch qu c h u ub w. h u c c bh f c h c - v c - c - 24

Ic : g h Rh bw c - cug hg. If qu c, hwv, v uk h w b cvz c w jb bu h k vg f bu w vc qu. hf, kwg wh k f c c f h u wu h h u ccu. g, gg u u f b, g u c, wh h f bkw b ubc vu f v, cu gg b v. D h g, h cu u v gh g-b c u h fc f c. Wh, f cu, h b ub f g vb h hu b v ccu u, h cu u wh 18 u c, 18 bv v - f, c uffc ub f vb - whch ccu f z, vu ccc - h k k h h bw c. hu, f c vb wu c f h ub f bv u v c. 25

Ic : g h Rh bw VI. ONLUSION h bjcv f h c jc h h bw c. Pvu u - h j f whch u vu f cu f c (NJ, J, c.) - v u g g h c f c. h u f h u ff cu gh h h bw c v. h F ffc h Bw ffc fg hw h h c gfc h bw h w vb, whch h h c vc h c g. A fc h h u u b gfc h w c uc, whh vg chg f. h ccu h, v, uc ffcv h c ug. hf, h c c bh h fg h u h h gv b gvg w h h c bjcv f cv - w jb c. h fg v vc h ck cu ug c c c cc h u h h w u. B h u, uc b fufu c uk: w uc f h b c, h cvz h, hu h. h u fg, hwv, hu b vw u g hghgh h vu c. Mv, h bg f ch. Pb wh h ccu u f h ffc f c wh h cc k h u. 26

Ic : g h Rh bw Fuu ch h hu cu fcu h h c hg c. Rf f h - cu, h vu f v h h h ggg u v - h h u v b f h h bw h c. h w bf h ck h cuu b cqu c h hv k g whh h hu v c f ch h g f hgh. M, w v f h, wh bg, bu hw ffcv h c c. 27

Ic : g h Rh bw Rfc Bh, Jh uc Dbu Iu: h Ic f h Nw Jb. Uv ILR Sch. Ac h. Ju 1981. Bh, Jh Mg, Mk D h g Jb Jb Subz F? Iu R, V. 32, N. 3. F 1993.. 289-36. h, Duj Mz, Jck U.S. ffcv R h Iv: Hgh h OD. Iu Bug Bu N. 62. M 21. g Bug Offc Ic R: I. A BO P. Nvb 25. Dvu, Mch P. Gffh, Rch h Ic f h Lc f : A vw. Swh cc Pc Rvw 9. 22.. 79-12. D, Ph U.S. Suff Hgh ffcv R b I S. Fu Sc R N. 195. Sb 211. cc R f h P, 21. h 5 Ag h Lg-Ru Fc hg..137-157. Fh, P S. Icv: h Ac V f Iu Pc. Ju f cc Iu, v.19, ub 1. Mch 1985. H, Rb. Jg, D W. Pc Iv Bhv. Ac cc Rvw. Ju 1967.. 391-414. Hbck, Kv M. Wk, Rch J. h g Ic f h g Jb. Sff Wkg P. Fbu 1991. 28

Ic : g h Rh bw Hu, h R., P, Gg. Schwb, Rb M. h Rg Ub Ic f F Pc. Pjc R 1485-6. h Ub Iu. 1982. Jh, A. cc Gwh. OD cc D Wkg P, N. 62. OD Pubhg. 28. K, A u, Bf, Rk f Bu Icv. IMF Wkg P. Ju 29. O'N, Dv M. Pg: h ffc f Sccc gg Pv. Ju f Hu Ruc, V. 17, N. 3. Su 1982. Pff, Jff M. Wch, Mch L. h Nw Jb : A vu f h 1977-78 Wg Sub Pg. Ac cc Rvw, cg, V. 69, N. 2. M 1979.. 173-179. R, Hv S. Pubc Fc. 7h. Nw Yk: McGw H/Iw. 25.. 428-453. w, Rb A Wg g Sub -ffcv? S vc f h Nw Jb. Nw g cc Rvw. Sb/Ocb 1982.. 25-34. U.S. D f Lb U.S. D f h u h U f Sub f. A R g. M 1986. 29

Ic : g h Rh bw A A Su M Iu Sc 1. AGRIULUR, FORSRY, HUNING, AND FISHING 2. MINING 3. UILIIS 4. ONSRUION 5. MANUFAURING 6. WHOLSAL AND RAIL RAD 7. RANSPORAION AND WARHOUSING 8. INFORMAION 9. FINAN AND INSURAN 1. RAL SA AND RNAL AND LASING 11. PROFSSIONAL, SINIFI, HNIAL SRVIS 12. MANAGMN OF OMPANIS (HOLDING OMPANIS) 13. ADMINISRAIV AND SUPPOR AND WAS MANAGMN AND RMDIAION SRVIS 14. DUAIONAL SRVIS 15. HALH AR AND SOIAL ASSISAN 16. ARS, NRAINMN, AND RRAION 17. AOMMODAION, FOOD SRVIS, AND DRINKING PLAS 18. OHR SRVIS 3

Ic : g h Rh bw Iu Gh, 1999-28 (1) Agcuu, f, hug, & fhg (') (') 16 16 14 14 12 12 1 1 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 (2) Mg (') (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Y Y 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 (3) U 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 9 75 6 45 3 15 (4) uc (') (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 3 25 2 15 1 5 (5) Mufcug (6) Wh & R 3 25 2 15 1 5 (') (') 9 75 6 45 3 15 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 3 25 2 15 1 5 (') (') 6 5 4 3 2 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y Y 31

Ic : g h Rh bw (7) & Whug (8) If 6 5 4 3 2 1 (') (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 9 75 6 45 3 15 5 4 3 2 1 (') (') 75 6 45 3 15 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y (9) Fc & Iuc (1) R & R & Lg (') (') (') (') 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 3 25 2 15 1 5 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 18 15 12 9 6 3 (11) Pf, Scfc, & chc Svc (12) Mg f (Hg ) 9 75 6 45 3 15 (') (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 15 125 1 75 5 25 25 2 15 1 5 (') (') 125 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 75 5 25 Y Y 32

Ic : g h Rh bw (13) Av & Su & W Mg & R Svc (14) uc Svc (') (') 15 9 75 6 45 3 15 (') (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 175 15 125 1 75 5 25 (15) Hh & Sc Ac (16) A,, & Rc (') (') (') (') 18 15 12 9 6 3 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 18 15 12 9 6 3 3 25 2 15 1 5 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 12 1 8 6 4 2 15 125 1 75 5 25 (17) Acc, F Svc, & Dkg Pc (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y (') 24 2 16 12 8 4 9 75 6 45 3 15 (18) Oh Svc (') (') 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Y 18 15 12 9 6 3 33