IN THE PAST WEEKS WE SPOKE ABOUT THE 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE INSIDE THE CELL, SUCH AS PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES ARE THE IMMEDIATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE CELL WE ALSO SPOKE OF HOW CERTAIN MOLECULES ENTER AND EXIT THE CELL THIS CHAPTER IS ABOUT HOW THE CARBOHYDRATES ARE SYNTHETIZED IN THE CELL AND HOW THEY ARE TRANSFORMED INTO ENERGY BY THE CELL.
**METABOLISM ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN AN ORGANISM. THERE ARE 2 TYPES: 1) ANABOLISM ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT BUILD MOLECULES NECESSARY FOR THE ORGANISM. EX: THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS 2) CATABOLISM ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT BREAK DOWN MOLECULES INTO SIZES THAT WILL BE EASILY USED BY THE ORGANISM EX: CELLULAR RESPIRATION, DIGESTION
**PRODUCERS X CONSUMERS PRODUCERS ARE ORGANISMS THAT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD; THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS AUTOTROPHS. CONSUMERS ARE ORGANISMS THAT NEED TO EAT FOOD TO OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY. THESE ORGANISMS ARE CALLED HETEROTROPHS, MEANING THEY MUST EAT SOMETHING ELSE (HETERO) AS FOOD.
USUALLY THE ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD COMES FROM THE SUNLIGHT MOST OF THE PRODUCERS WILL MAKE FOOD USING SUNLIGHT THE FOOD IS PRODUCED IN THE FORM OF SIMPLE SUGARS SUCH AS GLUCOSE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FOOD ONCE PRODUCED? THE FOOD WILL BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR WILL BE STORED BY THE CELL THE FOOD IS STORED FOR LATER USE IN THE FORM OF COMPLEX SUGARS CALLED CARBOHYDRATES ( IMMEDIATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE CELL) FOOD IS USED BY THE PRODUCERS THEMSELVES AND BY THE CONSUMERS
IMPORTANT TO KNOW THERE ARE 2 PROCESSES USED BY CELLS TO SYNTHETIZE FOOD IN THE FORM OF SUGARS 1) PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2) CHEMOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THIS CHEMICAL REACTION IS LIGHT. OCCURS IN THE CELLS OF PLANTS AND SOME BACTERIA Photosynthesis Formula Reactants and Products
**STOMATA (PLURAL) STOMA (SINGULAR) - STRUCTURES UNDER THE LEAF, USED TO ABSORB AND RELEASE GASES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: IT HAPPENS INSIDE THE CHLOROPLASTS, WHERE THERE IS A PIGMENT CALLED CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE SUNLIGHT
**STRUCTURE OF THE CHLOROPLAST THE CHLOROPHYLL IS INSIDE THE THYLAKOIDS
demo The effect of the presence of light in the process of photosynthesis. Two containers with leaves One under the light and one in the shade Observe the two containers. What can you see in one that you can t see in the other? Can you explain?
LIMITING FACTORS LIMITING FACTORS ARE THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF ANY CHEMICAL REACTION THE LIMITING FACTORS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE LIGHT INTENSITY, CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE.
IMPORTANT TO KNOW THERE ARE 2 PROCESSES USED BY CELLS TO PRODUCE FOOD IN THE FORM OF SUGARS 1) PHOTOSYNTHESIS - WHEN ORGANISMS WITH CHLOROPHYLL PRODUCE GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT. 2) CHEMOSYNTHESIS
CHEMOSYNTHESIS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY IS A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE AND NOT LIGHT IT HAPPENS IN VERY DEEP SEA WATERS WHERE THERE IS NO LIGHT IT IS A PROCESS CARRIED ON BY BACTERIA SOURCE OF ENERGY : METHANE ( GAS) AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT CONTAIN SULFUR EX OF A FORMULA: CO 2 + 4H 2 S + O 2 -> CH 2 0 + 4S + 3H 2 O. SUGAR BEING FORMED ( THE TYPE OF SUGAR WILL DEPEND ON THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE BEING USED AS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
CHEMOSYNTHESIS IS COMMON IN AREAS UNDER THE SEA CLOSE TO HYDROTHERMAL VENTS, IN ORGANISMS CALLED TUBEWORMS. THERE IS A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BACTERIA AND TUBEWORMS THE BACTERIA HAS A PLACE TO LIVE AND THE TUBEWORM EATS THE FOOD PRODUCED BY THE BACTERIA.
**THERE ARE 2 PROCESSES USED BY CELLS TO OBTAIN ENERGY FROM FOOD. THE TYPE OF PROCESS DEPENDS ON THE OXYGEN AVAILABILITY 1) CELLULAR RESPIRATION or AEROBIC RESPIRATION - IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN (AEROBIC ORGANISMS) (IN THE DOC. RESPIRATION) 2) FERMENTATION WHEN OXYGEN IS LOW OR NOT AVAILABLE (ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS) **DURING BOTH PROCESSES, CHEMICAL REACTIONS WILL BREAK GLUCOSE AND WILL RELEASE THE ENERGY THAT IS TRAPPED IN THE CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN THE ATOMS OF THE MOLECULES.
Chemical bonds unite the atoms in a molecule **ALL THE CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN THE ATOMS HAVE ENERGY WHEN THE BOND IS BROKEN, ENERGY IS RELEASED Chemical bond
**CELLULAR RESPIRATION MOLECULES OF GLUCOSE ARE BROKEN, IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, RELEASING THE ENERGY THAT ORGANISMS NEED TO PERFORM ALL BASIC LIFE PROCESSES REACTANTS OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE THE CELL ABSORBS OXYGEN AND PRODUCES WATER, ENERGY AND CARBON DIOXIDE (PRODUCTS) ***FORMULA:
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION CAN BE CONSIDERED OPPOSITE PROCESSES. THE PRODUCTS OF ONE CHEMICAL REACTION WILL BE THE REACTANTS OF THE OTHER CHEMICAL REACTION. It is important to know these chemical reactions and understand what are the products of these reactions
FERMENTATION HAPPENS WHEN FREE OXYGEN IS VERY LOW OR NOT AVAILABLE HAPPENS IN THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELLS. EX: MUSCLE CELLS, YEASTS, SOME TYPE OF BACTERIA, SOME TYPE OF MOLD MOLECULES OF GLUCOSE ARE BROKEN RELEASING THE ENERGY FORMULA: REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS alcohol Or lactic acid can be produced during fermentation
PRODUCTS OF FERMENTATION MANY OF THE FERMENTATION PROCESSES RESULT IN PRODUCTS THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN MEDICINE AND IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY. The possible products are lactic acid or a type of alcohol. THE PRODUCTS OF FERMENTATION DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF CELL THAT IS PERFORMING THE FERMENTATION. EXAMPLES ARE:
PRODUCTS OF FERMENTATION YEASTS WILL PRODUCE ALCOHOL USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF WINES ( FROM GRAPE JUICE) AND BEERS (FROM GRAINS) ANTIBIOTICS CAN BE A RESULT OF BACTERIA OR MOLD FERMENTATION BACTERIA FERMENTATION GIVE VINEGAR AND CHEESES IN OUR CELLS LACTIC ACID IS A RESULT OF FERMENTATION ( IT ACCUMULATES IN OUR MUSCLES WHEN WE DO A LOT OF EXERCISE CAUSING PAIN AND STIFFNESS)