Name Period Date Cellular Respiration Notes Outline I The Importance of Food A Food provides living things with the: B Food serves as a source of: C Food serves as a source of: II The Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Respiration A Energy flows into an ecosystem as and leaves as Energy is not Energy follows a one-way path through our ecosystem B However, the essential to life are recycled C Photosynthesis converts energy from the sun into energy, which is stored in and other organic compounds D Photosynthesis generates the and used by the mitochondria of eukaryotes as fuel for E Cellular respiration breaks down into simpler substances and releases the stored F Some of this energy is used to make from ADP Some of this energy is lost as G The waste products of respiration, are the raw materials for H IMPORTANT NOTE: While only green plants carry out ALL living things carry out:
III Overview of Respiration A The Definition of Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that: It is the process of converting: B Equation for Respiration: C There is much stored in this molecule of This energy must be released in steps If all the energy from glucose were released at once, most of it would be lost as The energy stored in glucose will be released bit by bit and this energy will be used to produce The energy cannot be released from the glucose all at once It would be the equivalent of the gas tank in your car exploding in one single reaction, rather than in the small controlled combustions that drive your car D There are two types of respiration: E Cellular Respiration takes place in three main stages 3 F Glycolysis occurs in the, but the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain occurs in the 2
IV Step 1: Glycolysis A Glyco = Lysis = B Where: C Uses: D Makes: 3 E At the end of glycolysis, about 90% of the chemical energy that was available in the glucose molecule is still unused F This energy is locked in the high-energy electrons of V Structure of the Mitochondria It is surrounded by a double membrane 3 4 B The inner membrane has folds and loops called The cristae: C The is the space inside the inner membrane It contains needed for the reactions of the Krebs cycle as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes D The Krebs cycle occurs in the and the electron transport chain occurs along the 3
VI Stage 2: Krebs Cycle A Where: B Uses: C Makes: 3 4 D But remember: So the totals from one molecule of glucose are: 3 4 VII Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain A Where: B Uses: C Makes: Guess What?: 4
Cellular Respiration Notes Outline D Steps of the Electron Transport Chain Inner membrane space Inner membrane Mitochondrial matrix NADH & FADH2 drop off Oxygen, an, pulls electrons down the ETC 3 Hydrogen ions through ATP synthase making ATP synthase spin which attaches a phosphate to ADP to create ATP E Recap of Electron Transport: This system couples the movement of production of with the As the high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, they release 3 This energy is used to move across the membrane 4 These ions then rush back across the membrane, producing enough force to spin and generate enormous amounts of 5
Cellular Respiration Notes Outline VIII ATP Accounting A Let s summarize what has happened prior to the electron transport chain: Glycolysis! Bridge reaction! 3 Krebs cycle! B Each NADH has enough energy to produce enough energy to produce Each FADH2 has a 10 NADH = b 2 FADH2 = C Glycolysis! Krebs cycle! Electron Transport Chain! D One molecule of glucose has produced E Only about 40% of the energy contained in the glucose molecule has been converted to The remaining 60% is given off as 6
IX How does respiration compare in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A In prokaryotic cells, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the and along special structures of the B In eukaryotic cells, these reactions occur inside the If oxygen is available, the pyruvate that was produced during glycolysis will enter the mitochondria for aerobic respiration X Fermentation A Fermentation occurs when B Since no oxygen is required, fermentation is an process The anaerobic pathways are not very efficient Fermentation will yield only a gain of per molecule of C There are two main types of fermentation: D Alcoholic Fermentation perform alcoholic fermentation Yeasts convert into when they run out of Yeasts are used to make breads and alcohol 3 If no O 2 available 4 Yeasts are used in this way in both the and the industries The is released causing the bread dough to These trapped gas bubbles make the air pockets in baked bread (The alcohol evaporates in the baking process) 7
E Lactic Acid Fermentation is converted to by cells when there is a shortage of It is produced in muscle cells during strenuous exercise because the muscles are using up the that is present and the body is not supplying the muscle tissue with enough additional oxygen 3 This causes because it lowers the of the muscle and reduces the muscle s ability to 4 When oxygen to the muscles, the will be converted back to The pyruvate will then go into respiration 5 A wide variety of foods are produced by bacteria using lactic acid fermentation: F Evolution of Anaerobic Pathways The pathways probably evolved very early in the history of life on Earth The first organisms were and they produced all of their through 3 It took over a billion years for the first photosynthetic organisms to appear on Earth 4 These photosynthetic organisms began to fill the atmosphere with, which stimulated the evolution of organisms that use respiration 5 The anaerobic pathways provide enough energy for only 6 Larger organisms have much greater that cannot be satisfied by respiration alone Larger organisms rely on the more energy efficient pathways of respiration 8
XI Comparing Photosynthesis to Respiration Photosynthesis Respiration Function Location Reactants Products Equation 9