Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level *38441998* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/11 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 214 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. 1 hour 3 minutes Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 2 Section B For Examiner s Use Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (AC/SW) 8693/4 [Turn over
2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows how temperature in the atmosphere changes between and 8 km. 8 mesopause 7 6 meteor temperature mesosphere height / km 5 4 stratopause 3 2 maximum ozone stratosphere 1 tropopause Mt. Everest troposphere 1 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 temperature / C Fig. 1.1 (i) Using the information in Fig. 1.1, state by how much temperature falls between the Earth s surface and the tropopause.... [1] (ii) Explain why high air temperatures in Fig. 1.1 are found close to the Earth s surface.... [2]
3 (iii) Suggest why the clouds shown in Fig. 1.1 are normally prevented from rising above the tropopause.... [2] (iv) Describe one characteristic of the troposphere.... [2] (b) The ozone layer shown in Fig. 1.1 occurs between 2 and 3 km above the Earth s surface. (i) Briefly explain how the ozone layer protects life on Earth.... [3] (ii) Explain how human activity is believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.... [4] [Turn over
4 (iii) Fig. 1.2 shows changes to the shape and size of the hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctic between 1979 and 211. Fig. 1.3 shows the amount by which ozone has depleted over the Antarctic, between 1979 and 211. September 17, 1979 October 7, 1989 October 1, 211 1 2 3 4 total ozone / dobson units Fig. 1.2 25 2 average minimum ozone / dobson units 15 1 1 198 199 year 2 21 Fig. 1.3
5 To what extent does the data in Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3 support the view that international agreements to reduce damage to the ozone layer have been successful?... [6] [Total: 2] [Turn over
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a cross section through the Earth, with some of the plates labelled. 6 South Atlantic Ocean Andes Peru trench 9 W 3 S mid-oceanic ridge NAZCA PLATE SOUTH PLATE AMERICAN PACIFIC PLATE N 25 S AFRICAN PLATE PLATE rift INDIAN EURASIAN PLATE AUSTRAL- mid-oceanic ridge Arabian Sea 9 E 3 N Himalaya Key direction of movement continental crust oceanic crust Pacific Ocean 18 S 25 N Japan trench Sea of Japan Fig. 2.1 (i) Using the letters A, B, C and D, write on Fig. 2.1 where you would expect to find the following: subduction A ocean floor spreading B convection current C young fold mountains D [4] (ii) With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe the processes that are responsible for the plates moving.... [4]
7 (b) Fig. 2.2 shows a cross section through the plate boundary where the North American and Caribbean plates meet. south west Caribbean Sea Montserrat acidic magma rises to surface as a volcano + Caribbean Plate sediments and trapped water aid melting of mantle wedge + + + + Puerto Rico trench North American Plate subducted beneath Caribbean plate = 2.2 cm / year north east Atlantic Ocean not to scale Fig. 2.2 Key + magma rising molten rock (i) Outline the tectonic processes responsible for creating the Puerto Rico ocean trench shown in Fig. 2.2.... [2] [Turn over
8 (ii) Describe the type of volcanic eruptions associated with the island of Montserrat shown in Fig. 2.2.... [5] (iii) Suggest the strategies that might be adopted to reduce the impact of eruptions such as that shown in Fig. 2.2.... [5] [Total: 2]
9 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 shows the pattern of land use in a rapidly growing LEDC city. River Chillon Key formal CBDs informal markets commercial zones industrial zones port inner-city slums wealthy inner suburbs poorer outer suburbs squatter settlements commuter settlements airport expressway River Rimac PACIFIC OCEAN River Lurin Fig. 3.1 (a) Describe the pattern of land use shown in Fig. 3.1. [1] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, assess the effects of urban growth on the city and the surrounding area. [3] [Total: 4] [Turn over
1 4 The city of Hong Kong has grown rapidly over the past 25 years. Fig. 4.1 shows the total hours of reduced visibility per year in Hong Kong as a result of air pollution between 1988 and 29. 16 14 1,57 24 total hours of reduced visibility* per year / hours 12 1 8 6 974 1997 727 21 1,139 29 4 2 29 27 25 23 21 1999 1997 1995 1993 1991 1989 295 1988 498 1993 * visibility below 8 km in the absence of fog, mist or rain year Fig. 4.1 (a) Describe the trend shown by Fig. 4.1 and outline two likely sources of air pollution in such a densely populated city. [1] (b) With reference to examples from LEDCs or MEDCs with which you are familiar, assess the problems in controlling atmospheric pollution. [3] [Total: 4]
11 5 Fig. 5.1 is an isoline map which shows anomalies in global air temperatures in January. The temperature anomaly at a particular place is the difference between the temperature of the place and the average temperature for that latitude. +12 +12 +8 +16 +2 +8 8 8 North +16 Atlantic +12 +8 +4 4 24 16 Siberia 12 8 4 +4 6 N 3 N Fig. 5.1 (a) Suggest reasons for the high positive anomaly found in the North Atlantic compared with the high negative anomaly found at the same latitude in Siberia. [1] (b) For one area with which you are familiar, describe and explain the likely impacts of global warming. Explain why it has been difficult to manage these issues on a global scale. [3] [Total: 4]
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