Name: Date: Period: APES Chapter 2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems Lesson 1: What Do Scientists Do? Concept 2-1 Scientists collect data and develop theories, models, and laws about how nature works. Science Is a Search for Order in Nature Define Science: Scientists Use Observations, Experiments, and Models to Answer Questions about How Nature Works Briefly describe the following steps of a scientific process. Identify a Problem: Find Out What is Known About the Problem: Ask a Question to Investigate: Collect Data to Answer a Question: Propose a Hypothesis to Explain the Data: Make Testable Predictions: Test the Projections with Further Experiments, Models, or Observations: o List 3 reasons scientists would use a model. Accept or Reject the Hypothesis: o What is a scientific theory? Scientists Are Curious and Skeptical, and Demand Lots of Evidence List the 4 important features of the scientific process. Define peer review.
Critical Thinking and Creativity Are Important in Science Scientists use logical reasoning and critical thinking skills to learn about the natural world. List and summarize the three steps of thinking critically. 1. 2. 3. Logic and critical thinking are very important tools in science, but,, and are just as vital. Scientific Theories and Laws Are the Most Important and Certain Results of Science Describe scientific theory and scientific (natural) law. How are they different from one another? The Results of Science Can Be Tentative, Reliable, or Unreliable Describe how tentative or frontier science is different from reliable science. What kind of questions can you ask in order to uncover unreliable science? Science Has Some Limitations List and briefly describe the 5 limitations of science. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the difference between statistics and probability?
Lesson 2: What is Matter? Concept 2-2 Matter consists of elements and compounds that are in turn made up of atoms, ions, or molecules. Matter Consists of Elements and Compounds Define matter: How are the chemical forms of matter (elements and compounds) related to one another? Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Are the Building Blocks of Matter The most basic building block of matter is an. The idea that all elements are made up of atoms is called the and it is the most widely accepted scientific theory in chemistry. Atoms are made up of,, and. The nucleus of the atom contains the (+) and (0). The cloud surrounding the nucleus contains the (-). Atoms as a whole have charge. Describe the difference between atomic number and mass number. Isotopes are forms of an element having the same but different. How many isotopes does carbon have? What are they? Which carbon isotope occurs most often? Define molecule: Define ion: Use Table 2-2 Chemical Ions Used in This Book on page 40 to complete the tables below. Positive Ion Symbol Components Hydrogen ion Sodium ion Calcium ion Aluminum ion Ammonium ion Negative Ion Symbol Components Chloride ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion Carbonate ion Sulfate ion Phosphate ion
Ions are important for measuring a substance s in a water solution, a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment. Scientists use as a measure of acidity. Chemists use a chemical formula to show the number of each type of or in a compound. Use Table 2-3 Compounds Used in This Book on page 40 to complete the table below. Compound Formula Components Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Carbon monoxide Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine Carbon dioxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous oxide Nitric acid Methane Glucose Water Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid Ammonia Calcium carbonate Organic Compounds Are the Chemicals of Life What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Is there an exception to the definition above? Using page 41, complete the table of organic compounds below. Hydrocarbons: Name Formula What is it? What is it used for? Why is it significant? Methane Octane Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Name Formula What is it? What is it used for? Why is it significant? DDT Simple Carbohydrates (Simple Sugars): Name Formula What is it? What is it used for? Why is it significant? Glucose Macromolecules: Name What is it? What is it used for? Why is it significant? Made up of what? Cellulose Starch Proteins
Nucleic Acids Lipids Matter Comes to Life through Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells The bridge between nonliving and living matter lies somewhere between large molecules and - the fundamental and units of life. All organisms are composed of. The cell theory is the most widely accepted theory in biology. Within some DNA molecules are certain sequences of nucleotides called, each of these distinct pieces of DNA contains, or, called genetic information, for making specific. Each of these coded units of genetic information leads to a specific, or characteristic, passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction. Thousands of genes make up a single, a double helix DNA molecule wrapped around some proteins. Genetic information in DNA makes individuals unique. Some Forms of Matter Are More Useful than Others Matter Quality is a measure of how useful a form of matter is to humans as a, based on its availability and - the amount of it that is contained in a given area or volume. High-Quality Matter is highly, is typically found near the earth s, and has great potential for use as a. Low-Quality Matter is not highly concentrated, is often located underground or in the ocean or atmosphere, and usually has little potential for use as a resource. List examples of high and low quality matter below (page 42). High Quality: Low Quality: Lesson 3: What Happens When Matter Undergoes Change? Concept 2-3 Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed (the law of conservation of matter). Matter Undergoes Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes Define and list 3 examples of the following changes in matter. Physical change: Chemical change: Nuclear change: There are 3 types of nuclear change. Describe each in the space provided.
Radioactive Decay: Nuclear Fission: Nuclear Fusion: What is the Law of Conservation of Matter, and why is it important that we have a solid understanding of this natural law? Lesson 4: What Is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes Change? Concept 2-4A Whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed (first law of thermodynamics). Concept 2-4B Whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, we end up with lower-quality or less usable energy than we started with (second law of thermodynamics). Energy Comes in Many Forms Work: Energy: Kinetic Energy: Potential Energy: Heat: How does heat flow? Electromagnetic Radiation: Electromagnetic Spectrum: About % of the energy that heats the earth and our buildings, and that supports plants (through a process called ) that provide us and other organisms with, comes from the. Without this essentially inexhaustible solar energy, the earth s average temperature would be ( ), and life as we know it would not exist. The direct input of solar energy produces several other indirect forms of renewable solar energy. Examples are,, and. Commercial energy sold in the marketplace makes up the remaining % of the energy we use to supplement the earth s direct input of solar energy. About % of the commercial energy used in the world and % of the commercial energy that is used in the United States comes from burning,, and. These fuels are called. Some Types of Energy Are More Useful Than Others Energy Quality: High-Quality Energy: Low-Quality Energy:
Energy Changes Are Governed by Two Scientific Laws Thermodynamics: First Law of Thermodynamics: This scientific law tells us that no matter how hard we try or how clever we are, we get more energy out of a physical or chemical change than we put. This is one of nature s basic rules that has never been violated. Second Law of Thermodynamics: When energy is from one form to another, it always goes from a useful to a useful form. No one has ever found a violation of this fundamental scientific law. We can recycle various forms of matter such as paper an aluminum. However, because of the second law of thermodynamics we can never recycle or reuse energy to perform useful work. Once the concentrated energy in a serving of, a liter of, or a chunk of is released, it is to low-quality heat that is dispersed into the environment at a low temperature. Two widely used technologies the incandescent lightbulb and the internal combustion engine waste enormous amounts of energy. How much do each of these technologies waste? Incandescent Lightbulbs: Internal Combustion Engines: