Page 1 of 6 Physical Science Unit 1 Test. Atomic & Nuclear Theory: Kinetic Molecular Theory: Gas Laws 1. According to Charles Law, if you have a balloon inside a car at noon during a hot summer day the balloon molecules inside will increase in volume. a. True b. False 2. According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, Particles of matter a. Are in constant motion. b. Have different shapes. 3. According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, particles of gases a. Attract each other and collide b. Repel each other and do not collide c. Neither attracts or repels each other and collides with each other and the walls of their container 4. What happens to the volume of a gas during compression? a. The volume increases. b. The volume decreases. c. The volume remains constant. 5. The gas pressure inside a container will decrease when a. the number of gas particles is increased. b. the temperature of gas particles is decreased c. the temperature is increased. 6. The average kinetic energy is measured by. a. Pressure b. Scale c. Have different volumes. d. Are always fluid. d. Neither attracts nor repels each other and do not collide with each other or the walls of their container d. It is impossible to tell because all gases are different. d. the number of molecules is increased and the temperature is increased. c. Temperature d. How Cold Particles are 7. is the state of matter that is capable of filling any container it is put in. a. Solids b. Liquids c. Gases 8. Is the state of matter with the least amount of kinetic energy? a. Solids b. Liquids c. Gases 9. Liquids are classified by which of the following combinations of shape and volume? a. Definite Shape and Definite Volume b. Definite Shape and Indefinite Volume Use the Graph below to answer questions 10 12 Figure 1 c. Indefinite Shape and Definite Volume d. Indefinite Shape and Indefinite Volume 10. According to the graph above, how is the pressure affected by decreasing volume? a. Decreasing Pressure c. Increasing Pressure b. Directly Proportionate d. Not Affected 11. According to the graph above, what affect would decreasing pressure have on the volume? a. Decreasing Volume c. Increasing Volume b. Directly Proportionate d. Not Affected 12. According to the graph, if the volume is lowered to 15 ml, The pressure would increase to a. 960 torr c. 1360 torr b. 1160 torr d. 1500 torr
Use the picture to the right to answer questions 13-14 Figure 2 Page 2 of 6 13. Which diagram in figure 2 represents high particle energy? a. A b. B c. C 14. Which diagram in figure 2 represents particles that vibrate And also slide around each other but must remain in close Formation? a. A b. B c. C 15. The image in figure 3 could be best defined by which radioactive particle? A B C a. Alpha a. Alpha b. Beta Figure 3 c. Gamma d. Delta 16. The radioactive particle show in figure 3 would most likely a. Penetrate wood b. Penetrate paper c. Penetrate concrete d. It would be stopped by all of the above a. 4 Protons b. 4 Neutrons Figure 4 17. Figure 3 is made up of which of the following? c. 2 Protons and 2 Electrons d. 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons 18. Figure 4 would best be described as what type of reaction? a. Chain Reaction b. Decomposition c. Gamma Decay d. Synthesis 19. Which type of Nuclear Reaction is occurring? The large nuclei are forming smaller nuclei. a. Fission b. Fusion c. Sake Maki 20. Linda is working on the structural representation of the isotope of carbon 14, as a part of her project on isotopes. Which representation below (A-D) correctly identifies the structure of the isotope? A B C D 21. The atomic number of oxygen is 8. The mass number of Oxygen is 16 What does the nucleus of an oxygen atom contain? a. 4 protons and 4 neutrons b. 4 electrons and 4 neutrons c. 8 electrons and 8 neutrons d. 8 protons and 8 neutrons
Page 3 of 6 22. Ms. Adams writes a reaction on the board that involves the transfer of electrons from calcium, with two electrons in the valence shell, to chlorine, with seven electrons in the valence shell. What is the formula of the ionic compound that is the product of this reaction? a. CaCl b. CaCl2 23. Which is the correct way to write the formula for strontium phosphide? a. SrP b. Sr2P 24. What is the correct name of the chemical compound AlBr3? a. aluminum bromine b. aluminum bromide c. Ca2Cl d. 2CaCl c. Sr3P2 d. Sr2P3 c. aluminum tribromine d. aluminum tribromide 25. Only Two of the elements listed below are able to react together to form a binary covalent compound. Na, K, C, Cl Which compound correctly states the name of the covalent compound that can be formed? a. sodium chloride b. potassium disodium 26. What is the correct name for the compound with the formula O3Br6? a. Oxygen Bromide b. Oxygen Bromine 27. What is the correct formula for tricarbon nonahydride? a. 3C9H c. carbon tetrachloride d. potassium carbonate c. trioxygen hexabromide d. trioxyide hexabromine c. 3C8H b. C3H9 d. C3H8 28. An element undergoes radioactive decay in which the mass number and atomic number are unchanged. What type of radioactive emission MOST LIKELY occurred? a. beta decay b. delta decay c. alpha decay d. gamma decay 29. Which statement BEST describes the difference in penetration between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation? a. Alpha and beta radiation can be stopped by thick layers of lead or concrete, while gamma radiation can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper. b. Alpha and beta radiation can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper, while gamma radiation can be stopped by thick layers of lead or concrete. c. Alpha and beta radiation can be stopped by thick layers of lead or concrete, while gamma radiation can be stopped by wood that is a few centimeters thick. d. Alpha and beta radiation can be stopped by wood that is a few centimeters thick, while gamma radiation can be stopped by thick layers of lead or concrete. 30. What characteristics of gamma rays enable them to penetrate matter up to several meters thick? a. They are a high energy wave with no charge or mass b. They are a particle with a high charge and heavy mass c. They are a wave with a high charge and heavy mass d. They cannot penetrate any matter. Figure 5: Two scientists, Claudia and Mark, investigate the types of radiation emitted by an unknown radioactive substance. They pass the radiation through a charged field and notice the varied behavior of each. They discover that oppositely charged particles attract each other. The behavior of the three types of radiation, A, B, and C, is shown below. They are separated by the magnetic field by the attractive forces of opposite charges. 31. Which of these identifies the three types of radiation? a. A = alpha; B = Beta; C = Gamma b. A = Alpha; B = Gamma; C = Beta c. A =Beta; B = Gamma; C = Alpha d. A = Gamma; B = Alpha; C = Beta 32. How are the particles separated in figure 5? a. They are pulled apart by attraction of opposite charges b. The heaviest particle falls fastest c. Random particle movement separates the matter d. This separation cannot be explained by modern science
Page 4 of 6 Figure 6: Mr. Watson performs an experiment on a radioactive source. He passes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation through three different media of varying thicknesses, as shown in the diagram below. The arrows on the lines next to the symbols for alpha beta and gamma mean nothing. 33. Which statement about the penetration power of these types of radiation is true? a. The beta and gamma radiation can penetrate lead. b. The beta and gamma radiation will not penetrate lead. c. The alpha and beta radiation will not penetrate paper. d. The alpha and gamma radiation can penetrate aluminum. 34. A nuclear fission reaction occurs when an Uranium 238 atom is bombarded with a neutron. This reaction is used to produce energy in a nuclear power plant. Why is it not possible to carry out a nuclear fusion reaction in a nuclear reactor? a. A fusion reaction releases harmful rays. b. A fusion reaction would not release enough energy to make it worth it. c. A fusion reaction requires extremely low temperature and pressure. d. A fusion reaction requires extremely high temperature and pressures very difficult to control by man. Figure 7: The equations below represent two nuclear reactions, where is a neutrino, is a gamma ray, is a positron, and is a neutron. The first equation represents the nuclear reaction in which hydrogen atoms combine to form helium. The Sun is powered by this reaction, which results in the release of large amounts of energy. The second equation represents the nuclear reaction of an unstable uranium atom. Many unstable heavy atoms undergo a nuclear reaction of this type, in one or more steps, until a final reaction produces stable nuclei. 35. Which of these statements describes the process represented by the second equation of Figure 7? a. Light, stable nuclei combine to form heavy nuclei. b. Light, stable nuclei fragment into still lighter nuclei. c. Heavy, unstable nuclei fragment into smaller nuclei. 36. Which of these statements describes the process represented by the first reaction of Figure 7? a. Light, stable nuclei combine to form heavy nuclei. b. Light, stable nuclei fragment into still lighter nuclei. c. Heavy, unstable nuclei fragment into smaller nuclei. d. Heavy, unstable nuclei bind to form much heavier nuclei. d. Heavy, unstable nuclei bind to form much heavier nuclei. 37. Iodine-131 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 8 days. How much of a 40-gram sample of iodine-131 would remain after 24 days? a. 3 grams c. 10 grams b. 5 grams d. 20 grams 38. Which statement BEST describes the concept of the half-life of a radioactive material? a. the amount of time required for all of a radioactive isotope to decay naturally b. the amount of time after which only half of the original sample as duplicated c. the amount of time it takes for the sample to decay by half via radiation (alpha, beta, & gamma) d. the number of times you cut something in half 39. If a 100-gram sample of uranium-235 decays, what is the amount of uranium-235 left after three half-lives? a. 0.0 grams b. 12.5 grams c. 25.0 grams d. 87.5 grams
Page 5 of 6 Figure 8 The picture below shows the decay graph of a certain radioactive element. 40. Using figure 8 identify how many half-lives would have been complete when the number of atoms left is 250? a. one half-life b. two half-lives c. three half-lives d. four half-lives 41. Using Figure 8 identify approximately how many particles are left after 1 half-life. a. 1000 particles b. 500 Particles c. 250 particles d. Cannot identify based on figure 8 42. If one element is directly above another on the periodic table, what is true about the elements? a. They have the same number of isotopes. b. They have the same number of neutrons. 43. Which type of ion MOST LIKELY will be formed by group 16 elements of the periodic table? a. an ion with a charge b. an ion with a charge 44. Which of the following describes a group that has both metals and nonmetals? a. Group 1 b. Group 2 c. They have the same number of electron shells. d. They have the same number of valence electrons. c. an ion with a charge d. an ion with a charge c. Group 17 d. Group 18 45. Two elements, X and Z, react together to form an ionic substance, XZ. In this reaction, X loses an electron, and Z gains that electron. Which classification below MOST LIKELY identifies the two elements? a. X = metal, Z = nonmetal b. X = nonmetal, Z = metal 46. In which periodic table have the alkali metals been shaded? c. X = noble gas, Z = metal d. X = metalloid, Z = nonmetal A B C D
Page 6 of 6 47. Which region on the periodic table above represents inert gases? a. Region A b. Region B c. Region C d. Region D 48. Robert identifies an element forming an ion with a charge of 1. In which group does the element MOST LIKELY belong? a. group 1 c. group 17 b. group 2 d. group 18 49. What state of matter are most of the nonmetals found in to the right of the stair-step line? a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma 50. Which pair of elements would be expected to have similar chemical properties based on their location in the periodic table? a. boron and silicon b. hydrogen and helium c. chlorine and bromine d. potassium and calcium 51. When construction workers build sidewalks for people to use they use a specific technique to make sure the side walk last for a long time. The construction workers leave small spaces between the concrete every couple of feet. This keeps the side walk from racking in extreme heat and cold. Which concept is the reason why this construction workers leave gaps between concrete sections to provide room for the concrete to expand and contract (shrink)? a. Thermal Expansion b. Nuclear Decay c. Isotopic Radiation d. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases. 52. A balloon is inflated prior to a kids birthday party that begins at 2:00 on a hotter than normal fall day. After the party ends the balloon is left lying there on the ground overnight. As we all know it is colder at night than during the day. What happened to volume of the balloon as the temperature outside got cooler throughout the night? a. The volume of the balloon decreased b. The volume of the balloon increased c. The volume of the balloon stayed the same d. The volume of the balloon decreased in the hot weather. 53. What does the octet rule refer to? a. All elements want to have 8 valence electrons b. All elements want to lose electrons to bond c. All elements want to gain electrons to bond d. All elements what to share electrons to bond 54. The kinetic molecular theory states that all particles are always in constant random motion. Which of the following is connected to the idea of when all particle motion would cease to exist, if it were possible. a. Freezing Point of Water b. Anti-Motion Theory 55. Which of the following forms a Salt? a. Bromine & Iodine b. Nitrogen & Oxygen 56. What is the energy source of the future that we are not yet able to utilize? a. Burning Fossil Fuels b. Nuclear Fission Reactors c. Absolute Zero d. Thermal Expansion c. Nickel & Aluminum d. Sodium & Oxygen c. Nuclear Fusion Reactors d. Hydroelectric and Wind power 57. Bonus: (4 points): How can you throw an object (such as a ball) as hard as you possibly can and have it come back to you exactly as hard as you threw it? There is nothing attached to the ball and no one can catch it and throw it back. STOP: This is the end of the test.