Section A: Adenosine Triphosphate Unit 4 Bioenergetics Test Review Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It is a nucleotide consisting of adenine (a base), ribose (a sugar), and 3 phosphate groups. ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. When the bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are broken, energy is released. 1. What does ATP stand for? 2. What is the function of ATP? 3. What three things make up the ATP molecule? 4. What causes a release of energy from ATP? 5. What is a catabolic reaction? Example: 6. What is an anabolic reaction? Example: Section B: Intro to Photosynthesis 1. Fill in the diagram. a. List the reactants (inputs). b. List the products (outputs). 2. Label the chloroplast. a. What are the membrane disc- sacs called? b. What is the fluid called? c. A stack of thylakoid is called a _
3. What provides the energy used by all life on Earth? 4. What is the formula for photosynthesis? 5. Define photosynthesis. 6. What pigment absorbs light in a chloroplast? 7. Where is chlorophyll located within a chloroplast? _ 8. What is the function of accessory pigments, such as carotenoids? 9. What organisms do photosynthesis? 10. In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into what type of energy? 11. Bacteria do not have chloroplasts, but some are still able to do photosynthesis. How is this possible? 12. In the diagram, what gas is being released by the plant? 13. During the winter time, the total number of hours of sunlight decreases. What effect would this have on the process of photosynthesis? a. The rate of photosynthesis would decrease and less glucose would be produced. b. The rate of photosynthesis would increase and more glucose would be produced. c. The amount of available sunlight does not influence the rate of photosynthesis. d. It would have no effect on plants having needles instead of leaves that stay green all year.
14. The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by several factors, such as light intensity, temperature, water, and carbon dioxide. Describe how the lack of water in an environment can affect the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the plant. Section C: Light-Dependent & Light-Independent Reactions 1. Fill in the reactants and products of photosynthesis. 2. What is the energy source for the light-dependent reactions? 3. What is the location of the light-dependent reactions? 4. What happens during the light-dependent reactions? 5. Where does the O2 released in the light-dependent reactions come from? 6. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? 7. What is the energy source for the light-independent reactions? 8. What is the product of the light-independent reactions? 9. What is the location of the light-independent reactions? 10. Which comes first Calvin cycle or ETC? 11. In the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions, light energy is converted into energy, which is stored in molecules like ATP. Then, in the light-independent photosynthetic reactions, this energy is used to convert CO2 into. a. chemical; sugars c. chemical; H2O b. sugar; chemical energy d. electrical; H2O 12. Consider the light-dependent reactions that take place during photosynthesis. What critical product(s) are necessary to assemble glucose from carbon dioxide? _ 13. Identify which reactions these events occur in - ETC or Calvin Cycle a. NADPH and ATP are made c. Glucose is made e. NADPH and ATP b. Oxygen is released d. Carbon fixation occurs are the energy source
Section D: Intro to Cellular Respiration Once energy from the sunlight is transformed into glucose by photosynthesis, organisms have to convert the glucose (chemical energy) into a usable form. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose (C6H12O6) and transfers the energy to make ATP. ATP is used to provide energy for cellular processes. Cellular respiration can be divided into three metabolic processes: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose without the use of O2. Products from glycolysis then enter the mitochondria where O2 is needed for the Krebs cycle and ETC to occur. A net of 36 ATPs are formed from the breakdown of one glucose molecule. If all glucose supplies are depleted, then other substances in the body are converted into glucose. The conversion of fatty acids (lipids) can occur during starvation, fasting, or untreated diabetes. Amino acids (proteins) are only used if there is a high protein intake, or glucose and fat sources are depleted. 1. Why is the breakdown of glucose from photosynthesis important? 2. Which process of cell respiration is anaerobic? 3. Which processes of cell respiration are aerobic? 4. When one glucose molecule enters cellular respiration, how many ATPs are formed? 5. When are fatty acids used instead of glucose? 6. When are amino acids used instead of glucose? 7. What organisms undergo cellular respiration? 8. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and products. Section E: Reactions 1.
2. Study the diagram of an experimental set-up below. The class sets up an experiment with the four flasks. Bromthymol Blue is a chemical indicator that changes color from blue to yellow in the presence of CO2 (and vice versa when levels of CO2 decrease). All four of the flasks are stoppered and placed under the floodlight. What color do you predict the solutions would be in a few hours? Explain the process that has occurred in each flask. 3. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the energy available in food to which energy-rich compound? 4. What is the function of the NADH/FADH molecules? 5. Explain how anaerobic and aerobic respiration are different. Include ATPs produced, location, and products. 6. Describe the relationship between temperature and consumption of oxygen. 7. Based on the graph, would you conclude that non-germinating seeds go through cell respiration?
8. After glycolysis, if no O2 is available, what happens next? 9. Mr. Green s biology students were studying cellular respiration. One simple organism, yeast, can be used to test the rate of fermentation using different variables. Each group mixed 2 grams of yeast with warm water and placed the mixture into one of five test tubes. Test tube five held only yeast and warm water. The groups used the height of the carbon dioxide bubbles produced in a test tube to determine which group had the highest rate of fermentation. What must be added to the yeast in the test tube in order to facilitate fermentation? a. water c. oxygen b. carbon dioxide d. glucose 10. Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to a. the presence of lactic acid produced during fermentation in muscle cells b. the large amount of carbon dioxide that builds up in the muscle cells c. the accumulation of alcohol from anaerobic respiration d. an excess of ATP that builds up during vigorous exercise 11. Anaerobic respiration can be observed in yeast. Students performed the following experiment: Pour 100 ml of juice and 5 g of yeast in one flask. Pour 100 ml of water and 5 g of yeast into a second flask. Put a balloon on top of each flask and let it sit overnight. a. What gas was released into the balloon? b. Where does fermentation occur in a cell? c. Was this process aerobic or anaerobic? Section F: Compare Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 1. What do you notice about the two equations for these processes? 2. Why can you not have one without the other? Additional Resource http://www.neok12.com/photosynthesis.htm