Nonextensbty of energy n Tsas statstcs and the zeroth a of thermodynamcs onge Ou and Jncan hen* T Word Laboratory, P. O. 870, eng 00080, Peoe s Reubc of hna and Deartment of Physcs, Xamen nversty, Xamen 6005, Peoe s Reubc of hna To mortant robems exstng n Tsas statstcs are nvestgated, here one s hether energy s extensve or not, and the other s hether t s necessary to ntroduce the so-caed generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs or not. The resuts obtaned sho ceary that ke entroy, energy s aso nonextensve n Tsas statstcs, and that the zeroth a of thermodynamcs has been mcty used n Tsas statstcs snce 988. Moreover, t s exounded that the standard energy addtvty rue adoted by a great number of researchers s not sutabe n Tsas statstcs, because t not ony voates the a of energy conservaton but aso ts coroary s n contradcton th the zeroth a of thermodynamcs. P numbers: 05.0.-d; 05.0.J; 05.0.-y; 05.70.-a *uthor to hom a corresondence shoud be addressed. Mang address: Deartment of Physcs, Xamen nversty, Xamen 6005, Peoe s Reubc of hna Ema: cchen@xmu.edu.cn
Temerature, nterna energy and entroy are three of the most mortant arameters n thermodynamcs. The concets of temerature and nterna energy become nontrva hen entroy aears to be nonextensve. nce the generazed statstca entroy as roosed by Tsas n 988, the non-extensbty of entroy n some comex systems th ong-range nteractons and/or ong-duraton memory has been dey recognzed -8. Hoever, there are st to robems of hysca mortance n Tsas statstcs, here one s hether the nterna energes of these comex systems are extensve or not, and the other s hether t s necessary to ntroduce the generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs or not. though the to robems have been dscussed for many years 9-5, they have not been soved u to no, and conseuenty, have affected the deveoment and mrovement of Tsas statstcs. Thus, t s very mortant and urgent to sove the to robems and reach some usefu concusons. In nonextensve statstca mechancs deveoed from Tsas entroy, the frst choce s very tte used n the terature snce t coud not sove the reevant mathematca dffcutes athough there are three dfferent choces for the nterna energy constrant 6. For the second choce -, 8,, the dstrbuton functon 7 [ ] / can be derved from the generazed statstca entroy here k /,, R / ] [, k s a ostve constant, s the tota number of mcroscoc ossbtes of the system, s the energy of the system at the state. mary, for the thrd choce 4,6,8, /, one can obtan the dstrbuton functon as 6
/ ] / [ th / ] / [. It can be roved -4,6,8,6-8 that,, / / T k, here T s the absoute temerature. For the sake of convenence, s reaced by beo. For an soated system comosed of to subsystems and of hch the dstrbutons satsfy,6-8, 4 usng the reatons and and Es. -4, e can obtan the seudo-addtvty entroy rue, 5, 8, 6 k 5 and the seudo-addtvty energy rues, 6 ] ][ [ ] [ ] [ ] [. 7 It s orthhe ontng out that Es. 6 and 7 are to mortant resuts that have never aeared n Tsas statstcs and one of the mortant bases for dscussng and sovng to robems mentoned n ths aer. When one mortant condton 8 s adoted, Es. 6 and 7 may be, resectvey, smfed as 9,8, 9
4 ] ][ [ ] [ ] [ ] [. 0 It s mortant to note the fact that E. 8 has been mcty used n nonextensve statstca mechancs 8-8 snce the generazed statstca entroy as advanced n 988, athough t has never been obvousy gven n terature of nonextensve statstca mechancs. One fnd from the foong anayss that E. 8 s essentay the mathematca exresson of the zero a of thermodynamcs. sng the as of entroy and energy conservaton and the above euatons, e can strcty rove, 0, ] [ ] [ k k δ δ and, 0, δ δ. From Es., and, one obtans,,, or. It s ust the zeroth a of thermodynamcs. Obvousy, the hysca essence of E. s cometey dentca th that of E. 8. It mes the fact that startng from E. 8, one get E. hch s the same resut as E. 8. It s thus cear that the dervatve rocess of E. s ony of a sef-consstent cacuaton, but s not a roof for the zeroth a of thermodynamcs n nonextensve statstca mechancs. Ths shos ceary that the zeroth a of thermodynamcs st hods n nonextensve statstca mechancs, but t can not be roved from theory. onseuenty, the concet of temerature s aso sutabe n nonextensve statstca mechancs.
It s aso mortant to note the other fact that n nonextensve statstca mechancs, f E. 8, 0-6 8 has not been mcty used, one can not get the standard energy addtvty rue, 4 even though the thrd term on the rght hand sde of Es. 6 and 7 s not consdered. It s thus obvous that E. 8 s a necessary condton for the vadty of E. 4. Hoever, many researchers have not exounded the ueston and drecty used Es. -5 and 4 to nvestgate some mortant robems. For exame, they have been used to derve the so caed generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs n nonextensve statstca mechancs. y comarng the exresson of the so caed generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs 8,-6,8 or 5 k k [ / k] [ / k] 6 th E. 8, t can be seen thout dffcuty that E. 5 or 6 s obvousy n contradcton th E. 8, because and are not, n genera, eua to and, resectvey. Ths shos ceary that the standard energy addtvty rue 4 hch has been dey used by a ot of researchers may not be sutabe n nonextensve statstca mechancs because ts coroary voates the zeroth a of thermodynamcs 9. Therefore, t s unnecessary to ntroduce the so caed generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs n nonextensve statstca mechancs and the ne concet of the hysca temerature 8,-6,0. The above resuts sho ceary that, Es. 9 and 0 can be derved n nonextensve statstca mechancs,based on Es. -4 and the zeroth a of thermodynamcs. They are the concrete mathematca exressons of the energy conservaton n nonextensve 5
thermodynamcs. Just as onted out n Ref. [8], f the correaton nonextensve terms of hatever observabe or nteractons can be negected, hat s the orgn of the nonextensvty of entroy? It s e-knon that entroy shoud be a contnuous functon of the observabes. For exame, for a sme nonextensve system th, T, f the nterna energy s extensve, s entroy ossby nonextensve? In addton, f E. 4 s true, one ose Es. 0[or 9] and 4, hch are cruca for the nonextensve theory. If E. 4 fas, e cannot, n fact, fnd even the entroy correaton gven by E. 5. It s thus cear that ke entroy, energy s aso nonextensve n Tsas statstcs, he the standard energy addtvty rue 4 s not sutabe n Tsas statstcs because t drecty voates the a of energy conservaton. ummng u, e have soved to ong-standng robems n nonextensve statstca mechancs. The zeroth a of thermodynamcs cannot be roved from theory, but t has been mcty used n nonextensve statstca mechancs, he the so-caed generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs derved by severa authors may not be correct because t s derved on the basc of E. 8 and ts coroary s obvousy n contradcton th E. 8. The zeroth a of thermodynamcs s a base of nonextensve statstca mechancs, he t s unnecessary to ntroduce the so-caed generazed zeroth a of thermodynamcs and the ne concet of the hysca temerature. The standard energy addtvty rue 4 used dey by many researchers may not be sutabe n nonextensve statstca mechancs because t voates the a of energy conservaton and ts coroary s obvousy n contradcton th ts remse. In nonextensve statstca mechancs, one has to use the seudo-addtvty energy rue hch s consstent th the zeroth a of thermodynamcs and satsfes the a of energy conservaton. Fnay, t s onted out that the concusons obtaned here conform to be s standont 6, 6
statstca mechancs may be modfed but thermodynamcs shoud reman unchanged. cknoedgements Ths ork as suorted by the Natona Natura cence Foundaton No.07505, Peoe s Reubc of hna. 7
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