INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No 1, 2011 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services Research article ISSN 0976 4380 Remote Sensing and GIS Based Tectonic Evolution Studies in Parts of Dindigul and Tiruchirappalli District, Sankar S 1, Prabaharan S 2, Lakshumanan C 3, Ramalingam M 4 1- Junior Research Fellow, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai-600 025 2- Research Scholar, Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025. 3- Assistant Professor, Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-600 023. 4- Professor & Head, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai- 600 025. haripraba@gmail.com ABSTRACT The detailed and critical observations of the earth and its changing faces have become very essential now a days so as to need to clear understanding on the natural resources of the planet earth, modern geologic process and their control over natural resources, environment and natural disasters. In really geo-system anomalies clearly indicate that active tectonic is going on. Lineaments, geomorphology, drainage and structural trend lines using the remote sensing tools and find out the various geosystem parameters and also identifying of geosystem anomalies. The geosystem dynamics plays a major role in the earth system activities. It is a major criteria in the every study such as mineral, groundwater exploration etc. Keywords: Tectonic evolution, GIS, Remote Sensing. 1. General The hills as well as the part of the study area including plain area having much significant from the favorable point of view, entire study area having on such resource potential source apart from that the study emphasized on morph tectonic and morph dynamic history of the area. All the above printed information can gather only after hard work with some prestigious and valuable named evidences that may be in the from of landforms. In really speaking Geosystem anomalies will only show the area of deformation but same time the deformation zone apt for the potential point of view. Such Geo-system anomalies clearly indicate that active tectonic is going on. Several thematic maps have been prepared for better final upshot so that a can be put for the first hand understating about the area. Vectorization is an inevitable for further processing and an expected upshot fine resolution data can only disperse a plenty of information about the area. The relative humidity the morning higher (>90%) during NE monsoon and winter season. The weekly maximum average relative humidity reaches up to 91% (at 7.001 st ) during Feburavery and lowest weekly average relative humidity reaches 41% (at 14.001 st ) during the first from night of June in general the area is mostly poorly vegetated expect few places (near river). Most of the area is cultivated land coconut, neam palm tree are rare and they occur in scattered areas around the villages. Since the soil and ground water is not suitable for the agriculture in this area. 2. Study Area Submitted on September 2011 published on November 2011 157
The study area forms a part of the Tamil Nadu which cover an area of 728q.km. study area falls in between North Latitudes 78 00' and 10 30' East Longitude 78 15' and 10 15' the study area (Topographic sheet No: 58 J/3) covering by Dindugal, Tiruchirappalli districts. 3. Data Products The data products used for the study comprised both satellite data other conventional data collection from various departments. Following data are used for this study. Satellite IRS 1B LISS-II, IRS P6LISS-III. The following surveys of India Toposheets were used for the present study. Survey of India Toposheet No: 58J/03 4. Methodology Figure 1: Methodology The following procedure was adopted in identifying the Tectonic-geomorphic features and Tectonic evolution and modeling. Based on the visual interpretation of the satellite data 158
(IRS-1B LISS-II), the following thematic maps were prepared, such drainage map, Lineament map and Geomorphology map. Based on the Digital interpretation of the Satellite data (IRS P6 LISS-III), the following Trend line, Fold style mapping themes were prepared. Using IRS P6 (LISS-III) & SRTM used for creation of DEM. The updating of different thematic maps had been prepared through different image processing techniques using ENVI. From the SOI Toposheet, the base map and drainage map has based prepared. The visual interpretation is the act of examining images for the purposes of identifying objects and their significance. The interpretation keys offer valuable aid to the image interpreter. The entire drainage network were converging and flowing towards NW direction. These are clearly visible in the raw data as well as in the processed data. Geologically the study area is occupied by hill belongs to the Precambrian group of metamorphic and classified as Achaeans super group and comprises quartite, charnockites, hornblende biotite gneiss, Pink mimatites, Pink augen gneiss, and Granite garment granolite and garnet- silluminite graphite gneiss. Interpretation had been done using IRS 1B LISS II satellite imagery on the basis of their tonal textural, structural, drainage, vegetation, biomass package, land use land cover and other signatures, lithologcal interprations were carried out. Lineament are defined as the linear or curvilinear features / fractures of tectonic origin observed to be a considerable distance on the earth surface and always studied data give best enhancement for the linear features like fracture systems and the lineaments. These fracture systems are those which represent deep seated faults, major fractures and joint sets through which magmatic fluids are brought to the surface, groundwater movement takes place along them, act as zones of erosion and also for neotectonic windows through which earthquakes and seimicity take place. Hence the remote sensing has really opened up new chapters in lineament mapping (Ramasamy). The geoscientist can also evolve genetically classification of these lineaments such as extension, shear and release fracture and on the basis of which more precise proximation can be done for locating the metals and minerals. Hobb (1911) was the first person to coin the term lineaments; subsequently many peoples have worked on the lineaments. The lineaments are mostly the surfacial expressions of tectonic fractures, to understanding their depth extension is very much / essential. Lineaments have a better appreciation in satellite imagery / space born photograph. The lineaments normally show the tonal, texture, soil tonal, relif, drainage and vegetative linearities or curvilinearities in satellite data. 159
Figure 2: Lineament anomaly map and Fold Style map Drainage is directly linked with topography condition. From the drainage system of an area it can infer that the topographic relief and the terrain condition so if in the drainage system some particular drainage is going against the topography, is called drainage anomaly. This anomaly can act as a path finder or indicator. 4.1 Geomorphic Anomaly The geomorphic features of an area tell a lot about the evolution of the terrain and also the present condition. It can also help to know the paleoclimate different stages of erosion etc. The change in force direction may due to different deformations. N-S trending 1 st compression of Precambrian ENE-WSW trending second compression of Precambrian N-S trending third compression of Pleistocene On further detailed study about the trend lines some anomaly zones were found basing upon certain criteria they are, Offsetting of the trend lines Displacement of trend lines Abrupt termination of trend lines. Dr. S.M. Ramasamy and Balaji (1993) has been classified the lineaments of Tamil nadu into three categories viz, 1. Exclusive Pre Cambrian origin 2. Pre Cambrian reactivated during Quartnery period. 3. Exclusive Quartnery origin 160
Dr. S.M Ramasamy et al (1998) further classified the lineaments of into 3 categories. 1. ENE-WSW ----------------- pre-cambrian extensional 2. NE-SW ----------------- pre-cambrian dextral 3. WNW-ESE to NW-SE ---------------- pre-cambrian relesed fratures The lineament map was prepared for the study area at 1:50,000 scale from the IRS 1B LISS II satellite imagery. Based on the 1. Tonal linearity 2. Vegetation linearity 3. Sudden change in lithology 4. Abrupt ending of hills and 5. Drainage linearity The study area comprises numerous major and minor lineaments. Most of the lineaments are drainage and lithologically controlled and is present along the river stretch. Most of the lineaments are trending along NE-SW & SE-NW, EW directions. Geomorphic mapping involves the identification and characterization of the fundamental units of the landscape. Geomorphic units are defined as an individual and genetically homogenous landform produced by a defined constructional and destructional geomorphic process. Each part of the land surface is the end product of an evolution governed by parent geological material geomorphic process past and present climate and time. Detail information on geomorphic units and their processes in an area is very useful in evaluation planning and management of the land resources environmental planning and developmental activities. The remote sensing technique have become the most efficient tools for geological structural geomorphological studies and their mapping because of its synoptic view multitemporal capabilities the geomorphic units have specified set of characteristics that determine its image signature. High resolution satellite data provides reliable source of information to delineate and generate comprehensive and detailed inventory of geomorphic units in an area. The major geomorphic units identified from the study area by visual interpretation techniques of satellite image includes structural hills, residual hill, inselberg, bazada, colluvial fill, fracture valley, barren fracture valley, erosional plateau etc 5. Results and Conclusions By comparing with drainage anomaly and lineament anomaly map also confined that the major force acting in NE-SW direction. Since the fold axis are oriented in NW-SE direction the major force acting perpendicular to the fold axis. Similarly the lineaments are analysed parallel to the major force direction which evident to the tectonic setup of the terrain. Regionally, in the entire south India the major force act in EW ditection which results in NS lineament are Relesed fractures and EW lineament are Extensional fractures. 161
Drainage and lineament density maps reveal that Maxima was in NE-SW directions Trend line map reveals that Fold axes are fall on NW-SE directions Fold style map with lineamens and Structural trend line reveals that Force may act in NE-SW directions. From that Regional force acted in NE-SW directions N-S & E-W lineaments are shear fractures NE-SW lineaments are extensional fractures NW-SE lineaments are released fracture 6. References 1. A Remote Sensing study of River Deltas of Tamil nadu SM. Ramasamy, CERS 2. Geospatial modeling for groundwater resource exploration in Pudukkottai District, TN P.Venkata Rani Reddy. 3. William D. Thornbury (1995), principles Of Geomorphology 2 nd edition John Wiekly and sons New York. 4. Ramasamy SM (1995), Enechelon fault along west cost of India and their geological significances, Current Science, 69(10), pp 811-814. 5. Ramasamy SM, and Balaji.S (1995), remote Sensing and Pleistocene tectonic of Southern Peninsular, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 16(13), pp, 2325-2391. 6. SM Ramasamy, S Balaji, CJ Kumanan (1999), tectonic Evolution of Early Precambrian south Indian shield (rocks) using Remotely Sensed data. Journal of Indian society of Remote Sensing, 27. 7. S. Balaji and SM Ramasamy Seismic Prone Lineaments of, India and its impact on environment- an analysis through Remote Sensing. 8. SM Ramasamy, J. Saravanavel, R Sivakumar and R. Selvakumar Certain Tectonic Anomalies and their active tectonic significance in Chennai region of, India. 9. SM Ramasamy (2006), remote Sensing and Active Tectonics of South India International Journal Of Remote Sensing, 27(20), pp 4397-4431. 162
10. SM Ramasamy and Balaji- origin of domes basin Precambrian fold belts of south India, proceeding of the national seminar on Precambrian geology, pp 68-70. 11. R. P. Gupta Remote Sensing in Geology 12. Lillesant, T. M. 1987, Remote Sensing and Interpretation. 163