The Periodic Table
Title and Highlight Right Side NOTES ONLY TN Ch 4.6 Topic: EQ: Date Reflect Question: Reflect on the material by asking a question (its not suppose to be answered from notes) NOTES: Write out the notes from my website. Use different types of note-taking methods to help you recall info (different color pens/highlighters, bullets, etc) When I lecture we will add more info, so leave spaces in your notes Summary Questions: Write Book Question out and answer it (in another color based on what you read from my notes or textbook. THESE ARE AT THE VERY END OF NOTES
Title and Highlight LEFT Side PICTURES, PRACTICE PROBLEMS, ETC TN Ch 4.6 DRAW ANY PICTURES, FIGURES, AND WRITE OUT ANY PRACTICE PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS. WE WILL ANSWER THEM TOGETHER. LEAVE SPACES SO WE CAN ANSWER QUES.
TN Ch 4.6 (part 1) Topic:The History of the Modern Periodic Table EQ: How was the first Periodic Table constructed and how is P.T. organized? READ Ch 4.6 (pg. 102-106) first then write notes
The periodic table is the most important tool in the chemist s toolbox! Why is the Periodic Table important to me? You get to use it on every test. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.
Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry was a mess!!! No organization of elements.
During the nineteenth century, chemists began to categorize the elements according to similarities in their physical and chemical properties.
John Newlands In 1863, he suggested that elements be arranged in octaves because he noticed (after arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic mass) that certain properties repeated every 8th element. 1838-1898 Law of Octaves
John Newlands FYI But the science community didn t like this repeating pattern idea...his paper was rejected by the Chemical Society. 1838-1898 Law of Octaves
Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Periodic Table In 1869 he published a table of the elements. 1834-1907
A first look at the periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev organized all of the elements that were known at the time into rows and columns based on their chem/phy similarities and their masses.
Periodic Table The table is called periodic because the pattern of similar properties repeats as you move from period to period.
Lothar Meyer At the same time, he published his own table of the elements organized by increasing atomic mass. 1830-1895
HOW HIS WORKED 70 known elements. Dmitri Mendeleev Organized rows (periods) by increasing atomic weight. Put elements in columns (groups) by their properties. SOME PROBLEMS He left blank spaces for undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!) He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight. Used his P.T. to predict the physical properties of three elements that were yet unknown.
Problems arose when new elements were discovered. Looking at our modern P.T., can you identify what problems might have caused chemists a headache? Ar and K Co and Ni Te and I Th and Pa
The fact that Mendeleev s predictions for Sc, Ga, and Ge were amazingly close to the actual values, his table was generally accepted.
Henry Moseley In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he determined the atomic number of the elements* elements should be arranged in order of increasing atomic number is known as the periodic law. 1887-1915
Henry Moseley His research was halted when the British government sent him to serve as a foot soldier in WWI. He was killed in the fighting in Gallipoli by a sniper s bullet, at the age of 28. Because of this loss, the British government later restricted its scientists to noncombatant duties during WWII.
Glenn T. Seaborg After co-discovering 10 new elements, in 1944 he moved 28 elements out of the main body of the periodic table to their current location below the main part of the P.T. :Lanthanide and Actinide series. 1912-1999
Glenn T. Seaborg He is the only person to have an element named after him while still alive. 1912-1999
Current Periodic Table:
How the P.T. has changed over time? Past P.T. Increasing Mass number (not any more!!!) Still the same!!! Current P.T. Increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!! Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
RIGHT side - End of notes Summary Questions: Ch 4 #11-13 Number BQ and write it out Answer it (in another color/highlight it based on what you read from my notes or textbook)
TN Ch 4.6 (part 2) Topic:The organization of the current Periodic Table EQ: How is the P.T. that we use to today organized? READ Ch 4.6 (pg. 102-106) first then write notes Write Questions & Answer Questions #14-18 (notes side) Highlight answer
Students. The next 6 slides are notes about the Periodic Table and how it is organized. You can either make a sketch (please don t draw every box) for each slide OR Make one BIG (entire page) Sketch and label all notes on that one sketch. Your choice!
The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called PERIODS (7). Make a Sketch with notes on right side!!!
The elements in any group have similar physical and chemical properties! The vertical columns are called GROUPS (18), or FAMILIES. Make a Sketch with notes on right side!!!
1A 2A Elements in the 1A-8A groups are called the representative or main group elements Make a Sketch with notes on right side!!! 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
The group B are called the transition elements Make a Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Types of Elements Sketch this with notes on right side!!! The elements in the periodic table can be broadly classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
3 classes of elements - METALS Located to the left of the dark zig-zag line All Solids!!! Except one who is it?? shiny surface Tend to be white/gray/silvery (common exceptions: copper and gold) malleable (you can pound it into a flat sheet) ductile (you can draw it into a thin wire) good conductors (heat/electricity) Metals tend to LOSE electrons in chemical changes.
3 classes of elements - NONMETALS Located to the right of the dark zig-zag line. dull surface brittle sulfur Some are solids and some are gases. Only 1 liquid. good insulators and poor conductors Nonmetals tend to GAIN electrons in chemical changes. Vary in color (P - red/white, S yellow, C black/clear, I purple, Br brownish red, etc) Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
3 classes of elements METALLOIDS (only 8) Located on the border of the dark zig-zag line. the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. All SOLIDS! Also called semimetals Behave (chemically) as nonmetals, but look physically & electrical conductivity resembles metals. Semiconductors they do conduct some heat/electricity Used in computers, cell phones, and other modern gadgets. silicon Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. Hydrogen is a nonmetal!!! It s a diatomic, reactive gas. Facts Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles
Group 1 - Alkali Metals (not H!!!) Alkali Metal Family Video Clip Very reactive metals (solids) with air and water, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt). Soft enough to cut with a butter knife Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals Reactive metals (solids) that are always combined with nonmetals in nature. Mg and Ca important for our body!!! Also, used used in batteries Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Groups 3-12: Transition Metals Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Transition Metals Groups 3-12 All solids except Mercury Less reactive harder metals Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. Metals used as metal.
InnerTransition Metals Sketch this with notes on right side!!! Inner Transition elements - also called the rareearth elements.
Group 14 - Carbon Family Elements important to life and computers (Si and Ge). Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry. Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Group 15 - Nitrogen Family Sketch this with notes on right side!!! Nitrogen makes up over 80% of the atmosphere. Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.
Group 16 - Oxygen Family or Chalcogens Oxygen is necessary for respiration. Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.) Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Group 17 - Halogens Very reactive, diatomic, nonmetals Always combined with other elements in nature. Used in some light fixtures Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth. Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
Group 18 - Noble Gases VERY unreactive, monatomic gases Don t form compounds!!! (These are also called Inert gases ) Used in lighted neon signs and balloons. Sketch this with notes on right side!!!
The periodic table with groups highlighted: 1A, alkali metals; 2A, alkaline earth metals; 7A, halogens; and 8A, noble gases. Sketch this BIG on left side!!!
A l k a l i M e t a l s A l k a l I n e E a r t h M e t a l s N o b e l G a s e s H a l o g e n s Transition Metals Inner Transition Metals Representative Elements Transition Elements Representative Elements METALS Periods Groups Nonmetals
QUESTIONS
RIGHT side - End of notes Summary Questions: Ch 4 #14-18 Number BQ and write it out Answer it (in another color/highlight it based on what you read from my notes or textbook)
TN Ch 4.7 Topic: Ions EQ: How is the atom affected by ions? READ Ch 4.7 (pg. 106-108) first then write notes
Let s refresh our memory about the atom and isotopes.
The Mass Number (A), (rounded to the nearest integer) Mass# = p + + n o # of neutrons = mass # p + Atomic number (Z). Protons determines the identity of the element. A# = p + = e - (atoms are neutral)
Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons & Mass # Varies All atoms of an element have the same # of protons. Atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons (this causes the mass # to also change) are called isotopes.
EXAMPLE OF AN ISOTOPE ATOMIC MASS 35 Cl 37 Cl 17 17 18 NEUTRONS 20 NEUTRONS ATOMIC NUMBER
So Atomic# = p + = e - (if atom is neutral) HOWEVER..what if the atom is not neutral?
When electrons are lost or gained, IONS are formed. And electrons won t equal protons no more!!! Atomic# = p + = e - Electrons Electrons can be lost or gained = Chemical Reaction, which make up more than 99% of all rxns in life)
Ions: Cations vs. Anions Positive ions (lose e-) are called cations. Negative ions (gain e-) are called anions. The charge of an ion is shown in the upper right corner of the symbol.
Ion Symbol Notation Superscript Subscript Mass number Atomic number X +2 Lost 2 e-
So how do you know how many electrons atoms will lose or gain to form an ion?
Ions and the Periodic Table The # associated with the A groups above each representative (main-group) column on the P.T. 1 through 8 gives the number of valence electrons (electrons on the far outside of the atom these e- are the ones used first for chemical bonding!!!) The key to predicting the charge acquired by an element is its position in the periodic table relative to the noble gases. Why noble gases?
Elements that form predictable ions
If an atom has a charge associate with it, it is an ION: 88 Sr 2 38 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there? Important: If an atom has a negative charge = an anion. If an atom has a positive charge = a cation.
Left Side Practice Problem #1 56 Fe 3 26 Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom. Is this a cation or anion?
Left side!!! Practice Problem #2 32 16 S 2 Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom. Is this a cation or anion?
Left side!!! Practice Problem #3 How many protons, neutrons & electrons are there in the following? a. Cl-38 d. 35 Cl -1 b. Br-80 e. 32 S -2 c. N-14 f. 56 Fe +3
RIGHT side - End of notes Summary Questions: Ch 4 #19-21 Number BQ and write it out Answer it (in another color/highlight it based on what you read from my notes or textbook)