TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

October 2016

WHAT IS FUSION?

TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC produces neutrons produces NO neutrons

NEUTRONIC FUSION D+T -> He3 + n Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron Some radioactive waste, heat converted to electricity Government funded, mainly Far more expensive to build and maintain safely

ANEUTRONIC FUSION p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons NO radioactive waste direct conversion to electricity, no turbines needed potentially far cheaper Privately funded, mainly

TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC D+T -> He3 + n Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron Some radioactive waste, heat converted to electricity Government funded, mainly Far more expensive to build and maintain safely ANEUTRONIC p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons NO radioactive waste direct conversion to electricity, no turbines needed potentially far cheaper Privately funded, mainly

ANEUTRONIC FUSION Aneutronic No neutrons No Radioactive waste

THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME DENSITY n EFFICIENCY

FUSION YARDSTICK n T n T DENSITY CONFINEMENT TIME TEMPERATURE

FUSION YIELD YARDSTICK: LAWSON CRITERION FOR NET ENERGY T * * n 1 Billion TeVsec/cm 3 Temp. Confinement Time Density

THE FUSION OLD RACE

THE FUSION OLD RACE FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS

THE FUSION OLD RACE FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS NEUTRONIC

THE OLD FUSION RACE NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW NIF ITER, JET, EAST Ignitor, MIT Arc W7-X Z-Machine

THE OLD FUSION RACE NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW NIF - Laser ITER, JET, EAST - Tokamaks Ignitor, MIT Arc Compact Tokamaks W7-X - Stellarator Z-Machine Z Pinch

LASERS: NIF

TEMPERATURE UNIT kev kilo electron Volt, or one thousand electron volts kev 11 million C

NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY - NIF

NIF NIF - National Ignition Facility Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.16 ns Density, n = 8x 10 24 /cm 3 Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Cost: $5 Billion

NIF NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY Performance Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.16ns Density, n = 8x 10 24 /cm3 Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Funding Government funded: $5 Billion Country: USA Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Laser Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: Published

NIF - PROBLEM: MIXING FUSION ENERGY AND H BOMBS IS A BAD IDEA

TOKAMAKS: ITER JET EAST

ITER

ITER ITER - International Tokamak Experimental Reactor Cost: $20 Billion+ Not built yet First experiments scheduled: 2032+

ITER INTERNATIONAL TOKAMAK EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR Performance Not built yet Expected to be built by 2027-2035 First experiments scheduled: 2032+ Funding Cost: $20 Billion+ Funded by governments of: Russia, China, US, 28 EU states, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, India Location: France Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: N/A Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: N/A

JET JET- Joint European Torus Temperature, T = 16 kev Confinement Time, = 5s Density, n = 6x 10 12 /cm 3 Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kj Cost: $2 Billion

JET JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T = 16 kev Confinement Time, = 5s Density, n = 6x 10 12 /cm3 Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kj EU funded: $2 Billion Country: UK Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

EAST

EAST EAST Experimental Advanced Super - conducting Tokamak Temperature, T = 5 kev Confinement Time, = 100 s Density, n = 3x 10 13 /cm 3 Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Cost: $40 Million

EAST EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCED SUPERCONDUCTING TOKAMAK Performance Temperature, T = 5 kev Confinement Time, = 100 s Density, n = 3x 10 13 /cm3 Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Funding Government Funded: $40 Million Country: China Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

NET ENERGY : ENERGY OUT OF THE DEVICE ENERGY INTO THE DEVICE >1

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 10,000,000 EAST NIF 1,000,000 JET 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Place

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million 10 Million EAST NIF 1 Million JET 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Place

Pressure-Time FUSION RACE: PRESURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million JET 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Rank

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % NET ENERGY 10 % 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % one thousandth % JET one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % NIF EAST one millionth % st nd rd 0 1 2 3 4 Rank

COMPACT TOKAMAKS Ignitor - under construction in Russia MIT idea, Italy s gov. co-funding Bruno Coppi MIT ARC Tokamak No Results Yet

W7-X STELLARATOR

W7-X Wendelstein 7-X Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x 10 14 /cm 3 Cost: $1.3 Billion

W7-X WENDELSTEIN 7 - X Performance Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x 10 14 /cm3 Funding Government funded $1.3 Billion Country: Germany Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Stellarator Experiments with: Hydrogen Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

Z-MACHINE

Z-MACHINE Temperature, T = 400 kev Confinement Time, = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x 10 20 /cm 3 Energy in: 22 MJ Energy out: 40 J Cost: $140 Million

Z-MACHINE Performance Temperature, T = 400 kev Confinement Time, = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x 10 20 /cm 3 Energy in: 22 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 40 J Funding Government funded $140 Million Country: USA Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Z-pinch Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

October 2016

THE NEW FUSION RACE

THE NEW FUSION RACE PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS

GENERAL FUSION

GENERAL FUSION Temperature, T = 0.4 kev Confinement Time, = 2 ms Density, n = 5x 10 14 /cm 3 Cost: $80 Million+

GENERAL FUSION Performance Temperature, T = 0.4 kev Confinement Time, = 2 ms Density, n = 5x 10 14 /cm3 Funding Gov. and Private funding: $80 Million+ Country: Canada Tech Info Category: Liner Implosion Type: Neutronic Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 10,000,000 EAST NIF 1,000,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine 100,000 10,000 1,000 General Fusion 100 10 1 st nd rd th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Place

LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) 1 Billion 100 Million NET ENERGY EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million W7-X JET Z-Machine 100,000 10,000 1,000 General Fusion 100 10 1 st nd rd th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Place

Pressure-Time (atmosphere microseconds) FUSION RACE: PRESSURE * TIME PRODUCT - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- 10 Billion 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million 100,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine 10,000 1,000 General Fusion 100 10 1 st nd rd th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rank

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF, $5,000 ITER, $20,000 General Fusion, $80 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500

WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

October 2016

ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS Tri-Alpha EMC2 PALS Focus Fusion Helion

ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS Tri-Alpha Reversed Field Conf. EMC2 - Polywell PALS - LASER Focus Fusion Dense Plasma Focus Helion Reversed Field Configuration

TRI-ALPHA

TRI-ALPHA Temperature, T = 1 kev Confinement time, = 10 ms Density, n = 3x 10 13 /cm 3 Cost: $0.5 Billion+

TRI-ALPHA Performance Temperature, T = 1 kev Confinement time, = 10 ms Density, n = 3x 10 13 /cm 3 Funding Private Funding: $0.5 Billion+ Country: USA Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: Reversed Field Configuration Experiments with: hydrogen Plans to run with: hydrogen & boron (pb11) Results: published

EMC2 POLYWELL

EMC 2 POLYWELL IEC - Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Temperature, T = 6 kev Confinement time, = 20 µs Density, n = 10 16 /cm 3 Cost: $12 Million+

EMC 2 POLYWELL Performance Temperature, T = 6 kev Confinement time, = 20 µs Density, n = 10 16 /cm 3 Funding Private Funding: $12 Million+ Country: USA Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: IEC- inertial electrostatic confinement Experiments with: Hydrogen Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron (pb11) Results: published

PALS LASER

PALS PB11 LASER CONCEPT

PALS PB11 Temperature, T = 50 kev Confinement Time, = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x10 21 /cm 3 Cost: $3 Million

PALS PB11 Performance Temperature, T = 50 kev Confinement Time, = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x10 21 /cm 3 Funding Government Funded: $3 Million Country: Czech Republic Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: Laser Experiments with: Hydrogen-Boron Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron pb11 Results: published

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 EAST NIF 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Place

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million 100,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Place

PRESSURE-TIME FUSION RACE: PRESSURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million W7-X JET Z-Machine 100,000 PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 RANK

October 2016

FOCUS FUSION 1 EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE

DPF D - DENSE P - PLASMA F - FOCUS (DEVICE)

DPF RUNNING ON HYDROGEN - BORON (PB11) IS WHAT WE CALL FOCUS FUSION

PHYSICS OF THE DENSE PLASMA FOCUS DEVICE PARALLEL CURRENTS ATTRACT: PINCH EFFECT Ampere and the Pinch Effect http://vimeo.com/97608819

HOW FOCUS FUSION -1 WORKS

PLASMOID 8 ns after pinch

ENERGY CAPTURE DEVICE X-rays, Ion Beams; No turbines needed

October 2016

FOCUS FUSION - 1 Temperature, T =260 kev Confinement time, = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2 x 10 19 /cm 3 Energy in: 60 kj DD Energy out: 0.25 J Cost: $5 Million+

FOCUS FUSION - 1 Performance Temperature, T =260 kev Confinement time, = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2x 10 19 /cm 3 Energy in: 60 kj DD Energy out: 0.25 J Funding Private Funding: $5 Million+ INT L investors Country: USA Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: DPF Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron pb11 Results: published

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 EAST NIF 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 W7-X JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Place

n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million 100,000 W7-X JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Place

Pressure-Time FUSION RACE: PRESURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion NET ENERGY 1 Billion 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million W7-X JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine 100,000 PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rank

WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 1 % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen 0.1 % Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion 0.01 % 0.001 % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron 0.0001 % 0.00001 % NIF Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield 0.000001 % EAST 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available Rank

WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY 1 % 0.1 % 0.01 % 0.001 % 0.0001 % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine 0.00001 % 0.000001 % NIF EAST 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % one thousandth % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2nd 3 rd 4th 5th 6 Rank

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 1 % one tenth % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5th 6 EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available Rank

WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY TABLE PROJECT Fusion deuterium yield / Input Energy RANK Fusion deuterium yield J Reference Input Energy J Reference JET 6.00E-06 1 6.00E+04 3 1.00E+10 2 Focus Fusion 4.17E-06 2 0.25 14 6.00E+04 14 Z-Machine 1.82E-06 3 40 11 2.20E+07 12 NIF 5.00E-08 4 20 8 4.00E+08 9 EAST 1.00E-08 5 10 6 1E+09 5 REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) 100 % 10 % 1 % one tenth % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % JET Focus Fusion 6 Z-Machine NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank 1.82 5 1 EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, JET, $40 $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000, 17% ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, General $500 Fusion, $80

WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1B SPENT TABLE Project Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1B Spent Rank Fusion Deuterium Yield /Input Energy Investment in $Billion Reference Focus Fusion 8.33E-04 1 4.17E-06 0.005 16 Z-Machine 1.30E-05 2 1.82E-06 0.140 13 JET 2.00E-06 3 6.00E-06 3.000 4; 30 years operation, inflation adj. EAST 2.50E-07 4 1.00E-08 0.040 6 NIF 1.00E-08 5 5.00E-08 5.000 10; + 5 years operation @ $300M/ year REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - 100 % 10 % 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % one thousandth % Focus Fusion Z-Machine JET one ten-thousandth % EAST one hundred-thousandth % one millionth % st nd rd th th NIF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rank

Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - 100 % 10 % 1 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen one tenth % one hundredth % Focus Fusion Z-Machine Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC 2 - No published yield results available one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % one millionth % JET EAST NIF st nd rd th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rank PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

REPRODUCING NATURAL INSTABILITIES Solar Flares Beam From Star Formation Quasars Spiral Galaxy

October 2016

FOCUS FUSION-1 IMPURITY SOURCES: Arcing at Joins Erosion of Anode Electron Beam Amounts: 0.6mg from anode erosion, 0.4mg from arcing 50% of D sheath mass

HYPOTHESIS: REDUCING IMPURITY CAN ELIMINATE YIELD PLATEAU IN DPF DEVICE CURRENT TO THE 4 TH POWER SCALING Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes no arcing Pre-ionization to reduce runaway electrons Bake-out, TiN coating to minimize oxides Longer chamber, Deuterium-Nitrogen mix to reduce rust from electron beam erosion

Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes Bake-out/ Long Chamber Pre-ionization TiN coating

KEY RESULTS Monolithic tungsten, pure deuterium, no pre-ionization: 50% increase in peak, mean yield Monolithic tungsten, deuterium+5% nitrogen, pre-ionization: 50% increase in mean yield 50% increase in peak, mean ion temperature - new record 14% standard deviation in yield, 4-fold decrease

NEXT STEPS Remove all oxides clear out valves, 60 C bake-out, microwave hydrogen treatment Better pre-ionization 10 cm tungsten anode higher current, greater gas density, dilutes impurities

PLANS FOR 2017? Beryllium electrodes NO heavy metal impurities, far less overall Still shorter-7 cm anode Upgrade connections for higher current pb11 experiments

HOW CAN YOU HELP? Crowd-funding investment opportunities? Open Letter on fusion funding Spread the word: Aneutronic fusion is a nearterm possibility

MAJOR DELAYS 1.5 years - Fixing Switches 2 years Figuring out Impurities 0.5 years Money for Beryllium 2.5 years Waiting for Beryllium

October 2016

SUMMARY & REFERENCES 4/11/2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF, $5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

Neutronic Fusion Projects Aneutronic Fusion Projects ITER EAST JET NIF Gen Fusion Z-Machine W7-X Tri-Alpha EMC2 Focus Fusion PALS

$29,560M FUSION R&D TOTAL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION $520M Neutronic Aneutronic

NEUTRONIC VS. ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R&D FUNDING Aneutronic, $520 Million Tri-Alpha, $500 Million EMC 2, $12 Million Focus Fusion, $5 Million PALS, $3 Million Neutronic, $29,560 Million

LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY PROJECTS FUNDING - ALL PRIVATELY FUNDED - Tri-Alpha, $500M EMC 2, $12M Focus Fusion, $5M PALS, $3M

Government Funded Fusion Projects ITER EAST JET NIF PALS Z-Machine W7-X Privately Funded Fusion Projects EMC2 General Fusion Focus Fusion Tri-Alpha Hellion Lockheed Martin/Skunk Works

GOVERNMENT vs. PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING $29,483 M $597 M Gov. Funded Private Funding

$29,560M FUSION R&D TOTAL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION $520M Neutronic Aneutronic

GOV. vs. PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) GOV. FUNDED, $29,483 PRIVATELY FUNDED, $597M

GOV. vs. PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) PRIVATELY FUNDED Gov Funded, $29,483 EMC 2, $12 Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500

PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EMC 2, $12 Focus Fusion, $5 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D GOV. FUNDED PALS JET ITER EAST Z-Machine W7-X General Fusion NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Tri-Alpha Hellion Focus Fusion EMC 2 Lockheed Martin / Skunk Works PRIVATELY FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW GOV. FUNDED $3M $3,000M $20,000M $140M ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D $40M $1,300M $80M $5.000M NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D $5M $500M $12M data not available data not available PRIVATELY FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D GOV. FUNDED pb11 experimenting only JET Not Built EAST Z-Machine NIF Hydrogen fueled Too low Temp. no yield NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Focus Fusion Temp, too low - no yield Temp. too low, no yield Published results not avail. No published results available PRIVATELY FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Focus Fusion GOV. FUNDED JET EAST PRIVATELY FUNDED Z-Machine NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D 4.17E -06 GOV. FUNDED 6E -06 PRIVATELY FUNDED 1.82E -06 5E -08 1 E -8 NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

NET ENERGY : ENERGY OUT OF THE DEVICE ENERGY INTO THE DEVICE >1

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % 10 % 1 % one tenth % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2nd 3 rd 4th 5th 6 Rank EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS RESULTS ONLY - 100 % 10 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % Focus Fusion Z-Machine W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC 2 - No published yield results available one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % one millionth % JET EAST NIF st nd rd th th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rank PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION EAST, $40, China JET, $3,000, UK EMC 2, $12, USA Z-Machine, $140, USA W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY Focus Fusion, $5, USA NIF,$5,000, USA PALS, $3, CZECH REP. General Fusion, $80, CANADA ITER, $20,000, INT'L - FRANCE Tri-Alpha, $500, USA

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE EAST, $40, China, Tokamak JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak EMC 2, $12, USA, Polywell Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Stellarator Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF NIF, $5,000, USA, Laser PALS, $3, CZECH REP, Laser ITER, $20,000, INT'L FRANCE, Tokamak Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config. General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Liner Implosion

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE, FUNDING TYPE EAST, $40, China, Tokamak, Gov. Funded JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak, Gov. Funded EMC 2, $12, USA, Polywell, Private Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch, Gov. Funded W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Stellarator, Gov. Funded Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF, Private NIF,$5,000, USA, Laser, Gov. Funded PALS, $3, CZECH REP., Laser, Gov. Funded General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Liner Implosion, Priv. ITER, $20,000, INT'L FRANCE, Tokamak, INT L GOV. Funded Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config., Priv.

REFERENCES Ref. # Project URL 1 JET http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/55/5/053031/meta 2 JET http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph241/kates-harbeck2/docs/focus_on.pdf 3 JET http://ocs.ciemat.es/eps2015pap/pdf/p2.171.pdf 4 JET https://www.euro-fusion.org/2014/07/jet-operation-secured-until-2018/ 5 EAST http://east.ipp.ac.cn/iac/disk/design%20of%20the%20east(ht-7u)project/1.1.pdf 6 EAST https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.7356 7 EAST http://fire.pppl.gov/sofe_05_weng.pdf 8 NIF http://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1215673 9 NIF https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/efficiency-improvements/2015/november 10 NIF https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/faqs#nif_cost 11 Z-Machine http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/9/093001/meta 12 Z-Machine http://fliphtml5.com/rbay/uapk 13 Z-Machine http://www.science20.com/news_account/refurbished_z_machine_goes_back_online 14 LPPFusion http://lppfusion.com/fusion-yield-up-almost-50-as-ff-1-resumes-firing/ 15 LPPFusion http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/19/3/10.1063/1.3694746 16 LPPFusion http://lppfusion.com/lppfusion-launches-sixth-stock-offering/ 17 W7-X http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientific-experimentation-wendelstein-x-fusion.html 18 W7-X http://newatlas.com/wendelstein7x-fusion-stellarator-plasma-tests/40014/ 19 Gen. Fusion http://www.physics.uci.edu/us-japan-ct2016/program_presentations/5.2_s.howard_ct2016.pdf 20 Helion, 3-Alpha, GenFusion http://www.nanalyze.com/2015/12/3-nuclear-fusion-energy-companies-for-investors-to-watch/ 21 Helion http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/51/5/053008/meta 22 Tri-Alpha http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4944019 23 Tri-Alpha https://www.euro-fusion.org/newsletter/tri-alpha-energy/ 24 EMC2 http://fire.pppl.gov/fpa14_iecm_emc2_park.pdf 25 EMC3 http://www.geekwire.com/2016/emc2-revives-quest-to-harness-polywell-nuclear-fusion/ 26 PALS http://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/physrevx.4.031030 27 ITER http://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-nuclear-iter-iduskcn1271bc 28 Z-Machine http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/14/2/10.1063/1.2446177