RemoteSensingtheUpperAtmospherewithLidarfromSpace bygaryswenson ElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofIllinois,Champaign,Urbana,IL Lidar(LIght Detection And Ranging) remote sensing of the atmosphere has now been realized for tropospheric remote sensing of clouds and aerosols on the NASA CALIPSO satellite as part of the A Train constellation (ref: CALIPSO:Link). NASAalsodemonstratedcloudlidarontheSpaceShuttlewiththeLITEexperiment (ref: LITE:Link). NASA has invested and developed lidar systems for tropospheric observations, successfully. Lidar technology is now ready for development and incorporation into Space Science platforms for upper atmospheric/ionospheric remotesensing. Background:Groundbasedlidarstudiesoftheupperatmosphere The Earth s upper atmosphere(upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, 30 75km)havebeenstudiedfromgroundbasedobservatorieswithRayleighlidars, primarily using 532 and 355 nm transmitters. Resonance lidar has been used on metals (Na, K, Ca, Ca +, and Fe constituents), all of which reside in a globally distributedlayerthe80 110kmaltituderegionasaresultofmeteoroblation(See GroundBasedLINKtomorethat50globallydistributedRayleighLIDARS).Astudy by the NSF Coupling of Energetic and Dynamic Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) community summarizes a compilation of scientific accomplishements, effective 2005, by the CEDAR:LIDAR committee as reported in (ref: CEDAR: LIDAR). The resonance LIDARS are primarily Doppler systems, measuring winds and temperature at relatively high temporal (seconds) and spatial (fraction of a km) resolutions from ground and occasionally aircraft platforms. The systems are invaluable in the measurement and studies of mesospheric and lower thermospheric dynamics, composition, chemistry, and thermodynamics. Dynamic studies have been a primary research focus in the understanding of smallscale (gravity)buoyancywaves,tides,aswellasplanetarywaves,andtheireffectsonthe middleandupperatmosphericregion.the80 110kmisalsoanatmosphericregion where chemiluminescent emissions from recombination chemistry provides rich remotesensinginformationonwavedynamics,correlativetothatprovidedbylidar. Ground based lidar has been used to study the mesopause region (80 105 km) using Na resonance by the U of Illinois (C. Gardner) and Colorado State University (J. She). An example of Na resonance lidar data from ground based measurementsmadebytheuniversityofillinoisresonancesystemisshowninfig 1,below[similartothatdescribedbyLietal.,2007].TheIllinoissystem,currently operatinginchile,isdescribedbycarlsonetal.[2005].themeasurementsbylidar have made important contributions to the understanding of a number of investigations including the intrinsic properties of small scale waves, tides, and planetarywaves,metaldensities,momentum,heat,constituentfluxes,andahostof contributions,oftenwithcorrelativemeasurementsbyradarsandimagersfromthis chemicallyactiveatmosphericregion.
A demonstration of community motivation Members of the Scientific Community have organized a number of mission plans and proposed to the highly competitive Explorer program to study coupling of Figure 1. Time height contours of (a)temperature,(b)na density,(c) zonal wind and(d)meridional wind. This was taken at Maui HA, with a 1.5 W Na wind/temperature transmitter. waves into the upper mesosphere and thermosphere from the lower atmosphere using passive remote sensing methods. These investigations from space have not been achieved to date. Among these experiments include the TIPE experiment proposed to AO No. 92 OSSA 1, (Accepted but descoped from the NASA TIMED mission due to $), WAVES Explorers to AO 98 OSS 03 [1998] and AO 01 OSS 03 [2001], as well as Thermospheric Waves Explorer (TWEX), proposed to AO 03 OSS 02 [2003]. The problems associated with wave coupling from the lower to the upper atmosphere remain as important global atmospheric and ionospheric
problemstobesolved.groundbasedresearchisongoingandhasmadeprogress, butglobalperspectivesarenotunderstood[e.g.groundbasedmeasurements:link]. MesosphericResonanceLIDAR,andNa,589nm. LIDARwouldenableimportanttechnologytomakesignificantenhancements to the global investigations of atmospheric coupling, upward through the mesopauseboundaryintothethermosphere.theesahasperformedamajorstudy toperformmetallidars(samplingthemesopauseregion)fromspaceinthepast2 years. Their community is taking this very seriously, with US technologist and technologiescontributingtotheideas. Mesospheric sampling from space would ideally be performed in the FUV where Earth backgrounds and albedo s protected by the ozone shield, although traditional visible resonance schemes using visible wavelengths can also be engineeredtofunction,justascalypsohas. Technologyisrapidlyadvancingintheareaofdiodelasertechnologiesand all of the special needs of reliability and space ruggedness for technical readiness. Solid state technologies are rapidly evolving including fiber amplifiers. A very special technology that is very exciting for the metals is the vapor alkali, a new class of lasers suited to Na and K lasers, recently demonstrated by Readle et al. [2009,2010]forCsandRb.ForNa,thistechnologywouldrequirea532nmpump laser(alreadyinspace)andagascell.lidartransmittersdon tgetanysimplerin technology or components than this. This US innovation could put this remote sensing capability, with reasonable wall plug to transmitted power. Power efficiencyisamongthemajorconsiderationsinorbitingactivelidarexperiments. ThermopshericResonanceLIDAR,andHe1083nm. Emerging technologies are enabling thermospheric LIDAR development, including a He resonance LIDAR capable of sensing in the 250 700 km altitude region [Carlson et al., 2008]. A ground based laser has been built and demonstration on the atmosphere is in process. This will demonstrate thermosphericlidarapplicationsforthefirsttime. TheprinciplesofresonancewiththeHelidaristhegroundstateheliumispumped into the 2 3 S state by photoelectrons at low and mid latitude, and that state is metastable and very long lived to form a resonant population. Associative recombinationofheionsalsoproducethemetastable. This population has been simulated initially by Gerard et al., 1997, and later by Waldropetal.,2006,basedontheanalysisofWaldrop,2005[SeeFig2.].
TheHeresonancelidardevelopmentemploysasolidstatetransmitter, Thelaserhasbeenbuilt,andstagesofamplificationareplannedtogenerate50W. This technology can be further developed into a pulsed laser, with the ability to perform altitude sensing of the thermosphere between 300 and 800 km. 3 frequencytuningofthetransmitterenablesdopplerreceiving,formeasurementsof altitudeprofilesofwindsandtemperatureinthethermosphere,atspatialscalesto sample waves and structure, not here to fore able to be measured. Sampling vertical resolutions on the order of km, at time scales of 10 s of seconds, can be accomplished with a relatively low power system(few watts, average power). He metastable populations described in Fig 2 have been used to describe S/N of > 20 fromgroundbasedlidar[carlson,2008]. Figure3.Asolidstatelaserhasbeendevelopedtogenerate10WofCW,at1083nm forgroundbasedlidartestingusingbistaticimagingofthermosphericresonance.
Figure4.Animageofserialnumber1,ofaHe1083 resonancelaseronatabletopbreadboardassemblyattheuof Illinois,RemoteSensingandSpaceSciencegroup. Summary KeylidartechnologiesinresonancelidarwithmetalsandHeareenablinga new dimension of upper atmospheric remote sensing, not unlike the lower atmosphere community is experiencing from CALYPSO. Lidar designed to study upper atmospheric enables a new dimension of spatial and temporal sampling of density, temperature, and wind. It is timely to develop simulations and carefully evolvethehardwarewhichispracticaltoemployinspacetoinvestigateourupper atmosphere. Acknowledgement: The current lidar systems described were supported by fundingfromthensf,geospace References CALIPSO LINK: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/ Carlson, C. G., P. D. Dragic, B. W. Graf, R. K. Price, J. J. Coleman, and G. R. Swenson, High power Yb-doped fiber laser-based LIDAR for space weather, SPIE, Vol. 6873, 68730K, 2008. Carlson, C. G., P. D. Dragic, L. Waldrop, and G. R. Swenson, A He resonance fluorescence Doppler lidar for thermospheric investigations from 300-700 km, 24th International Laser Radar Conference, Boulder, CO, June 23-27, 2008. Carlson, C. G., G. R. Swenson, P. Dragic, and A. Liu, Maui mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MALT) Na lidar-enterprise, SPIE, Sep, 2005. CEDAR: Lidar beyond Phase III, Accomplishments, Requirements, and Goals, with 241 publications, March, 2004 http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/wiki/index.php/community:documents Gerrard, A. J., T. J. Kane, D. D. Meisel, J. P. Thayer, and R. B. Kerr, Investigation of a
resonance lidar for measurement of thermospheric metastable helium, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 59(16), pp. 2023 2035, 1997. Ground Based Instruments LINK: http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/wiki/index.php/documents:ground_based_instruments Li, F. G. R. Swenson, A. Z. Liu, M. Taylor, and Y. Zhao, Investigation of a "wall" wave event, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi:04110.01029/02006jd007213, 2007. LITE:http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/LITE.html Readle, J. D., J. T. Verdeyen, J. G. Eden, S. J. Davis, K. L. Gabally-Kinney, W. T. Rawlins, W. J. Kessler, Cs 894.3 nm laser pumped by photoassociation of Cs-Kr pairs: excitation of the Cs D2 blue and red satellites, Opt. Ltt., 34, 3638-3640, 2009. Readle, J. D., C. J. Wagner, J. T. Verdeyen, T. M. Spinka, D. L. Carroll, and J. G. Eden, Excimer-pumped alkali vapor lasers: A new class of photoassociation lasers, Proc. Of SPIE, Vol. 7851, High Energy/Average Power Lasrs and Intense Beam Applications IVdoi:10.1117/12.842496, 2010. Swenson, G., P. Dragic, A. Z. Liu, L. Waldrop, and J. M. C. Plane (2005), Lidar and the Mars upper atmosphere, paper presented at American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 5-9, 2005. Swenson, G. R., P. Dragic, L. Waldrop, J. M. C. Plane, C. Carlson, and A. Z. Liu (2006), Mars and earth upper atmosphere sensing simulations of Rayleigh and Na resonance lidar, paper presented at 23rd International Laser Radar Conference, Nara, Japan. Waldrop,L.S.,R.B.Kerr,S.A.Gonzalez,M.P.Sulzer,J.Noto,andF.Kamalabadi. Generationofmetastableheliumandthe1083nmemissionintheupper thermosphere.j.geophys.res.,110(a08304),2005. Waldrop,L.S.PrivateCommunication,2006.