SOL PS.2 1. Anything that has mass and takes up space? matter 2. All matter is made up of tiny particles called? atoms 3. Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom? Element 4. Two or more elements chemically combined? compound 5. Two or more substances physically combined? mixture 6. What are the three main phases of matter? Solid, liquid, gas 7. Matter with no shape or volume? gas 8. Matter with volume and no shape? liquid 9. Matter with shape and volume? solid 10. What is the name for the matter found in the stars that acts as a superheated gas? plasma 11. What element is found in all organic compounds? carbon 12. Identify each characteristic as an acid, base, or neutral. *ph of 0-6.9 acid *ph of 7 neutral *ph of 8-14 base *Tastes Bitter base *Tastes Sour acid *Turns litmus paper red acid *Turns litmus paper blue base *Starts with a H + acid *Ends with a OH - base 13. What is formed when an acid reacts with a base? Salt and water 14. What kind of properties are shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color? (Properties that can be observed or measured without changing into a new substance) Physical properties 15. What kind of properties are acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity? (Properties that require the substance to change into a new substance) Chemical properties SOL PS.3 1. Which scientist proved the atom existed? Dalton 2. Which scientist discovered the electron? Thomson 3. Which scientist discovered the center of the atom? Rutherford 4. What scientist stated the electrons orbited the nucleus? Bohr 5. What is the name for the modern 3-D model of the atom? Electron cloud model 6. What is the center of the atom called? nucleus 7. What is the positively charged particle in the nucleus? proton 8. What is the particle with no charge in the nucleus? neutron 9. What is the negatively charged particle outside of the nucleus? electron 10. What are particles that make up the protons and neutrons? quarks SOL PS.4 1. There are 110 known elements on the Periodic Table. Of those elements there are 92 found naturally while the others are produced in a laboratory. What makes every element on the Periodic Table different? # of protons (atomic #) 2. What determines the arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table? # of protons (atomic #) 3. What are the 18 columns on the Periodic Table called? Groups or families 4. What are the 7 rows on the Periodic Table called? periods 5. Elements in the same family have similar properties/characteristics. What else do they normally have in common that has a major effect on chemical bonding? Valence electrons 6. How are all of the elements on the right side of the staircase plus Hydrogen classified? nonmetals 7. How are all of the elements on the left side of the staircase plus Aluminum classified? metals 8. How are all of the elements on the staircase except Aluminum classified? metalloids 9. What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons? Covalent bond 10. What type of bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal? Ionic bond 11. What is an atom that gains or loses electrons called? ion 12. What is an atom that gains or loses neutrons called? 1
isotope 13. What tells you the number of atoms in a chemical bond? subscript *Aluminum has an atomic number of *Aluminum has an atomic mass of 26.98 14. How many protons does 13 15. How many neutrons does 14 16. How many electrons does 13 SOL PS.5 1. What are changes in size, shape, or phase called? Physical changes 2. What are changes that produce new substances and energy? Chemical changes 3. What law states the total mass in a reaction remains the same plus energy only changes forms during a reaction and is never created or destroyed? Law of conservation of mass and energy (e= mc 2 ) 4. What is a reaction that absorbs energy called? Endothermic reaction 5. What is a reaction that releases energy called? Exothermic reaction 6. Label the parts of the following chemical equations: a. 4Al + 3O 2 2Al 2O 3 2 c. a. coefficient b. subscript c. reactants d. products d. b. 7. What type of nuclear reaction is the result of a nucleus splitting? Nuclear fission 8. What type of nuclear reaction is the result of two nuclei combining? Nuclear fusion 9. Nuclear energy changes a small amount of matter into a large supply of energy. *What is the biggest problem with nuclear energy? Storage of nuclear waste SOL PS.6 1. What is the ability to do work? energy 2. What is stored energy or the energy of position called? Potential energy 3. What is the energy of motion called? Kinetic energy 4. Identify the examples of energy. *Fire, Friction thermal (heat) *Sun, Homer Simpson s Power Plant Nuclear energy *Food, Fuel, Batteries, Plants chemical *Simple Machines, Wind, Water, Sound mechanical *Circuits, Lightening, Solar Cells electrical 5. What kind of energy is visible light? radiant 6. What is some energy always lost as during an energy transformation? Thermal energy 7. What energy transformation takes place in each example: *Photosynthesis? Light chemical *Flashlight? chemical electrical light SOL PS.7 1. What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures called? heat 2. What increases when thermal energy is added to a substance? temperature 3. What does temperature measure in a substance? Kinetic energy 4. What is name for the temperature when all molecular activity stops Zero Kinetic Energy? Absolute zero (0 K) 5. What is the SI Unit for temperature? Celsius 6. What temperature scale is used to measure absolute zero? Kelvins 7. (True/False) During a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, and vaporizing) the temperature does not change. True 8. Identify the type of heat transfer: *Heat transfer by contact? Ex Burning your hand on the stove. conduction *Heat transfer by fluids? Ex Water warm rises while it boils on a stove. convection *Heat transfer through outer space? Ex The Sun s Rays radiation 9. How do the particles in a substance move when it is heated? Faster and farther apart 10. How do the particles in a substance move when it is cooled? Slower and closer together
SOL PS.8 1. How are sound waves produced? By vibrations 2. What travels faster sound or light? light 3. What happens to the speed of sound if the temperature or the density increases? Speed of sound increases 4. Sound cannot travel without this? Matter (medium) 5. Does sound travel faster in the air or water? water 6. What type of wave is a sound wave? Compression (longitudinal) 7. What part of a sound wave is the wave is pressed together? compression 8. What part of a sound wave is the wave spread apart? rarefaction 9. What is the distance from like points on a wave called? wavelength 10. What term describes how often the waves pass by? frequency 11. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? Wavelength increases and frequency decreases 12. What property results in a sound wave bouncing and allows echolocation, SONAR, ultrasound, and sonograms to function? reflection 13. What is the term for an objecting vibrating at its own natural frequency? (Tuning fork) resonance 14. What is it called when two waves interact (overlap) and combine? interference 15 Label the parts of a sound wave. x. compression y. rarefaction z. wavelength 16. Frequency determines pitch whereas amplitude determines intensity (loudness). SOL PS.9 1. What type of wave is a light wave? transverse 2. Does light travel faster in the air or water? air 3. Label the parts of a light wave. a. crest b. trough c. wavelength d. amplitude e. wave height f. line of origin 4. What is the term for a light wave bending as it changes speeds? (Light does this as it moves from air to water.) refraction 5. What is the term for a wave bending around an obstacle? diffraction 6. What are the first three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? Radio, microwave, infrared 7. What is the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum? Red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo, and violet 8. What are the final three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? UV rays, X-rays, & Gamma rays 9. What properties change as you move across the spectrum and create the different types of light waves? Wavelength decreases; frequency increases 10. Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and least energy? Radio waves 11. Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy? Gamma rays 12. Which type of mirror produces a smaller, upright image? Concave mirror 13. Which type of mirror can produce both an upright and inverted image? Convex mirror 14. Lenses always refract light. What is light always refracted towards? The thickest part of the lens 15. Contrast transparent, translucent, and opaque. *Transparent- clear image *Translucent-fuzzy image *Opaque- no image 16. What determines the color of an object? Color of light reflected 17. What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection? They are equal SOL PS.10 1. What is the distance an object travels in a given time? (Distance divided by time) speed 3
2. What measures both speed and direction? velocity 3. What is the change in velocity over time? acceleration 4. What are the three ways to accelerate? Speed up, slow down, or change direction 5. Why is an object constantly accelerating if it is traveling in a circular motion? It s always changing direction 6. What is the amount of matter in an object? mass 7. Contrast mass and weight. *Mass is determined by - matter *Weight is determined bygravity 8. Identify Newton s Laws of Motion *An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest until an outside force is applied. (Law of Inertia) Newton s First Law *Force = Mass x Acceleration Newton s Second Law *For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (Rocket fires its engines downward to lift off) Newton s Third Law 9. What is the force of gravity pulling down on an object? Weight 10. What is the name for a push or pull? force 11. What is the unit for force? Newton 12. What are the two conditions needed for work? Force and motion 4 13. Why is Mechanical Efficiency 7. Identify each circuit below. always less than 100%? (Work Output less than Work Input) Friction (heat energy) 14. What type of simple machine is a ramp or screw? Inclined plane 15. What type of simple machine is A. parallel B. used to operate a flagpole? series Pulley 8. What is a current that flows 16. What type of simple machine back and forth? are a rake, scissors, and see-saw? Alternating current Lever 9. What is a current that flows in 17. What type of simple machine one direction? always contains a fulcrum? Direct current lever 10. What is the energy of the 18. How do you find each of the current measured in volts? following? (What is the formula?) Voltage Speed d/t 11. What are substances that allow Force - ma electricity to flow called? Work f X d (Copper and most other metals) Power W/t or (FXd)/t Conductors 19. Identify what each unit 12. What are substances that do measures: not allow electricity to flow called? *km/h or m/s: speed (Rubber, Plastic, Glass) *km/h/s or m/s 2 : acceleration Insulators *km/h due west: velocity 13. What do we call diodes, SOL PS.11 transmitters, and other substances 1. What does the flow of electrons that can control the flow of create? electricity in circuits? Electric current Semiconductors 2. What is any force that opposes 14. (True/False) Electric currents an electric current? and magnetic fields can be used to resistance create each other. 3. What is the buildup of electric True charges called? 15. What is an example of Static electricity electricity creating magnetism and 4. What is a circuit with only one magnetism creating electricity? path called? Electric motors; generators Series circuit 16. What are the two ways you can 5. What is a circuit with more than strengthen an electromagnet if the one path called? battery is kept the same? Parallel circuit Bigger nail, more coils of wire 6. Which circuit will not work if around the nail there is one break in the circuit? Series circuit
17. What is created when domains align in certain metals? magnetism 18. What do opposite charges or poles do? attract 19. What do like charges or poles do? repel 20. Where is a magnet the strongest? At the poles 21. What are the 3 ways electricity and magnetism are related? A they both have fields b. they both have the same rules of attraction c. they can create each other 22. What does each measure? *watts - power *volts - voltage *amps - current *kwh electric energy consumed 5