Lecture 16 Kingdoms Fungi & Plantae Plantae Fungi Animalia Fungi and Plants Three lines of evolution from Protista based on mode of nutrition: Animals: Ingestion Fungi: Absorption Plants: Photosynthesis Protista Monera Fungi and Plants Fungi have about 100,000 known species. Estimated 1.4 million total. Plants have about 300,000 known species. Estimated about 500,000 total. Fungi Phytophthora, Plasmopara Rusts Atelocauda digitata, Endoraecium hawaiense, Helminthosporium maydis, Ustilago cynodontis, ring worm
Edible Fungi Spoilage and Rot Penicillium on oranges, Pycnoporous sanguineus, Merulius lacrymans Magic Mushrooms Ergot LSD of Rye Medicinal Fungi What is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)? Eukaryotic Heterotroph (decomposer, parasite, symbiosis) Derive nutrition by absorption Body multicellular, specifically mycelium or yeast with cell wall composed of chitin Reproduce by spores
Heterotroph Decomposer: Recycle non-living organic material Parasite: Derive nutrition from another living organism Symbiosis: Lichen = fungus + alga or cyanobacteria Mycelium and Yeast Cell wall composed of chitin: Mechanical strength, prevents drying out. Mycelium: branched filaments Hypha Human hair Yeast: Single cells Absorption Spores Hypha Fungus lives in its food Flagellated spores can swim Spore: Reproductive structure composed of one to a few cells. Kingdom Fungi Division Oomycota Division Zygomycota Division Ascomycota Division Basidiomycota Form Division Deuteromycota Note: ending for divisions in fungi is mycota (Latin = fungi) Kingdom Fungi? Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Zygomycota Oomycota Closely related to Brown Algae = Protista
Division Oomycota Water Molds, e.g. downy mildew, potato blight Related to Brown algae Swimming spore Decomposers & parasites 475 species Downy Mildew No septa Late Blight of Potato Sexual Spores Remaining fungi characterized by sexual spores: Zygomycota = Zygospores Ascomycota = Ascospores in asci Basidiomycota=Basidiospores on basidium Division Zygomycota Zygote fungi, bread molds Zygospore developed from mated hyphal strands Live in soil, water Some are parasites Division Zygomycota Two hyphae designated as + and - required The + and - strains grow together 600 species
Mature Zygospore Bread mold Asexual spores borne in balls at top Division Ascomycota Sac fungi, includes truffles and morels Sexual spores, Ascospores in asci Body is yeast and/or mycelium Beer > 6,000 years Wine > 8,000 years Decomposers, pathogens 30,000 species Division Ascomycota Sexual spores Sexual spores borne in a sac = ascus Division Ascomycota Mycelium Yeast ascospores ascus Yeast cells reproducing
Truffle hunter with truffle pig Fruiting bodies Truffles-they cost about $800/lb. Sac & sexual spores borne in above mycelial structures. Phylum Ascomycota Fungus from which LSD was first isolated Division Basidiomycota Club fungi, mushrooms Basidiospores borne on clubshaped basidia Food Decomposers and plant diseases 25,000 species
basidiospores Basidium and basidiospores basidium Division Deuteromycota Imperfect fungi Includes many economically important fungi Sexual reproduction unknown in this group! 25,000 species Penicillium Source of penicillin Candida albicans yeast infection Helminthosporium maydis Cause of corn epidemic in 1970 Botrytis: Noble Rot
Plant-Fungal Symbiosis Mycorrhizae: literally fungusroots > 90% of plants have this symbiotic association Very important to enhancing uptake of nutrients Soil surface Plant roots Mycorrhizae Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Embryo stage Photosynthetic Multicellular Cell walls of cellulose Kingdom Plantae Division Bryophyta Division Pteridophyta Division Lycophyta Division Sphenophyta phyta Division Coniferophyta Division Anthophyta Note: All divisions end in phyta phyta Plant Kingdom Coniferophyta Anthophyta Pteridophytes Bryophyta Chlorophyta =Green Algae Plants evolved from Green Algae ancestor
Adaptation to Land Algae must stay in water to survive. No means of retaining water. In order to live on land must at least have a means of retaining water and reproduce. Division Bryophyta Bryophytes, Mosses, hornworts and liverworts 16,000 species Plants short, growing close to soil. Cuticle present, waxy layer that prevents water loss. Reproduction by Air-borne spores Division Bryophyta No water and food transport tissue or support tissue. No roots, water diffuses into plant. This is why these plants are short! Very similar in appearance to first land plants. Non-Seed Vascular Plants http://www.organics.pl.net Tollund Man from Silkeborg Museum http://www.nawwal.org Niedersächsischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Includes the following divisions: Lycophyta (Club Mosses) Sphenophyta (Horse Tails) Pterophyta (Ferns) Non-seed vascular plants commonly called Pteridiophytes
http://www.science.siu.edu Pteridophytes Pteridophytes Horse Tails Club Mosses Ferns Non-Seed Vascular Plants Pteridophytes 12,000 species Water and food transport tissues present Roots present Support tissue present Taller plants than Bryophyta. Better photosynthesis! Disadvantage of Ferns and Bryophytes Sexual reproduction important! Sperm must swim to egg! So must have water in order to have sexual reproduction! Moss life cycles summary
Coal Formation Artist conception of Carboniferous Period Seed Plants: Gymnosperms: Cone plants seeds naked Angiosperms: Flowering plants seeds borne in fruits Extinct Pteridophytes Gymnosperms 500 species Includes pines, douglas firs, red woods, cedars, etc. Naked seeds borne in a cones. Advantage? Seed has food supply. Can wait until conditions are right to germinate. Pollen delivers sperms to egg. Water not needed Gymnosperms Both seed and pollen can be air-borne. Important source of wood, paper Red Wood Angiosperms 230,000 species Division: Anthophyta, Flowering plants Most number of species and most successful plants! Seeds borne in fruits. Fruit gives more mechanism of seed dispersal than conifers, e.g. water, animals and wind. Some seeds need to pass through animals digestive system before germination.
Division Anthophyta Pollen borne in flower Evolution of floral appearance, e.g. shape, color, smell, etc. all for pollination! Pollination can occur by wind, water, and various animals. 230,000 species Humming bird pollinating flower. Mimicry: flowers mimic female insects