Chapters 32-34: Animal Diversity AP Biology 2012 1 Animal Characteristics Heterotrophs Multicellular Eukaryotes Cells lack cell walls Bodies held together by structural proteins like collagen Contain nervous tissue and muscle tissue Most reproduce sexually with diploid stage that dominates the life cycle After fertilization, zygote undergoes cleavage and forms blastula Blastula undergoes gastrulation resulting in the formation of embryonic tissue layers and a gastrula Only animals have the Hox genes that regulate development of body form (Hox gene is highly conserved) 2 Embryonic Development Zygote Cleavage Blastocoel Cleavage Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section of blastula Gastrulation Blastocoel Endoderm Ectoderm Fig. 32.2 Cross section of gastrula Archenteron Blastopore 3
Evolutionary History Common ancestor of living animals lived between 675-800 million years ago Resembled modern choanoflagellages (protists) Was probably a colonial, flagellated protist OTHER EUKARYOTES Animals Choanoflagellates Sponges Other animals Individual choanoflagellate Collar cell (choanocyte) Fig. 32.3 4 Evolutionary History Neoproterozoic Era (1 billion - 542 million years ago): Early members of the animal fossil record Paleozoic Era (542-251 million years ago): Cambrian explosion - earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 million years ago): Dinosaurs were dominant terrestrial vertebrates, coral reefs emerged, first mammals, diversification of flowering plants and insects Cenozoic Era (65.5 millions years ago to the present): Followed mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals Figs. 32.5 & 32.6 (a) Mawsonites spriggi 1.5 cm 0.4 cm (b) Spriggina floundersi 5 Characterization of Animals Characterized on the basis of a body plan (morphology and development) Radial symmetry - no front, back, left, or right Bilateral symmetry Dorsal (top) and Ventral (bottom) Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) Cephalization - development of a head (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry Fig. 32.7 6
Tissues Tissues - collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers Body plans vary according to organization of animal tissues Animal embryos form germ layers, embryonic tissues: ectoderm (germ layer covering embryo s surface), endoderm (innermost layer, lines digestive tube), mesoderm (intervening layer) Diploblastic animals have two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) Triploblastic animals have three germ layers Body cavity may be present or absent 7 Body Cavity Called a coelom and is derived from the mesoderm Pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel rather than the mesoderm Acoelomates are organisms without body cavities Fig. 32.8 (a) Coelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate (c) Acoelomate Coelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) Pseudocoelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Muscle layer (from mesoderm) Wall of digestive cavity (from endoderm) Tissuefilled region (from mesoderm) 8 Protostome and Deuterostome Protostome development - cleavage is spiral and determinate, blastopore becomes the mouth (a) Cleavage (b) Coelom formation Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids) Eight-cell stage Spiral and determinate Archenteron Deuterostome development (examples: echinoderms, chordates) Eight-cell stage Radial and indeterminate Coelom Deuterostome Coelom Mesoderm Blastopore Blastopore development - cleavage Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom. form coelom. is radial and (c) Fate of the indeterminate (each blastopore Anus cell in the early stages Digestive tube retains capacity to Key Ectoderm Mouth develop into a complete Mesoderm Mouth develops from blastopore. Endoderm embryo), blastopore becomes the anus Fig, 32.9 Mesoderm Folds of archenteron Mouth Anus Anus develops from blastopore. 9
Phylogenetic Tree Zoologists recognize about 35 animal phyla Can be looked at based on morphological and developmental comparisons Can be looked at based on molecular data Ctenophora ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Ctenophora Acoela Brachiopoda Echinodermata Chordata Platyhelminthes Rotifera Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Fig. 32.10 Nematoda Fig. 32.11 Echinodermata Chordata Platyhelminthes Ectoprocta Protostomia Metazoa Metazoa ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda 10 Phylogenetics All animals share common ancestors Sponges are basal animals Most animal phyla belong to the clade Morphology tree divides bilaterians into t wo clades (deuterostomes and protostomes) 11 (5,500 species) Placozoa (1 species) 0.5 mm A sponge Figs. 33.2 & 33.3 (10,000 species) Invertebrates Animals that lack a backbone A placozoan (LM) Ctenophora (100 species) 95% of known animal species A jelly Hemichordata (85 species) Ectoprocta (4,500 species) Rotifera (1,800 species) 1.5 mm Acoel flatworms (LM) A tunicate A marine flatworm Ectoprocts A rotifer (LM) Echinodermata (7,000 species) Acanthocephala (1,100 species) Chordata (52,000 species) A ctenophore, or comb jelly 0.1 mm Platyhelminthes (20,000 species) Acoela (400 species) Nemertea (900 species) Brachiopoda (335 species) A brachiopod Annelida (16,500 species) Cycliophora (1 species) Curved hooks An acorn worm 100 µm Loricifera (10 species) Priapula (16 species) Onychophora (110 species) A sea urchin An acanthocephalan (LM) Mollusca (93,000 species) A cycliophoran (colorized SEM) A ribbon worm A marine annelid 50 µm An octopus A loriciferan (LM) A priapulan An onychophoran Nematoda (25,000 species) Tardigrada (800 species) Arthropoda (1,000,000 species) A roundworm (colored SEM) Tardigrades (colorized SEM) A scorpion (an arachnid) Common ancestor of all animals 100 µm ANCESTRAL PROTIST 12
Sponges Phylum Sessile and have a porous body Live in fresh and marine waters Fig. 33.4 Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) Food particles in mucus Flagellum Choanocyte Collar Choanocyte Osculum Phagocytosis of food particles Amoebocyte Spongocoel Pore Lack true tissues and organs Spicules Epidermis Suspension feeders (capture food particles suspended in the water) Water flow Amoebocytes Mesohyl Choanocytes - flagellated collar cells that generate a water current through the sponge Most sponges are hermaphrodites 13 ns All animals except sponges belong to the clade (animals with true tissues) Phylum is one of the oldest groups in this clade Wide range of sessile () and floating (medusa) forms including jellies, corals, and hydras Have a simple diploblastic, radial body plan Body plan is a sac with a central digestive compartment (gastrovascular cavity) Single opening that functions as both mouth and anus Mouth/anus Tentacle Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis Mesoglea Body stalk Fig. 33.5 Epidermis Tentacle Mouth/anus Polyp Medusa 14 ns Carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey Tentacles armed with cnidocytes Four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa Tentacle Cuticle of prey Thread Nematocyst Trigger (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa Thread discharges Cnidocyte Thread (coiled) Figs. 33.6 (c) Cubozoa (d) Anthozoa Fig. 33.7 15
ns Class Hydrozoans alternate bet ween and medusa forms Class Scyphozoa Jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle Reproductive Feeding Medusa bud MEIOSIS Medusa ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (BUDDING) Portion of a colony of s Class Cobozoa - includes box jellies and sea wasps Sperm Egg SEXUAL REPRODUCTION FERTILIZATION Developing Zygote Planula (larva) Mature 1 mm Class Anthozoa includes corals and sea anemones (only occur as s) Gonad Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Figs. 33.8 16 From clade ns Phylum Platyhelminthes Flat worms Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats Gastrovascular cavity Pharynx Flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity Gastrovascular cavity 5 mm Divided into four classes: Mouth Male Tubellarians - free-living, mostly marine Planarians (have lightsensitive eyespots) Human host Eyespots Monogeneans - parasites of fish Ganglia Ciliated larva Motile larva Monogeneans and trematodes - live as parasites in other animals Ventral nerve cords Female 1 mm Mature flukes 100 µm Snail host Hooks Sucker Figs. 33.9 33.12 Proglottids with reproductive structures Scolex Jaws Phylum Rotifera 17 Crown of cilia Inhabit freshwater, marine, and damp soil Smaller than many protists, but are multicellular and have specialized organ systems Have alimentary canal (digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus) Reproduce by parthenogenesis (females produce more females from unfertilized eggs) Anus Stomach 0.1 mm Figs. 33.13 & 33.14 Lophophorates have a lophophore (horseshoe-shaped, suspensionfeeding organ) Ectoprocts - colonial animals that resemble plants Phoronids - tube-dwelling marine worms Brachiopods - superficially resemble clams Lophophore (a) Ectoprocts, colonial lophophorates Lophophore (b) Lampshell, a brachiopod 18