LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I

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LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I 293

OVERVIEW Here s what you ll learn in this lesson: Greatest Common Factor a. Finding the greatest common factor (GCF) of a set of monomials You have learned how to multiply polynomials. Now you will learn how to factor them. When you factor a polynomial, you write it as the product of other polynomials. In this lesson you will learn several different techniques for factoring polynomials. b. Factoring a polynomial by finding the GCF when the GCF is a monomial Grouping a. Factoring a polynomial by finding the GCF when the GCF is a binomial b. Factoring a polynomial with four terms by grouping 294 TOPIC 7 FACTORING

EXPLAIN GREATEST COMMON FACTOR Summary Factoring Polynomials You already know how to factor numbers by writing them as the product of other numbers. Now you will learn how to factor polynomials by writing them as the product of other polynomials. Finding the GCF of a Collection of Monomials To find the GCF of a collection of monomials: 1. Factor each monomial into its prime factors. 2. List each common prime factor the smallest number of times it appears in any factorization. 3. Multiply all the prime factors in the list. For example, to find the GCF of the monomials 16x 2 y 2, 4x 3 y 2, and 12xy 4 : 1. Factor each monomial into its prime factors. 16x 2 y 2 = 2 2 2 2 x x y y 4x 3 y 2 = 2 2 x x x y y 12xy 4 = 2 2 3 x y y y y 2. List each common prime factor the smallest number of times it appears in 2. any factorization. 2, 2, x, y, y 3. Multiply all the prime factors in the list. GCF = 2 2 x y y = 4xy 2 Factoring a Polynomial By Finding The Greatest Common Factor One way to factor a polynomial is to find the greatest common factor of its monomial terms. Here are the steps: 1. Identify the monomial terms of the polynomial. 2. Factor each monomial term. Remember that a monomial is a polynomial with only one term. For example: 14x 5 y 3, 32, 6x, and 9xyz are monomials; but 12x 5 y + 1 and 14y + 3x are not monomials. Before deciding if a polynomial is a monomial, binomial, etc., be sure you first combine any like terms and apply the distributive property, if possible. The GCF of a collection of monomials is the GCF of the coefficients of all the monomials multiplied by the smallest power of each variable in all the monomials. The GCF of a collection of monomials evenly divides each monomial in the collection. 16x 2 y 2 4xy 2 4x 3 y 2 4xy 2 12xy 4 4xy 2 = 4x =x 2 = 3y 2 3. Find the GCF of the monomial terms. 4. Rewrite each term of the polynomial using the GCF. 5. Factor out the GCF. 6. Use the distributive property to check your factoring. LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I EXPLAIN 295

For example, to factor the polynomial 6x 2 y 2 + 8y 2 : 1. Identify the terms of the polynomial. = 6x 2 y 2, 8y 2 2. Factor each monomial term. 6x 2 y 2 = 2 3 x x y y 8y 2 = 2 2 2 y y 3. Find the GCF of the monomial terms. GCF = 2 y y = 2y 2 4. Rewrite each term of the 6x 2 y 2 = 2y 2 3x 2 polynomial using the GCF 8y 2 = 2y 2 4 5. Factor out the GCF. 6x 2 y 2 + 8y 2 = (2y 2 )(3x 2 + 4) 6. Use the distributive property to check your factoring. Is 6x 2 y 2 + 8y 2 = (2y 2 )(3x 2 + 4)? Is 6x 2 y 2 + 8y 2 = (2y 2 )(3x 2 ) + (2y 2 )(4)? Is 6x 2 y 2 + 8y 2 = 6x 2 y 2 + 8y 2? Yes. Answers to Sample Problems Sample Problems 1. Find the GCF of 9x 3 y, 3xy 4, and 6y 2. a. 3 x y y y y 2 3 y y b. 3, y c. 3y a. Factor each monomial 9x 3 y = 3 3 x x x y into its prime factors. 3xy 4 = 6y 2 = b. List each common factor the smallest number of times it appears in any factorization. c. Multiply all the prime factors in the list. GCF = 2. Factor: 6x 4 y 4 + 30x 2 y 3 + 10x 5 y 2 b. 2 3 x x x x y y y y 2 3 5 x x y y y 2 5 x x x x x y y c. 2x 2 y 2 d. (2x 2 y 2 ) (3x 2 y 2 ) (2x 2 y 2 )(15y) (2x 2 y 2 )(5x 3 ) e. (2x 2 y 2 )(3x 2 y 2 + 15y + 5x 3 ) f. (2x 2 y 2 )(3x 2 y 2 + 15y + 5x 3 ) = (2x 2 y 2 )(3x 2 y 2 ) + (2x 2 y 2 )(15y) + (2x 2 y 2 )(5x 3 ) =6x 4 y 4 + 30x 2 y 3 + 10x 5 y 2 a. Find the terms of the polynomial. 6x 4 y 4, 30x 2 y 3, and 10x 5 y 2 b. Factor each monomial. 6x 4 y 4 = 30x 2 y 3 = 10x 5 y 2 = c. Find the GCF of the monomial terms. GCF = d. Rewrite each term of the 6x 4 y 4 = polynomial using the GCF. 30x 2 y 3 = 10x 5 y 2 = e. Factor out the GCF. = ( )( ) f. Use the distributive property to check your factoring. 296 TOPIC 7 FACTORING

GROUPING Summary Factoring a Polynomial by Finding the Binomial GCF You have already learned how to factor a polynomial when the GCF of the terms of the polynomial is a monomial. You can use the same steps to factor a polynomial when the GCF of the terms is a binomial. There are six steps in this procedure: 1. Identify the terms of the polynomial. 2. Factor each term. 3. Find the GCF of the terms. 4. Rewrite each term of the polynomial using the GCF. 5. Factor out the GCF. 6. Check your answer. For example, to factor the polynomial 5(3x + 2) + x 2 (3x + 2): 1. Identify the terms of the polynomial. 5(3x + 2) and x 2 (3x + 2) 2. Factor each term. (Here each 5(3x + 2) = 5 (3x + 2) term is already factored.) x 2 (3x + 2) = x 2 (3x + 2) 3. Find the GCF of the terms. GCF = 3x + 2 4. Rewrite each term of the 5(3x + 2) = 5 (3x + 2) polynomial using the GCF. x 2 (3x + 2) = x 2 (3x + 2) 5. Factor out the GCF. 5(3x + 2) + x 2 (3x + 2) = 5 (3x + 2) + x 2 (3x + 2) = (3x + 2)(5 + x 2 ) 6. Check your answer. Is (3x + 2)(5 + x 2 ) = 5(3x + 2) + x 2 (3x + 2)? Is (3x + 2)(5) + (3x + 2)(x 2 ) = 5(3x + 2) + x 2 (3x + 2)? Yes. Factoring By Grouping Sometimes the GCF of the terms of a polynomial is 1. For example find the GCF of the terms of 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b : 3x 2 = 1 3 x x 9 = 1 3 3 bx 2 = 1 b x x 3b = 1 3 b LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I EXPLAIN 297

You see that the GCF of the 4 terms 3x 2, 9, bx 2, and 3b is 1. If you try to use the GCF to factor 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b you get the following factorization: 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b = 1 (3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b) This isn t very interesting! To factor the polynomial 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b you need a technique other than finding the GCF of the terms. One such technique is called factoring by grouping. This procedure has 5 steps: 1. Factor each term. 2. Group terms with common factors. 3. Factor out the GCF in each grouping. 4. Factor out the binomial GCF of the polynomial. 5. Check your answer. For example, use this technique to factor the polynomial 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b: 1. Factor each term. 3x 2 = 3 x x 9 = 3 3 bx 2 = b x x 3b = 3 b This isn t the only way to group the terms. For example, you could also have grouped the terms like this: (3x 2 + bx 2 ) + (9 + 3b) Try it; you ll get the same answer. Notice that in steps (1) (3) you have written the polynomial so that we can see its binomial GCF. In step (4) we are really doing all of steps (1) (5) from before. 2. Group terms with = 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b common factors. = (3 x x + 3 3) + (b x x + 3 b) 3. Factor out the GCF = 3(x x + 3) + b (x x + 3) in each grouping. 4. Factor out the binomial = 3(x 2 + 3) + b(x 2 + 3) GCF of the polynomial. = (3 + b)(x 2 + 3) 5. Check your answer. Is (3 + b )(x 2 + 3) = 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b? Is 3(x 2 + 3) + b (x 2 + 3) = 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b? Is 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b = 3x 2 + 9 + bx 2 + 3b? Yes. 298 TOPIC 7 FACTORING

Sample Problems Answers to Sample Problems 1. Factor: x (x 2 + y ) + ( 3 )(x 2 + y ) a. Identify the terms x (x 2 + y ) and of the polynomial. b. Factor each term. x (x 2 + y ) = x (x 2 + y ) ( 3)(x 2 + y ) = c. Find the GCF of the terms. GCF = d. Rewrite each term of the x (x 2 + y ) = (x 2 + y ) polynomial using ( 3)(x 2 + y ) = (x 2 + y ) the GCF. e. Factor out the GCF. = ( )( ) f. Check your answer. 2. Factor: x 2 + xy + 3x + 3y a. Factor each term. x 2 = x x xy = x y 3x = 3y = b. Group terms with = x 2 + xy + 3x + 3y common factors. = (x x + x ) + (3 + 3 y ) c. Factor out the GCF = (x + y ) + (x + y ) in each grouping. d. Factor out the binomial = (x + y )( ) GCF of the polynomial. e. Check your answer. a. ( 3)(x 2 + y) b. 3, (x 2 + y) (in either order) c. x 2 + y d. x 3 e. x 2 + y; x + ( 3) or x 3 (in either order) f. (x 2 + y)[x + ( 3)] = (x 2 + y)(x) +(x 2 +y)( 3) a. 3, x (in either order) 3, y (in either order) b. y, x c. x, 3 d. x + 3 e. = (x + y)(x + 3) = x(x + 3) + y(x +3) = x 2 + 3x + xy + 3y = x 2 + xy + 3x + 3y LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I EXPLAIN 299

HOMEWORK Homework Problems Circle the homework problems assigned to you by the computer, then complete them below. Explain Greatest Common Factor 1. Circle the expressions below that are monomials. Factoring by Grouping 13. Find the binomial GCF: (x 5 + y ) + 6x 2 (x 5 + y) x 2 + 2 xy 2 + y 2 x 14. Factor: (x 5 + y ) + 6x 2 (x 5 + y ) x 3 yz 2 x 2. Circle the expressions below that are not monomials. xzy 8 13x 12 x 2 z + zy 2 3. Find the GCF of 12x 3 y and 6xy 2. 4. Find the GCF of 3xyz 3, z, and 16yz. 5. Factor: x 2 y + 6y 2 6. Factor: 3x 2 + 9xy 3 12xy 7. Factor: 4a 2 b 4ab 2 4 x 8. Factor: 3x 4 yz+ 3xyz + 9yz 9. Factor: 6xy 3 4x 2 y 2 + 2xy 15. Find the binomial GCF: (3x + y )(xy + yz) + x 2 y (xy+ yz) + z 3 (xy + yz) 16. Factor: (3x + y)(xy + yz) + x 2 y (xy + yz) + z 3 (xy+ yz) 17. Factor: a 3 a 2 b + ab 2 b 3 18. Factor: 3x 2 3xy + 3xy 3 z 4 3y 4 z 4 19. Factor: x 5 y + zx + x 4 y 2 + yz + x 4 yz + z 2 20. Factor: 15m 3 + 21m 2 n + 10mn + 14n 2 21. Factor: x 2 z + 3x 2 + y 2 z + 3y 2 22. Factor: x 3 + x 2 y + x 2 z + 3x + 3z + 3y 23. Factor: 3x + yz + xz + 3y 24. Factor: x 2 3x + 2 (Hint: rewrite the polynomial as x 2 x 2x + 2) 10. Factor: 16a 3 b 2 + 20a 2 b 4 8a 3 b 3 11. Factor: 17x 2 y 2 z 2 + 68x 10 y 32 z + 153x 9 y 4 z 12 12. Factor: x 2 + xy + xz 300 TOPIC 7 FACTORING

APPLY Practice Problems Here are some additional practice problems for you to try. Greatest Common Factor 1. Circle the expressions below that are monomials. 8m 3 n 7y 2y 2 14 x y 20. Factor: 15a 3 b 4 c 7 25a 5 b 3 c 2 21. Factor: 32p 7 q 3 r 4 40p 5 q 5 r 22. Factor: 24x 2 y 5 z 8 32x 4 y 6 z 4 23 3 z 23. Factor: 9xy 2 z 3 15x 3 y 5 z 4 21x 4 y 2 z 5 2. Circle the expressions below that are monomials. 3x 4x 2 7 17 5xyz 3 1 y z x 3. Find the GCF of 12a 3 b and 16ab 4. 4. Find the GCF of 18m 3 n 5 and 24m 4 n 3. 5. Find the GCF of 10xy 4, and 15x 3 y 2. 6. Find the GCF of 9xy 2 z 3, 24x 5 y 3 z 6, and 18x 3 yz 4. 7. Find the GCF of 6abc 4, 12ac 3, and 9a 5 b 4 c 2. 8. Factor: 5a 3 b 10b 9. Factor: 16mn 4 8m 10. Factor: 6xy 2 12x 11. Factor: 6x 4 y 3 14xy 12. Factor: 24mn 16m 6 n 2 13. Factor: 8a 3 b 2 10ab 14. Factor: 24a 3 b 4 42a 6 b 5 15. Factor: 36y 7 z 8 45y 3 z 5 16. Factor: 25x 5 y 7 35x 2 y 4 17. Factor: 4mn 10mn 3 18m 4 n 18. Factor: 6xy 9x 3 y 15xy 2 19. Factor: 8a 3 b 4 12ab 20a 3 b 24. Factor: 10h 4 j 3 k 6 25h 3 j 2 k 40hj 5 k 2 25. Factor: 20a 3 b 5 c 2 12a 4 b 2 c 3 8a 2 bc 3 26. Factor: 20x 2 y 4 10x 5 y 3 18x 3 y 4 12xy 3 27. Factor: 6a 3 b 5 c 2 9a 4 b 4 c 3 18a 2 b 3 c 2 21a 6 b 2 c 3 28. Factor: 18x 2 y 4 z 3 16x 5 y 3 z 6x 4 y 2 z 3 10x 3 y 4 z 2 Factoring by Grouping 29. Factor: x (z 3) y (z 3) 30. Factor: a (b 2) c (b 2) 31. Factor: a (3b 4) 9(3b 4) 32. Factor: z (2w 3) 12(2w 3) 33. Factor: 8m (3n 3 4) 17(3n 3 4) 34. Factor: 12b (2c 4 5) 23(2c 4 5) 35. Factor: 7x (2x 2 3) 11(2x 2 3) 36. Factor: a (3a b ) b (3a b ) 37. Factor: m (5m 2n ) 3n (5m 2n ) 38. Factor: y (2x y ) x (2x y ) 39. Factor: xw xz yw yz 40. Factor: mp mq np nq 41. Factor: ac ad bc bd 42. Factor: 8a 2 4a 10a 5 LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I APPLY 301

43. Factor: 4a 2 2a 14a 7 44. Factor: 6x 2 2x 12x 4 45. Factor: 12a 2 18a 10ab 15b 46. Factor: 21m 2 14m 24mn 16n 47. Factor: 15x 2 35x 6xy 14y 48. Factor: 3u 2 6u uv 2v 49. Factor: 8z 2 2z 4zw w 50. Factor: 2x 2 4x xy 2y 51. Factor: 12a 2 10b 15ab 8a 52. Factor: 8m 2 21n 12m 14mn 53. Factor: 18x 2 10y 15xy 12x 54. Factor: 16uv 2 10vw 25w 40uv 55. Factor: 12pr 2 16rs 20s 15pr 56. Factor: 20ab 2 15bc 6c 8ab 302 TOPIC 7 FACTORING

Practice Test EVALUATE Take this practice test to be sure that you are prepared for the final quiz in Evaluate. 1. Find the GCF of 6xz, 3xy, and 2x. 2. Find the GCF of 16xyz, x 2 y 2 z 2, and 4x 3 y 2 z. 3. Factor: 3x 2 y 3xy 2 4. Factor: 3xy 3 6xy 2 + 3x 3 y 4 5 Factor: 13(x 2 + 4) + 6y (x 2 + 4) 6. Factor: 17x 2 (3xyz + 4z ) 3yz(3xyz + 4z ) 7. Factor: 39rs 13s + 9r 3 8. Factor: 12 wz 44z + 18w 66 LESSON 7.1 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS I EVALUATE 303

304 TOPIC 7 FACTORING

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