Notion Press Old No. 38, New No. 6 McNichols Road, Chetpet Chennai - 600 031 First Published by Notion Press 2016 Copyright Himanshu Shangari 2016 All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-93-5206-973-6 This book has been published in good faith that the work of the author is original. All efforts have been taken to make the material error-free. However, the author and the publisher disclaim the responsibility. No part of this book may be used, reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Contents They Come First Prelude ix xi 1. Exalted and Debilitated Planets 1 2. Exalted Sun in 1 st House 8 3. Exalted Sun in 2 nd House 14 4. Exalted Sun in 3 rd House 19 5. Exalted Sun in 4 th House 24 6. Exalted Sun in 5 th House 30 7. Exalted Sun in 6 th House 37 8. Exalted Sun in 7 th House 42 9. Exalted Sun in 8 th House 47 10. Exalted Sun in 9 th House 52 11. Exalted Sun in 10 th House 58 12. Exalted Sun in 11 th House 64 13. Exalted Sun in 12 th House 70 14. Exalted Moon in 1 st House 76 15. Exalted Moon in 2 nd House 82 16. Exalted Moon in 3 rd House 87 17. Exalted Moon in 4 th House 93 18. Exalted Moon in 5 th House 98 19. Exalted Moon in 6 th House 104 20. Exalted Moon in 7 th House 110
Contents 21. Exalted Moon in 8 th House 116 22. Exalted Moon in 9 th House 122 23. Exalted Moon in 10 th House 127 24. Exalted Moon in 11 th House 133 25. Exalted Moon in 12 th House 139 26. Exalted Jupiter in 1 st House 145 27. Exalted Jupiter in 2 nd House 151 28. Exalted Jupiter in 3 rd House 157 29. Exalted Jupiter in 4 th House 162 30. Exalted Jupiter in 5 th House 168 31. Exalted Jupiter in 6 th House 173 32. Exalted Jupiter in 7 th House 179 33. Exalted Jupiter in 8 th House 185 34. Exalted Jupiter in 9 th House 191 35. Exalted Jupiter in 10 th House 197 36. Exalted Jupiter in 11 th House 203 37. Exalted Jupiter in 12 th House 208 Contact Me 215 viii
Exalted and Debilitated Planets Exalted and debilitated planets have always remained a major point of discussion among many astrologers as well as among many readers interested in astrology. Many astrologers believe that if a planet is exalted in a horoscope, it will always give benefic results to the native, which means that an exalted planet is always a benefic planet in a horoscope. The same astrologers believe that if a planet is debilitated in a horoscope, it will always give bad results to the native, which means that a debilitated planet always behaves as a malefic planet in a horoscope. Over a period of many years, so many good things have been said about exalted planets and so many bad things have been said about debilitated planets, that a majority of people interested in astrology have fixed their opinions about these planets. These people consider an exalted planet as a blessing in a horoscope and they consider a debilitated planet a curse in a horoscope. However, this is not true and the exaltation status as well as the debilitation status of a planet has nothing much to do with the working nature of such exalted or debilitated planet in a horoscope. Before continuing with this discussion, let s first get to know the sign of exaltation as well as the sign of debilitation for each planet among navagraha. Sun: Sun is exalted in the sign of Aries and Sun is debilitated in the sign of Libra. Moon: Moon is exalted in the sign Taurus and Moon is debilitated in the sign Scorpio.
Exalted Planets - Part I Jupiter: Jupiter is exalted in the sign of Cancer and Jupiter is debilitated in the sign of Capricorn. Venus: Venus is exalted in the sign of Pisces and Venus is debilitated in the sign of Virgo. Mars: Mars is exalted in the sign of Capricorn and Mars is Debilitated in the sign of Cancer. Mercury: Mercury is exalted in the sign of Virgo and Mercury is debilitated in the sign of Pisces. Saturn: Saturn is exalted in the sign of Libra and Saturn is debilitated in the sign of Aries. Rahu: Rahu is exalted in the sign of Gemini and Rahu is debilitated in the sign of Sagittarius according to one belief of astrology. Rahu is exalted in the sign of Taurus and it is debilitated in the sign of Scorpio according to another belief of astrology. Ketu: Ketu is exalted in the sign of Sagittarius and Ketu is debilitated in the sign of Gemini according to one belief of astrology. Ketu is exalted in the sign of Scorpio and it is debilitated in the sign of Taurus according to another belief of astrology. Moving ahead, the placement of a planet in its sign of exaltation only indicates that the planet is very strong and the results produced by this planet are going to be significant ones. But those results may be significantly positive or significantly negative depending on the nature of such exalted planet in a horoscope. For example, exalted and positive Saturn is capable of producing strong positive results regarding the significances ruled by it, regarding the house it is placed in and regarding the planets and houses it aspects. On the other hand, there is almost no planet in a horoscope which may be as destructive 2
Himanshu Shangari as negative and exalted Saturn. Malefic Saturn placed in Libra can be destructive, very destructive or extremely destructive and it can completely destroy the significances of the houses and planets under the effect of its placement or aspects. I have personally witnessed many cases where Saturn is exalted and negative in the horoscope and the natives are suffering from great pains and difficulties in different fields of their lives depending on the placement of such malefic exalted Saturn in their horoscopes, as well as depending on the overall tone of their horoscopes. The most surprising as well as the most upsetting thing is that most people suffering due to such negative exalted planets are finding the cause of their miseries and sufferings in some other planet. This is because these people believe that an exalted planet simply means a strongly positive planet and it is never supposed to cause any harm. Due to this misconception, they are not able to find the planet responsible for their sufferings till late in their lives, and sometimes throughout their lives. These people just keep guessing about which planet can be the cause of their sufferings and misfortunes. In some cases, their misconception about an exalted planet in their horoscope is so strong that they are not willing to believe even an astrologer who tells them that an exalted planet in their horoscope is working negatively and it is the root cause of most of their problems. Such people refuse to believe this astrologer and they look for some other astrologer who can find the cause of their problems with some other planet which is not exalted. When it comes to find such planets, the easiest planets in a horoscope to blame for all the sufferings, misfortunes and problems are debilitated planets. 3
Exalted Planets - Part I Talking of debilitated planets draws attention to one more misconception that prevails strongly among the people interested in astrology. It is generally believed by most people and many astrologers that a debilitated planet simply means a negative planet and it can only cause problems and sufferings to the native having such debilitated planet in his horoscope. This is again a misconception and a debilitated planet simply means that it lacks strength. Accordingly it may not be able to protect the significances ruled by it in a proper way and so the results produced by such debilitated planet may not be significant ones. But whether those results will be positive or negative has nothing to do with the placement of this planet in its sign of debilitation. The positive or negative results produced by a debilitated planet usually lack the strength which is needed to produce significant results and that is why it is called debilitated or weak. However, a debilitated planet can be malefic as well as benefic and it can even be the most benefic planet in a horoscope in spite of being in its sign of debilitation. It is the time to know that just like us humans, planets also possess three essential qualities and to be precise, we copy these three essential qualities from these planets, since they influence us. The first one among these qualities is physical strength which means how strong or weak a planet may be when it comes to work and produce results in a horoscope whether such results are positive or negative. The placements of different planets in a various houses of a horoscope, in various signs, and in various nakshatras are some of the most effective ways of measuring the physical strength of these planets. Even among these common measures, the most effective way to measure the strength of a planet among navagraha is to check its placement in a particular sign among 4
Himanshu Shangari the twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces. Each planet among navagraha is the weakest when placed in one of these twelve signs, it lacks strength in some of these signs, it does well in some of these signs, it is strong in some of these signs and it is the strongest in one of these signs. The sign in which a planet achieves maximum physical strength is called its sign of exaltation and the planet so placed in this sign is called an exalted planet. On the other hand, the sign in which a planet achieves maximum physical weakness is called its sign of debilitation and the planet so placed in this sign is called a debilitated planet. However the presence of different planets in different signs is a measure of their physical strength and such placements do not have much impact on their working nature, though they may certainly affect a part of their working nature in some cases. The second essential quality possessed by the planets among navagraha is their working nature and the third quality possessed by them is their level of activity. The working nature of a planet is decided based on a complex set of calculations and it is undoubtedly the most complex as well as the most difficult job for an astrologer, when he analyzes a horoscope. The placement of a planet in any one of the twelve signs including its sign of exaltation and its sign of debilitation can have some weight in deciding the working nature of a planet, and nothing more than that. The third essential quality called the level of activity is the virtue which tells us how active or passive a planet may be in a horoscope. It should be noted that physical strength and level of activity are two different things and they should not be confused with each other. For example, a physically well built person may be passive or lazy whereas as a physically average looking person may be 5
Exalted Planets - Part I quick and hardworking. Similarly, a physically strong or weak planet may be very active, active, less active or least active in a horoscope. Hence the working of each planet in a horoscope is defined primarily after calculating these three aspects for such planets in a horoscope, though there are many other factors which may affect the working of a planet in a horoscope. Among these three essential qualities, the exaltation or debilitation status of a planet is just a measure of its physical strength and not much more than that. For example, debilitated Moon placed in the first house of a horoscope in the sign of Scorpio may be very weak by virtue of its debilitation, it may be benefic in that horoscope as decided through a set of calculations done to find out the working nature of a planet, and it may be very active in that horoscope as once again calculated through a set of calculations for the same purpose. It means that such debilitated Moon will try to do good things for the native every now and then, but it may not be able to produce sufficient good results as it is weak. Hence the native may come across many good opportunities in many spheres of his life from time to time, but most of them may not materialize due to such weakness of benefic Moon. On the other hand, if the same debilitated Moon is placed in the first house of a horoscope, it is malefic and active; it may produce bad results from time to time, though they may also not be significant ones. Hence the native may have to face small issues and tensions from time to time, but they may get sorted in most such cases. Similarly, exalted Moon placed in the first house of a horoscope in the sign of Taurus may be benefic and active. In this case, such benefic exalted Moon will try to benefit the 6
Himanshu Shangari native and such benefits may be actively felt by the native, many times in his life. This is because such benefic Moon is strong by virtue of its exaltation and hence it can initiate good things, as well as complete them. On the other hand, if exalted Moon is placed in the first house of a horoscope, it is malefic and active; it can trouble the native with intense types of problems which may be actively felt by the native from time to time. This is due to the reason that such malefic Moon is strong and hence it can initiate bad things and then complete them. Hence the presence of a planet in its sign of exaltation or the presence of a planet in its sign of debilitation is only a measure of its physical strength or weakness and nothing more than that, to a great extent. Therefore a debilitated planet can also be a benefic or even the most benefic planet in a horoscope whereas an exalted planet can also be a malefic or even the most malefic planet in a horoscope. The placement of a planet in a particular sign is not a measure of its working nature and it is more a measure of its physical strength or its style of working in a horoscope. Vedic astrology lays many important guidelines for deciding the working nature of a planet in a horoscope and those guidelines should be used to decide the working nature of a planet in a horoscope. It should be understood that even a debilitated planet can form some of the best yogas in a horoscope if it is benefic in that horoscope. On the other hand, an exalted planet can cause some of the worst types of problems to the native under its impact, if it is working negatively in his horoscope. 7
Exalted Sun in 1 st House According to Vedic astrology, the Sun is exalted in a horoscope when it is placed in the sign of Aries, which in simple words means that Sun gains maximum strength when placed in Aries compared to its placement in all the other signs. Exalted Sun is associated with many good things by many astrologers and it is believed by a number of astrologers that exalted Sun always works positively in a horoscope and it brings good results for the native under its influence. This is not the case in actual practice and exalted Sun can work positively as well as negatively in a horoscope depending on the other deciding factors and depending on the overall tone of the horoscope of a native under consideration. The word exalted simply relates to the strength of the Sun in a horoscope and it doesn t relate to the nature of the Sun in a horoscope. Accordingly exalted Sun placed in different houses of a horoscope can give benefic as well as malefic results depending on the nature of the Sun as well as depending on the overall tone of the horoscope. We will now discuss some of these benefic as well as malefic effects which can be experienced when exalted Sun is placed in different houses of a horoscope. Exalted Sun in 1 st House: Positive exalted Sun placed in the first house of a horoscope generally brings good results for the overall health of the native. It can also bless the native with good creative skills and as a result, the native can achieve professional success in his life by virtue of his creativity. Hence the natives under the effect of this benefic
Himanshu Shangari influence may excel in different types of creative as well as physically or intellectually demanding professional fields and they may achieve good, very good or great amount of success through such professional fields depending on their overall horoscopes. Some of these natives can become professional sportsmen and they may achieve good amount of success through a sport, as such benefic exalted Sun in the first house can bless the native with good creative abilities as well as with good amount of physical energy. Hence the native may engage in a sport or in a physically demanding creative field, if the overall horoscope allows it. For example, if benefic exalted Sun is placed in the first house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries along with benefic Mercury and at the same time, benefic Mars is placed in the third house of this horoscope in the sign of Gemini, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may engage in some type of sport and he may even engage in it on professional basis. If benefic Rahu is placed in the eleventh house of this horoscope in the sign of Aquarius and benefic Moon is placed in the sixth house of this horoscope in the sign of Virgo, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may achieve very good amount of success as a sportsman. Such native may earn very good amount of money, fame and recognition through a sport and as more positive planets add to his horoscope, he may achieve even better results due to combined effect of all such benefic planets in his horoscope. For instance, the presence of benefic Jupiter in the third house of the same horoscope in the sign of Gemini along with benefic Mars can increase the benefic results received by the native. Taking another example, if benefic exalted Sun is placed in the first house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries along 9
Exalted Planets - Part I with benefic Mercury and combination of benefic Venus and Rahu is placed in the eleventh house of this horoscope in the sign of Aquarius, the native under the combined effect of all these benefic planets may engage in some creative field like acting, singing or dancing. The presence of benefic Mars and Jupiter in the third house of the same horoscope in the sign of Gemini can bend the native more towards dancing whereas the presence of a benefic combination of Moon and Mars in the second house of this horoscope in the sign of Taurus can bend the native more towards singing. Similarly, the presence of a benefic combination of Moon and Jupiter in the ninth house of the same horoscope in the sign of Sagittarius when benefic exalted Sun and Mercury are placed in the first house and a benefic combination of Venus and Rahu is placed in the eleventh house; can make the native engage in acting. The native under the combined effect of all these benefic planets may become a movie actor and he may achieve very good amount of success through this field of profession, if the rest of his horoscope allows it. Benefic exalted Sun in the first house of a horoscope is also capable of blessing the native with qualities like intelligence, leadership and concentration power and as a result, the natives under the strong influence of such a placement can achieve a post of power and authority in government through job or through politics, they can achieve success through medical profession, teaching, coaching, consultation professions and other similar professions, depending on the overall tone of their horoscopes. These natives may engage in different types of professions and they may achieve different amount of success depending on the overall tone of their horoscopes. For example, if a combination of benefic exalted Sun and Mercury is placed in the first house of a horoscope in the 10
Himanshu Shangari sign of Aries, benefic Moon is placed in the tenth house of this horoscope in the sign of Capricorn and benefic Saturn is placed in the sixth house of this horoscope in the sign of Virgo, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may become a professional doctor and he may earn good amount of money, success and recognition through this field of profession. As more benefic planets add to this horoscope, the native under the combined effect of such benefic planets may achieve even more success through this field of profession. For instance, the presence of benefic Mars in the twelfth house of this horoscope in the sign of Pisces can increase the amount of good results received by this native under the combined influence of all these benefic planets including benefic exalted Sun in the first house of his horoscope. Looking at one more possibility, if benefic exalted Sun is present in the first house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries along with benefic Mercury, benefic Saturn is placed in the eighth house of this horoscope in the sign of Scorpio and benefic Mars is present in the tent house of this horoscope in the sign of Capricorn, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may become a police officer and he may achieve good amount of success through this field of profession. At the same time, if benefic Moon is present in the fifth house of this horoscope in the sign of Leo, the equation may improve and accordingly the native may achieve more success. Such native may get selected for the highest possible direct rank in police force through some competitive exam, if his overall horoscope allows it and he may also have a very good career in police force. As more benefic planets add to the horoscope of this native, he may achieve even better results through this field of profession, under the combined effect of all these benefic planets. 11
Exalted Planets - Part I Benefic exalted Sun in the first house of a horoscope can also bless the native with healthy and good children and such children can prove very valuable assets for this native. It means that such children may become successful in their lives and they may bring good name and reputation to the native. Such children are also likely to take good care of the native and hence the native may witness overall good results related to the domain of his children. Apart from this, benefic exalted Sun in the first house of a horoscope can bless the native under its influence with many other types of good results related to many other spheres of his life, depending on the overall tone of the horoscope of the native under consideration. On the other hand, if exalted Sun placed in the first house of a horoscope is working negatively, it can cause various types of problems for the native under its influence and accordingly different natives under the effect of this malefic influence may witness some of these problems depending on the overall tone of their horoscopes. Such malefic influence can cause problems in the married life of the native and accordingly some native under the effect of this malefic placement may face problems related to their marriages. Such malefic exalted Sun generally does not delay the marriage of the native under its influence but it can cause serious problems in the married life of the native under its influence. If a malefic combination of Sun and Mercury is placed in the first house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries, the native under the effect of this malefic combination may have to face issues like lack of compatibility and lack of trust with his wife. Such issues can intensify if at the same time, a malefic combination of Venus and Moon is placed in the sixth house of this horoscope. In this case, the native under the combined effect of all these malefic planets may have to face a 12
Himanshu Shangari broken marriage, after suffering many problems through such marriage, provided there are no marriage saving combinations present in this horoscope. As more malefic planets add to this horoscope, the native under the combined effect of all these malefic planets may have to face even more bad results related to his marriage. Malefic exalted Sun in the first house of a horoscope can also cause problems in the professional sphere of the native due to which some natives under this malefic influence may have to face professional problems. Such malefic placement can especially prove very bad for the natives who engage in jobs on monthly salary basis, which means the natives who are working for other people. If malefic Mercury is also placed in the first house of this horoscope along with malefic exalted Sun, the native under the combined effect of these malefic planets may have to lose many jobs by virtue of one problem or the other. Apart from this, malefic exalted Sun in the first house of a horoscope can trouble the native with problems related to his health as well as with problems related to children due to which, some natives under the effect of this malefic influence may face some of these problems also, depending on their overall horoscopes. 13
Exalted Sun in 2 nd House Benefic exalted Sun placed in the second house of a horoscope can bless the native under its influence with good results related to his profession, finances, overall health and many other spheres of his life. Accordingly the natives under the effect of this benefic placement may witness different type of good results depending on their overall horoscopes. Such benefic influence can help the native achieve success through many professional fields. Accordingly some natives under this influence may become doctors, lawyers, bankers or people working in other financial institutions, police officers, army officers, politicians and many other types of professionals. For example, the presence of benefic exalted Sun in the second house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries along with benefic Mercury can bend the native towards medical profession or towards joining some type of defense related service. If at the same time, a benefic combination of Jupiter and Mars is present in the tenth house of this horoscope in the sign of Sagittarius, the native under the combined effect of all these benefic planets is more likely to join police force. On the other hand, if benefic exalted Sun is present in the second house of a horoscope along with benefic Mercury in the sign of Aries and benefic Venus is placed in the sixth house of this horoscope in the sign of Leo along with benefic Rahu when Ketu is placed in the twelfth house of this horoscope in the sign of Aquarius, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may become a doctor.
Himanshu Shangari Considering one more possibility, if a benefic combination of Sun and Mercury is present in the second house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries and a benefic combination of Jupiter and Rahu is placed in the sixth house of this horoscope in the sign of Leo when benefic Ketu is placed in the twelfth house of this horoscope in the sign of Aquarius, the native under the combined effect of all these benefic planets may become a politician. Such native may achieve good amount of success through politics and if his overall horoscope is supportive, he may even achieve a post of power and authority in government. For example, the presence of a benefic combination of Moon and Mars in the ninth house of this horoscope in the sign of Scorpio can bless this native with wonderful results through politics and he may become minister in a government, more than once in his life. It should be note that though Moon is debilitated in the sigh of Scorpio, the results delivered by its presence in the ninth house of this horoscope in the sign of Scorpio may not be substandard and this combination of benefic Moon and Mars may produce very good results for the native under its influence. This is because the presence of benefic Mars along with debilitated Moon can cancel the debilitation status of such benefic Moon due to which, the native under the combined effect of such benefic Chandra Mangal Yoga may come across very good results through politics. As more positive influences add to this horoscope, the native under the combined effect of these influences may witness even better results through this field of profession. Benefic exalted Sun in the second house of a horoscope can also bless the native with money and assets through some dispute and the same placement can also render good results 15
Exalted Planets - Part I to the native through some court decision. For example, if benefic exalted Sun is present in the second house of a horoscope along with benefic Mercury and at the same time, benefic Venus is placed in the first house of this horoscope in the sign of Pisces, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may benefit by virtue of some inheritance or by virtue of some other such type of gain, which comes to him after some type of dispute or a court case, which may finally be decided in favor of this native. These three benefic planets can also bless the native with a piece of land or some property which the native may purchase at a very cheap price as such property may be under some type of dispute. As the native purchases it, the dispute may get resolved soon after that and the native may witness very good amount of profit through such property. On the similar lines, if a combination of benefic exalted Sun and benefic Jupiter is placed in the second house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries, benefic Mercury is placed in the third house of this horoscope in the sign of Taurus and benefic Rahu is placed in the first house of this horoscope in the sign of Pisces when Ketu is placed in the seventh house of this horoscope, the native under the combined effect of these benefic planets may become a professional dispute settler. Such native may work as a mediator who settles various types of financial disputes as well as many other types of disputes pending between two parties and through the process, the native may gain profits. The quantum of such profits depends on the overall tone of the horoscope of this native. The combined effect of all these benefic planets can also make the native a corporate or political liaisoner and he may earn very good amount of profits and power through such liaisoning works, if his overall horoscope is supportive. 16
Himanshu Shangari On the other hand, malefic exalted Sun placed in the second house of a horoscope can trouble the native with problems related to his profession, marriage, finances, health and many other types of problems. Accordingly the natives suffering from this malefic influence may have to face some of these problems depending on the overall tone of their horoscopes. Some of these natives may face problems related to their professional spheres, like some of them may have to work for underpaying jobs whereas some other such natives may have to remain jobless every now and then in their lives. For example, if malefic exalted Sun is placed in the second house of a horoscope in the sign of Aries along with Mercury and at the same time, malefic Rahu is placed in the fourth house of this horoscope in the sign of Gemini when Ketu is placed in the tenth house of this horoscope in the sign of Sagittarius, the native under the combined effect of these malefic planets may find it difficult to establish himself professionally, till late in his life. Such native may have to change many jobs and he may also have to remain jobless for some months between the jobs. If a malefic combination of Saturn and Venus is present in the fifth house of this horoscope in the sign of Cancer at the same time, the native under the combined effect of all these malefic planets may not be able to witness proper professional results till his age of 35. Such native may have to face problems in many jobs and he may also have to remain jobless for periods of more than a year, many times in his life. As more negative planets add to this equation, the native under the combined effect of all these malefic planets may have to suffer even more on his professional front. Malefic exalted Sun in the second house can also trouble the native with issues related to his overall finances due to 17
Exalted Planets - Part I which some natives suffering from this malefic influence may have to face financial tightness from time to time. At the same time, if a malefic combination of Ketu and Mars is present in the twelfth house of this horoscope in the sign of Aquarius and malefic Rahu is placed in the sixth house of this horoscope in the sign of Leo, the native under the combined effect of all these malefic planets may have to face serious financial crisis, many times in his life. Such native may have to spend a lot of money towards many unwanted expenses, like towards the treatment of diseases, towards the help of some unfortunate family members or friends and towards many other such things. Accordingly the native may have to face financial crisis and he may also have to avail financial loans from time to time in his life, some of which may not be paid on time and the native may have to face more problems due to the nonpayment of such financial loans. As more negative planets add to this horoscope, the native under the combined effect of such malefic exalted Sun and all other malefic planets may have to suffer even more on the financial front. Apart from this, malefic exalted Sun in the second house of a horoscope can trouble the native with health problems which may turn into serious diseases in some cases when there are some other malefic planets in some horoscopes, which indicate bad results for the native. The same malefic influence can also cause problems in the marriage and married life of the native due to which, some natives may have to experience many types of bad results related to the field of their marriages, including one or more than one broken marriage in extreme cases of this type. 18
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