Name Date Period Evolution: Biology Spring Final Exam Review- Key 1. Darwin said that evolution occurred due to Natural Selection. 2. According to Darwin, natural selection occurs due to: a. Variation Exists in Nature b. More offspring are produced than will survive. c. There is a constant struggle for survival. d. Some individuals in the species will have variations that cause them to be the most fit in a particular environment. e. Vast amount of time is required for a species to change 3. The individual does not evolve; the population evolves. 4. (Mutations / fitness) in DNA is/are the source of variation with a species. A helpful mutation (increases / decreases) fitness of the individual in its environment, where as a harmful mutation (increases / decreases) fitness. The frequency of the mutated gene will (increase/decrease) if it is a helpful mutation. 5. The long neck of a giraffe is an example of a/an adaptation. 6. Fossils in the lowest sedimentary rock layers are older and simpler than fossils found in higher layers of rock. This is an example of relative dating. 7. The youngest and most complex fossils are found in the top layers of rock. 8. The whale s flipper and the arms of a human are examples of homologous structures because they have the same bones but use them for different functions. They show evidence of a common ancestor. 9. The hip bones in whales and snakes are examples of (vestigial organs / homologous structures) because they serve no function. 10. Analogous structures, such as the wing of an insect and the wing of a bird, have similar functions but originate from different embryological structures. 11. All vertebrate embryos are (alike/ not alike) in that they all have similar patterns of development, especially in the very early stages, which suggests a common ancestor. 12. What is survival of the fittest? How does it apply to Natural selection? Nature selects (Natural selection) those individuals w/ favorable traits to leave more offspring that are better suited (FIT) for their environment. 13. Label each type of evidence for evolution: A. embryological similarities B. homologous structures C. vestigial structures D. fossil record
14. Types of Natural Selection Practice: B a. Does not lead to speciation or evolution. C b. Cause one species to evolve into two different species. A c. Causes one species to evolve into a different species. A d. Type of selection that favors one extreme variation. B e. Type of selection that favors the average variation. C f. Type of selection that favors the two extreme variations. 15. Label the types of selection: A. Directional B. Stabilizing C. Disruptive a. Disruptive Selection b. Directional Selection c. Stabilizing Selection 1. What is genetic drift? What size of population is most affected by genetic drift? Random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations. Happen by chance, such as a fire, landslide or lightning strike. 2. How does geographic and reproductive isolation lead to speciation? Geographic isolation: a barrier that physically separates members of a species into two or more groups. Members of an original species can no longer breed together to produce fertile offspring so they are reproductively isolated and now 2 species. 3. What is behavioral isolation? Give an example. 2 species do not breed together due to behavior. For example, the female meadowlarks only respond to mating call (song) of males that are like them. 4. Describe survival of the fittest and how it applies to natural selection. Nature selects (Natural selection) those individuals w/ favorable traits to leave more offspring that are better suited (FIT) for their environment 5. What is genetic equilibrium? when no change takes place. What must occur in order for allele frequencies to remain constant? Random mating, no mutations, no movement into or out of population and no natural selction Classification What is the diagram below called? Cladogram 3 c b 1 2 Which letter designates the most recent common ancestor of the ant and grasshopper? C The traits on the lines are called derived characters Give the number of where would you place the trait doubled wing pairs 2 Which letter designates the most recent common ancestor of all of the organisms shown? A a Which organisms would have the most similar DNA? The butterfly and dragonfly or spider and caterpillar? Butterfly and dragonfly
Use the dichotomous key on the left to identify the four leaves a. Robinia (locust) b. Sweet gum c. Magnolia d. Betula (Birch) 1. Who came up with the classification system we use today? Carolus Linneaus 2. Why is a standard taxonomic system important? Avoid confusion 3. The scientific name for the Grizzly Bear is Ursus arctus. In this name, the Ursus is the Genus and arctus is the species. Which part of the name is always capitalized? Genus 4. List the levels of classification from the least specific (broadest) to the most specific. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 5. If the Horse is in the same order as the zebra, what other classification levels do they have in common? Kingdom, phylum and class 6. Complete the chart with the characteristics of the kingdom, and then name an example. kingdom prokaryotic / eukaryotic autotrophic / heterotrophic unicellular / multicellular cell wall composition 2 examples archaebacteria prokaryotic both unicellular No peptidoglycan Halophiles, thermophiles eubacteria prokaryotic both unicellular peptidoglycan Streptococcus, E. coli protista eukaryotic both both Some have cellulose Paramecium, amoeba fungi eukaryotic heterotrophic both chitin Yeast, mushroom plantae eukaryotic autrophic multicellular cellulose Flowers, trees animalia eukaryotic heterotrophic multicellular no cell wall Worms, snakes 7. Are viruses considered living? Explain.need a host cell to reproduce, cannot live on own, do not need energy. 8. How does HIV affect the body? Attacks the immune system. 9. What is required for viruses to reproduce?invade a host cell 10. Explain the differences between the lytic and lysogenic replication of viruses. Lytic cycle results in immediate host cell death. Lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is combined with host DNA and copied with each new cell (mitosis) and the virus is dormant for a while.
11. What are the main differences between the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea (use chart on page 459)? Archae do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and live in extreme environments 12. How are bacteria helpful? Help digest food, decomposers, fix nitrogen, genetically modified to make medicine 13. Why are fungi ecologically important?they are decomposers, \ are food and are also used to make medicine. 14. What is the diagram to the right called? cladogram 15. Which organisms evolved with vertebrae and lungs? Lungfish, mammals, birds, lizards 16. What molecule do all organisms share? DNA Animal Systems 1. What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia? Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, no cell wall 2. What are the levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest?cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism 3. Define homeostasis. The process by which organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions. 4. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Defense? a. Integumentary System Acts as a protective barrier; helps prevent excess water loss; helps regulate body temperature (sweating and shivering). b. Skeletal System The skeletal system produces immune cells (immune system) to protect against disease causing bacteria and viruses. These immune cells(white blood cells) are then carried by the circulatory system for the immune response when needed. c. Muscular System Bones and muscles work in opposing pairs to perform body movement. Muscles and bones support, protect, and maintain posture for the human body. d. Immune/Lymphatic System Your skin is your first line of defense. The skin works to keep pathogens out, then the immune system will attack them if they get in. 5. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Nutrient Absorption? a. Digestive The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients like glucose. b. Circulatory The glucose and oxygen travel to body cells by the circulatory system so that cellular respiration can occur. c. Respiratory The respiratory system takes in oxygen. 6. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Reproduction? a. Reproductive combines genetic information from both parents (in most animals) to produce new life forms. This system produces sex cells (gametes), delivers them, and protects a developing fetus until birth. b. Endocrine regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and development. 7. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Regulation? a. Nervous maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all other parts of the body. b. Excretory helps regulate the concentration of water and other components of body fluids. 8. What is the equation for Cellular Respiration? Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy/atp a. What system provides the glucose for this process?digestive b. What system provides the oxygen for this process?respiratory c. Where in the cell does this process occur?mitochondria 9. What are the components of blood and their functions? a. White blood cells fight off pathogens/destroy bacteria andpathogens b. Platelets help clot blood c. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen d. Plasma liquid part of blood
10. The female gametes are called ova/egg and are released from the ovaries. 11. The male gametes are called sperm and are produced in the testes. 12. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Give an example of each. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal is attached to bones for movement; smooth is found lining the blood vessels, stomach, small intestine and diaphragm; cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. 13. What are the cells of the nervous system called? neurons Plant Systems Fill in the Venn diagram comparing mosses and ferns with the terms provided: Vascular Eukaryotic True roots, stems, and leaves Small size Nonvascular No true roots, stems, and leaves Multicellular Needs water for reproduction Found in moist shady habitats Photosynthetic Reproduce w/ Spores Mosses Ferns Small size Nonvascular Bryophytes No true roots, stems and leaves mosses Both eukaryotic multicellular need water for reproduction found in moist, shady habitats reproduce w/ spores photosynthetic Ferns Vascular True roots, stems and leaves ferns Match the functions then label the pictures with the plant parts listed below: H 1. Underground structure that help prevent soil erosion D 2. Waxy covering on leaves that prevents water loss G 3. Cells that surround leaf openings that control the amount of transpiration by closing during hot or dry times E 4. The part of leaf where photosynthesis occurs A 5. Type of vascular tissue that transports water through the roots, stems and leaves C 6. Tiny projections that increase the surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients (minerals) from the soil F 7. Opening found in leaves that allows for gas exchange and transpiration with the environment B 8. Type of transport tissue that transports food through the leaves, stems and roots I 9. The process by which water evaporates from the leaves of plants 10. Explain the difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, including reproduction. Gymnosperms reproduce with cones, Angiosperms reproduce with fruits and flowers. Both are seeded tracheophytes. 11. What is the equation for Photosynthesis? Label the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS. carbon dioxide + water + energy/sunlight Glucose + oxygen Reactants products A. Xylem B. Phloem C. Root Hairs D. Cuticle E. Mesophyll F. Stomata G. Guard cells H. Roots I. Transpiration 12. What is the equation for Cellular Respiration? Label the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS. Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy/atp Reactants products
13. What part of the plant carries out Photosynthesis? Chloroplasts inside the leaves 14. Where does Cellular Respiration occur in the cell? mitochondria Ecology Levels of Organization in the Biosphere Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere 1. Species - Group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. 2. Population - Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. 3. Communities - Assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area. 4. Ecosystems Collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. 5. Biome -- Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. 6. Biosphere -- Contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and air, or atmosphere. ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM The flow of energy through an ecosystem begins with thesun, and is passed on through various organisms: sun producers consumers decomposers Producers autrophic organisms that are able to make their own food from inorganic substances (photosynthesis). Consumers heterotrophic organisms that get energy by eating producers or other consumers. 1. Herbivores 2. Carnivores 3. Omnivores- Eats only plants Ex. deer Eats only plants Ex.hawk Eats both plants and animals Ex.humans Decomposers obtain energy from the dead and decaying organisms. FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS Each step in a food chain or web is called a trophic level, or a feeding relationship between organisms. FOOD CHAIN one way flow of energy FOOD WEB many possible feeding relationships Illustrates only one feeding relationship within an ecosystem. (Label each trophic level below) 5 th Quaternary consumers 4 th Tertiary consumers Arrows show the flow of energy and matter. 3 rd 2 nd 1 st Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers 1. What would happen to this food web is the plants were removed?no energy in system 2. What happens to the owl population if the foxes we killed off by humans?overpopulate
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Pyramid of Energy A pyramid of energy is used to illustrate the amount of usable energy at each trophic level. Only 10% is passed on to the next trophic level The other 90% is given/lost as heat. Give an example of the 3 types of symbiotic relationships: 1. Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship Ex: Bees and flowers 2. Parasitism: One organism benefits, and the other is harmed (host) Ex: Tick (benefits) and Deer (harmed) 3. Commensalism: One organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed Ex: Whales (not harmed/not benefitted) and Barnacles (benefits)