SEARCH MATHWORLD Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics Foundations of Mathematics Geometry History and Terminology Number Theory Probability and Statistics Recreational Mathematics Topology Geometry > Coordinate Geometry > Interactive Entries > Interactive Demonstrations > Spherical Coordinates Sp Alphabetical Index Interactive Entries Random Entry New in MathWorld MathWorld Classroom About MathWorld Contribute to MathWorld Send a Message to the Team MathWorld Book 12,976 entries Last updated: Sun Jan 17 2010 Spherical coordinates, also called spherical polar coordinates (Walton 1967, Arfken 1985), are a system of curvilinear coordinates that are natural for describing positions on a sphere or spheroid. Define to be the azimuthal angle in the -plane from the x-axis with (denoted when referred to as the longitude), to be the polar angle (also known as the zenith angle and colatitude, with where is the latitude) from the positive z-axis with, and to be distance (radius) from a point to the origin. This is the convention commonly used in mathematics. In this work, following the mathematics convention, the symbols for the radial, azimuth, and zenith angle coordinates are taken as,, and, respectively. Note that this definition provides a logical extension of the usual polar coordinates notation, with remaining the angle in the -plane and becoming the angle out of that plane. The sole exception to this convention in this work is in spherical harmonics, where the convention used in the physics literature is retained (resulting, it is hoped, in a bit less confusion than a foolish rigorous consistency might engender). Unfortunately, the convention in which the symbols and are reversed is also frequently used, especially in physics. The symbol is sometimes also used in place of, and and instead of. The following table summarizes a number of conventions used by various authors; be very careful when consulting the literature. Oth (radial, azimuthal, polar) reference this work, Zwillinger (1985, pp. 297-298) Beyer (1987, p. 212) Korn and Korn (1968, p. 60) Misner et al. (1973, p. 205) (Rr, Pphi, Ttheta) SetCoordinates[Spherical[r, Ttheta, Pphi]] in the Mathematica package VectorAnalysis`) Arfken (1985, p. 102) Moon and Spencer (1988, p. 24) The spherical coordinates are related to the Cartesian coordinates by (1) (2) (3) where,, and, and the inverse tangent must be suitably defined to take the correct quadrant of into account. In terms of Cartesian coordinates, (4) (5) (6) The scale factors are (7) (8) (9) so the metric coefficients are (10) (11) (12) The line element is (13) the area element 1 of 6 1/18/2010 12:05 PM
2 of 6 1/18/2010 12:05 PM (14) and the volume element (15) The Jacobian is (16) The position vector is (17) so the unit vectors are (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) Derivatives of the unit vectors are (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) The gradient is (33) and its components are (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (Misner et al. 1973, p. 213, who however use the notation convention ).
3 of 6 1/18/2010 12:05 PM The Christoffel symbols of the second kind in the definition of Misner et al. (1973, p. 209) are given by (43) (44) (45) (Misner et al. 1973, p. 213, who however use the notation convention given by ). The Christoffel symbols of the second kind in the definition of Arfken (1985) are (46) (47) (48) (Walton 1967; Moon and Spencer 1988, p. 25a; both of whom however use the notation convention ). The divergence is (49) or, in vector notation, (50) (51) The covariant derivatives are given by (52) so (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) The commutation coefficients are given by (62) (63) so, where.
4 of 6 1/18/2010 12:05 PM (64) so,. (65) so. (66) so (67) Summarizing, (68) (69) (70) Time derivatives of the position vector are (71) (72) (73) The speed is therefore given by (74) The acceleration is (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) Plugging these in gives (81) but (82) (83) so (84) (85)
5 of 6 1/18/2010 12:05 PM Time derivatives of the unit vectors are (86) (87) (88) The curl is (89) The Laplacian is (90) (91) (92) The vector Laplacian in spherical coordinates is given by (93) To express partial derivatives with respect to Cartesian axes in terms of partial derivatives of the spherical coordinates, (94) (95) (96) Upon inversion, the result is (97) The Cartesian partial derivatives in spherical coordinates are therefore (98) (99) (100) (Gasiorowicz 1974, pp. 167-168; Arfken 1985, p. 108). The Helmholtz differential equation is separable in spherical coordinates. SEE ALSO: Azimuth, Colatitude, Great Circle, Helmholtz Differential Equation--Spherical Coordinates, Latitude, Longitude, Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates, Polar Angle, Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates, Zenith Angle REFERENCES: Arfken, G. "Spherical Polar Coordinates." 2.5 in Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 102-111, 1985. Beyer, W. H. CRC Standard Mathematical Tables, 28th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1987. Gasiorowicz, S. Quantum Physics. New York: Wiley, 1974. Korn, G. A. and Korn, T. M. Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968. Misner, C. W.; Thorne, K. S.; and Wheeler, J. A. Gravitation. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman, 1973. Moon, P. and Spencer, D. E. "Spherical Coordinates Springer-Verlag, pp. 24-27, 1988.." Table 1.05 in Field Theory Handbook, Including Coordinate Systems, Differential Equations, and Their Solutions, 2nd ed. New York: Morse, P. M. and Feshbach, H. Methods of Theoretical Physics, Part I. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 658, 1953. Walton, J. J. "Tensor Calculations on Computer: Appendix." Comm. ACM 10, 183-186, 1967. Zwillinger, D. (Ed.). "Spherical Coordinates in Space." 4.9.3 in CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 297-298, 1995. CITE THIS AS: Weisstein, Eric W. "Spherical Coordinates." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
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