N= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,...}

1.1: Integers and Order of Operations 1. Define the integers 2. Graph integers on a number line. 3. Using inequality symbols < and > 4. Find the absolute value of an integer 5. Perform operations with integers 6. Use the order of operations agreement Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 1 Define the Integers The set consisting of the natural numbers, 0, and the negatives of the natural numbers is called the set of integers. Notice the term positive integers is another name for the natural numbers. The positive integers can be written in two ways: 1. Use a + sign. For example, +4 is positive four. 2. Do not write any sign. For example, 4 is also positive four. Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 3 Number Theory and Divisibility Number theory is primarily concerned with the properties of numbers used for counting, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. The set of natural numbers is given by N= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,...} Natural numbers that are multiplied together are called the factors of the resulting product. 2 12=24 3 8=24 4 6=24 Therefore, the factors of 24 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 2 The Number Line The number line is a graph we use to visualize the set of integers, as well as sets of other numbers. Notice, zero is neither positive nor negative. Graph: a. 3 b. 4 c. 0 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 4 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie Page 1 of 6

Inequality Symbols < > Addition of Integers These symbols always point to the lesser of the two real numbers when the inequality statement is true. Rule If integers have same sign, 1. Add their absolute values 2. The sign of the sum is the same sign of the two numbers. Examples Looking at the graph, 4 and 1 are graphed below. If integers have different signs, 1. Subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger absolute value. 2. The sign of the sum is the same as the sign of the number with the larger absolute value. < > < > Exercise: 4 3 1 5 5 2 0 3 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 5 A good analogy for adding integers is temperatures above and below zero on the thermometer. Think of a thermometer as a number line standing straight up. Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 7 Absolute Value The absolute value of an integer a, denoted by a, is distance from 0 to a on number line Because absolute value describes a distance, it is never negative Example: Find the absolute value: a. 3 b. 5 c. 0 Solution: Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 6 Subtraction of Integers Additive inverses have same absolute value, but lie opposite sides of zero on number line When we add additive inverses, the sum is equal to zero. a + ( a) = 0 For example: 18 + ( 18) = 0 ( 7) + 7 = 0 Sum of any integer and its additive inverse = 0 For all integers a and b, a b = a + ( b) In words, to subtract b from a, add the additive inverse of b to a The result of subtraction is called the difference Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 8 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie Page 2 of 6

Example: Subtracting Integers Subtract: a. 17 ( 11) b. 18 ( 5) c. 18 5 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 9 Multiplication of Integers The result of multiplying two or more numbers is called the product Rules 1. The product of two integers with different signs is found by multiplying their absolute values. The product is negative. 7( 5) = 35 2. The product of two integers with the same signs is found by multiplying their absolute values. The product is positive. ( 6)( 11) = 66 3. The product of 0 and any integer is 0. 17(0) = 0 4. Product of an odd number of negative factors is negative. ( 6)( 5)( 3) = 90 5. Product of an even number of negative factors is positive. ( 6)(5)( 3)(2) = 180 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 11 What is difference between 2000 and 2008? Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 10 Division of Integers The result of dividing the integer a by the integer b is called the quotient a We write this quotient as: a b or a / b or b Rules Quotient of two integers with different signs is found by dividing their absolute values. Quotient is negative. The quotient of two integers with same sign is found by dividing their absolute values. 27 Quotient is positive. Zero divided by any nonzero integer is zero. Division by 0 is undefined or infinity. 80 4 =80 4 =80 4 =20 9 =3 45 3 =15 0 5 =0 5 0 = =undefined Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 12 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie Page 3 of 6

Exponential Notation Because exponents indicate repeated multiplication, rules for multiplying can be used to evaluate exponential expressions. Evaluate: a. ( 6) 2 b. 6 2 c. ( 5) 3 d. ( 2) 4 Solution: a. (6 2 )=(6) (6)=36 b. 6 2 ={(6) (6)}=(1) (6) (6)=36 c. (5) 3 =(5) (5) (5)=125 d. (2) 4 =(2) (2) (2) (2)=16 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 13 Simplify Each Expression 7 2 48 4 2 5+2=36 (8) 2 (1013) 2 (2)=82 4{2[3+(7)]4[2 3 +4(2) 3 ]}=304 12 3 5(2 2 +3 2 ) 7+36 2 =10 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 15 Order of Operations = PEMDAS 1. Perform all operations within grouping symbols Parenthesis ( ) { } [ ] 2. Evaluate all Exponential expressions. 3. Do all the Multiplications and Divisions in the order in which they occur, from left to right. 4. Finally, do all Additions and Subtractions in order in which they occur, from left to right. Simplify: 6 2 24 2 2 3 + 1 = 36 24 4 3 + 1 = 36 6 3 + 1 = 36 18 + 1 = 18 + 1 = 19 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 14 1.2: Prime Factorization, GCF, LCM 1. Determine divisibility 2. Write the Prime Factorization of a Composite Number 3. Find the Greatest Common Factor GCF of two numbers 4. Solve problems using the GCF or Greatest Common Factor 5. Find the Least Common Multiple LCM of two numbers 6. Solve problems using the LCM or Least Common Multiple Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 16 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie Page 4 of 6

Divisibility If a and b are natural numbers, a is divisible by b if the operation of dividing a by b leaves a remainder of 0 Divisibility by 2 = Last digit is even 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 Divisibility by 3 = Sum of digits is divisible by 3 Divisibility by 5 = Last digit is 0 or 5 Divisibility by 10 = Last digit is 0 Other divisibility checks can be done on calculator using division Number is divisible if there is no digits to right of decimal There is no remainder Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 17 Example: Prime Factorization using a Factor Tree Exercise: Find the prime factorization of 700. Solution: Do successive division of prime numbers beginning with 2 and incrementing to next prime number 3, 5, 7, 11J 700 350 175 35 7 2 2 5 5 Thus, the prime factorization of 700 is 700 = 2 2 5 5 7 = 2 2 5 2 7 Arrange the factors from least to greatest as shown Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 19 Prime Factorization A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has only itself and 1 as factors A composite number is a natural number greater than 1 that is divisible by a number other than itself and 1 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers in one and only one way Method used to find the Prime Factorization of a composite number is called a factor tree Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 18 Greatest Common Factor 1. Write the prime factorization of each number 2. Select each prime factor with the smallest exponent that is common to each of the prime factorizations 3. Form the product of the numbers from step 2. The Greatest Common Factor is the product of the factors Exercise: Find the Greatest Common Factor of 216 and 234 216 108 54 27 9 3 2 2 2 3 3 234 117 39 13 2 3 3 Prime factorizations are: 216 = 2 2 2 3 3 3 = 2 3 3 3 234 = 2 3 3 13 = 2 3 2 13 Greatest Common Factor GCF = 2 3 2 = 2 9 = 18 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 20 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie Page 5 of 6

Example : Word Problem Using the GCF Example: Finding Least Common Multiple Exercise: A sports league is created by dividing a group of 40 men and 24 women into all-male and all-female teams so that each team has the same number of people. What is the largest number of people that can be placed on a team? Solution: We are looking for GCF of 40 and 24 Begin with the prime factorization of 40 and 24: 40 = 2 3 5 24 = 2 3 3 Now select common prime factors, with lowest exponent GCF = 2 3 = 8 Therefore, each team should be comprised of 8 team members with 5 males teams and 3 females teams Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 21 Exercise: Find the least common multiple of 144 and 300 Solution: Step 1. Write the prime factorization of numbers 144 = 2 4 3 2 300 = 2 2 3 5 2 Step 2. Select every prime factor that occurs, raised to the greatest power to which it occurs, in these factorizations. 144 = 2 4 3 2 300 = 2 2 3 5 2 Step 3. Form the product of the numbers from step 2. The least common multiple is the product of these factors. LCM = 2 4 3 2 5 2 = 16 9 25 = 3600 Hence, the LCM of 144 and 300 is 3600. Thus, the smallest natural number divisible by 144 and 300 is 3600 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 23 Least Common Multiple The LCM of two natural numbers is the smallest natural number that is divisible by all of the numbers 1. Write the prime factorization of each number 2. Select every prime factor that occurs, raised to the greatest power to which it occurs, in these factorizations 3. Form the product of the numbers from step 2. The least common multiple is the product of these factors Example : Word Problem Using the LCM Exercise: A movie theater runs its films continuously. One movie runs for 80 minutes and a second runs for 120 minutes. Both movies begin at 4:00 P.M. When will the movies begin again at the same time? Solution: We are looking for LCM of 80 and 120. Find LCM and add this number of minutes to 4:00 P.M. Begin with the prime factorization of 80 and 120: 80 = 2 4 5 120 = 2 3 3 5 Now select each prime factor, with the greatest exponent LCM = 2 4 3 5 = 16 3 5 = 240 Therefore, it will take 240 minutes, or 4 hours, for the movies to begin again at the same time at 8:00 P.M. Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 22 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie 24 Copyright 2016 R. Laurie Page 6 of 6