1 Geology 12 Past Provincial Exam Workbook Includes Answer Key and Data Booklets June 1999 Exam June 2000 Exam January 2001 Exam June 2001Exam June 2002 Exam June 2003 Exam June 2004 Exam August 2005 Exam
2 Course Unit Title Legend Chapters in Physical Geology and the Environment, 2 nd Canadian Edition, Plummer (2007) BC Ministry of Education Geology 12 Curriculum 1995 PLO s 2006 PLO s 1 Introduction to Geology 01 A A 2 Earth Materials 05, 06, 07, 09, 10 B, C, D, E B 3 Time and Geology 19 G, H, I, J D 4 Internal Processes 02, 03, 04, 11 K, L, M, N, O E 5 Surface Processes 08, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 P, Q, R, S F 6 Earth Resources 12 F C 7 Comparative Planetology 21 T F Note: The prescribed learning outcomes (PLO s) used in this workbook are coded using the 1995 curriculum not the 2006 curriculum.
3 Unit 01: Introduction to Geology A1. Describe geology as a discipline. A2. Describe at least three aspects of geology that make it different from other sciences. A3. Differentiate between rocks and minerals. A4. Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and classify rocks as: igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. A5. Interpret a rock cycle diagram. A6. Demonstrate an understanding that uniformitarianism is a fundamental principle of geology. A7. Demonstrate the ability to calculate the rates of geologic processes. A8. Describe and utilize methods of obtaining, displaying, and analysing local and regional information about the earth. A9. Compare and evaluate various careers associated with geological technologies and sciences. 1999 June A1, A2
4 2001 June A5 A4, A5
5 2002 June A4, A6 2003 June A5 A6
6 A7 2004 June A3, A4, A5
7 Unit 02: Earth Materials (Minerals) B1. Outline the importance and abundance of various elements in the earth s crust. B2. Demonstrate an ability to use the following properties in identifying minerals: simple crystal shape, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity (relative density), colour, streak, lustre, special properties, such as reaction to dilute HCl, magnetism. B3. Use appropriate references and tests to describe and identify the following minerals: (1) silicates and aluminosilicates (quartz and varieties of quartz, potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar, muscovite, biotite, and talc, augite (pyroxene) and hornblende (amphibole), garnet, asbestos, olivine), (2) oxides (hematite, limonite, magnetite), (3) sulphides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, bornite), (3) carbonates and sulphates (calcite, malachite, azurite, gypsum), (4) native elements, halides and phosphates (graphite, gold, halite, fluorite, apatite). 1999 June B1 B2, B3 B2, B3
8 2000 June B2 B2, B2, B3
9 2001 January B2, B3, B2, B3
10 2001 June B2 B2
11 B2, B3 B2, B3 B2, B3 B1
12 2002 June B1 B2, B3 B2, B3
13 2003 June B1
14 2004 June B1, B2 B2
15 B2, B3 2005 August B1
16 B2, B3 B3 B2
17 Unit 02: Earth Materials (Igneous Rocks and Processes) C1. Describe and demonstrate factors affecting cooling rate and crystal size. C2. Relate texture to rate of crystallization for extrusive (volcanic) and intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks. C3. Identify and classify igneous rocks according to their texture (coarse or fine grained, vesicular, glassy, fragmental-pyroclastic) and composition (felsic, intermediate, mafic). C4. Describe the features of and identify the following igneous rocks: granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite (ultramafic), andesite, tuff, rhyolite, basalt, volcanic breccia, obsidian, pegmatite, pumice, porphyry. C5. Describe and explain the order of crystallization of minerals from a magma (Bowen s reaction series). C6. Distinguish among the following volcanic features: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, composite volcanoes, columnar jointing, volcanic domes, lava plateaus. C7. Distinguish among the following types of lava by their composition and flow behaviours, and identify or predict the rock or feature formed when the lava cools: ash flows or nuee ardente, pillow lava, aa, pahoehoe. C8. Identify and describe batholiths, sills, dikes, xenoliths, stocks, and plutons. 1999 June C4 C3
18 C6, C7 C8
19 C1, C8
20 C1, C8
21 2000 June C3, C4 C5 C6
22 2001 January C3, C6, C7 C3, C4 C7 C1, C2, C3, C4
23 2001 June C2, C3 C3, C4 C5 C7
24 2002 June C3 C1, C2 C5 2003 June C2, C3, C4
25 C8 C6, C7 C6, C7 C6, C7
26 2004 June C3 C1, C2, C3, C8
27 C5 C3, C4
28 C2, C3, C4, C6, C7
29 2005 August C3
30 C6 C7 C1, C2
31 Unit 02: Earth Materials (Sedimentary Rocks and Processes) D1. Outline the origin and process of formation of sedimentary rocks. D2. Contrast clastic sediments with chemical (precipitate or biochemical) sediments and the rocks they become. D3. Describe the features of and identify the following sedimentary rocks: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, chert, gypsum, rock salt, coal. D4. Diagram and describe the following sedimentary features and use them to reconstruct hypothetical sedimentary environments: (1) sedimentary structures (stratification, crossbedding, ripple marks, mud cracks, graded bedding, varves), (2) particle size, shape, and sorting, (3) fossils and organic structures. 1999 June D4 D3
32 2000 June D1, D3 D1, D3 D4
33 D4 2001 January D1
34 D3 D4 A6, D4
35 2001 June D3 D4 2002 June D1 D3
36 D4 2003 June D2, D3, D4 D2, D3
37 D4 2004 June D3 D4 D1, D4
38 D1 2005 August D1
39 D3 D4 D4
40 Unit 02: Earth Materials (Metamorphic Rocks and Processes) E1. Relate the types and characteristics of metamorphic rocks to parent rock, temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions. E2. Describe the features of the following metamorphic rocks: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, metaconglomerate (stretched pebble), quartzite, marble. E3. Contrast the two major categories of metamorphic rocks: foliated and non-foliated. E4. Contrast the two types of metamorphism: contact and regional. E5. Describe changes that occur in the country rock and in the intrusion at a contact. E6. Relate metamorphic rock type to the concept of metamorphic grade. 1999 June E6 E1 E4
41 2000 June E1 E1, E4 A4, C2, C3, C4, D1, D3, E2
42 2001 January E1, E3, E6
43 E1, E5 E2, E6 2001 June E1, E5 E6
44 D1, D2, E1, E3 2002 June E2 E3
45 2003 June E1, E2, E3 C1, E4 2004 June E2 E1, E3
46 2005 August E1
47 Unit 03: Internal Processes (Plate Tectonics) K1. Outline evidence for lithospheric plate motion and continental drift. K2. Explain what is meant by seafloor spreading and outline evidence to support it. K3. Describe convergent, divergent, and transform types of plate boundaries. K4. Suggest possible causes for the movements of the plates. K5. Describe the origin of magma formed during plate tectonic processes. K6. Relate volcanic activities and features to convergent, divergent, and intraplate settings. K7. Describe the geologic activities that occur at lithospheric plate boundaries. K8. Relate the rock cycle to plate tectonics. 1999 June K3 K6 K1, K7
48 K2, K7 K3, K7 K3, K4
49 2000 June K4 K3, K3, K7, K6
50 K1 K1, K7 K1, K2, K6
51 2001 January K3, K7 K3, K7 K3, K7 K4
52 A5, C1, C2, C4, D1, E1, E2, K5 K2, K7 K5
53 2001 June K1 K2
54 K3 K1, K7 K4
55 K7 2002 June K2, K3, K6, K7
56 K6, K7 K5, K6, K7 K2, K6, K7 K7, K3
57 E1, E4, K7, K8 2003 June K1 K2 K5, K6, K7 K4
58 K1, K2, K3, K6, K7
59 2004 June K3, K7 K5, K7 K3, K4, K7
60 A7, K1, K2, K7
61 2005 August K1 K3 K4
62 K6
63 A5, C2, D1, E1, K8
64 Unit 03: Internal Processes (Seismology) L1. Describe fault creep and elastic rebound as they relate to seismic activity. L2. Distinguish between magnitude and intensity. L3. Compare and contrast the Richter and Mercalli scales. L4. Manipulate seismograph data to determine the distance, location, and magnitude of an earthquake. L5. Assess the seismic risks for a particular area using: geographic location, topography, ground strength, rock types, proximity to faults, construction design. L6. Evaluate various methods of earthquake prediction (e.g., dilatancy data, seismic gap, animal behaviour). 1999 June L2, L3 L6 L5 L1
65 2000 June L4
66 L1, L6 L2, L5
67 2001 January L4
68 L5 L2, L3 L2, L5
69 2001 June L1 L1, L6
70 2002 June L4 L2 L5
71 2003 June L1 L4
72 L2, L5
73 L2, L3, L5
74 2004 June L2, L3, L5 L5
75 L1
76 L2, L5 L4
77 2005 August L1 L3 L4
78 L4
79
80 Unit 03: Internal Processes (Earth s Interior - Isostacy) M1. Analyse the adjustment of the crust to changes in loads associated with volcanism, mountain building, erosion, and glaciation by using the concept of isostasy. 1999 June M1 2000 June M1
81 2001 January M1 2001 June M1
82 2002 June M1 2003 June M1 2004 June M1
83 Unit 03: Internal Processes (Earth s Interior) N1. Give evidence for the fact that the earth is layered. N2. Diagram or model the interior of the earth, labelling all principal parts and showing the approximate thickness of each layer. N3. Differentiate among the layers of the earth and describe their characteristics. 1999 June N3 L4, N1, N2, N3
84 2000 June N1
85 L4, N1, N3
86 2001 January N1 N1, N3
87 2001 June N1, N3 N2, N3
88 N3
89 N3, L3, L5, K1, K2, K3, K4
90
91 2002 June N1, N3 N3
92 L4, N1, N3 2003 June N1
93 2004 June N1, N2, N3 N1, N3 2005 August N3 N1, N3
94 N3
95 Unit 03: Internal Processes (Geologic Structures) O1. Describe the factors that determine if a rock will behave in a plastic or brittle manner when stressed. O2. Distinguish between faults and joints. O3. Distinguish between dip-slip (normal, reverse, thrust), strike-slip (left lateral, right lateral) and transform faults. O4. Relate compressional, tensional, and shear forces to the various types of faults and folds. O5. Recognize and diagram normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip (transform) faults and identify these structures from maps or photographs. O6. Interpret the dip and strike of an outcrop to determine subsurface structures. O7. Recognize and diagram domes, basins, anticlines, synclines, and over-turned folds and identify these structures from maps or photographs. O8. Recognize and interpret an unconformity as a geologic structure. O9. Show the interrelationships among a geologic map, a cross section, a block diagram, and the subsurface structure and geologic history of an area. O10. Construct a geologic map using appropriate data.
96 1999 June O6, O9, O3 O2
97 O4 O7, O9, O10
98 2000 June O3
99 O7, O9 O7
100 O4 G2, G4, G5, J5, O5
101 2001 January O3, O4, O5 O7 O6
102 O3, O5, O7, O9, O10
103 2001 June O3, O5 O7
104 O6 O8 O6, O9
105 O7, O9
106 2002 June O2
107 O7 O6, O7 O3, O5 O4
108 O6, O7, O9, O10 2003 June O3
109 O6 O7 O4 O8
110 O5, O6, O7, O9, O10 2004 June O7
111 O6, O7, O9 O6, O9, O10
112 2005 August O1
113 O8 O6
114 O4, O7 O4, O7
115 O3, O5
116 K2, K3, K7, O10
117 Unit 04: Surface Processes (Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting) P1. Distinguish between weathering and erosion. P2. Describe the processes and effects of physical (mechanical), chemical, and biological weathering. P3. Relate Bowen s reaction series to a mineral s susceptibility to chemical weathering. P4. Identify types and causes of mass wasting. P5. Design or evaluate methods to control mass wasting. 1999 June P2 P4
118 2000 June P4, P5, P4, P5
119 O4, O5, O6, O7, P2
120 P1, P2 2001 January P1
121 P2 2001 June P2
122 P4, P5 2002 June P4, P5
123 P2, P3, P4 2003 June P2
124 P3 B2, B3, C5, P2, P3,
125 P5 2004 June P3 P4
126 P1 P2 2005 August P1 P2 P4
127 B2, P2, P3 P5
128 Unit 04: Surface Processes (Streams and Floods) Q1. Identify the three types of stream load (solution, suspension, bed load) and describe how each moves in a stream. Q2. Relate stream velocity to sediment sorting. Q3. Relate such factors as load, gradient, discharge, channel shape, sediment composition, and human activities to erosion and deposition by streams. Q4. Contrast particle size and shape, degree of sorting and sedimentary structures of stream, glacial, and wind deposits. 1999 June Q3 Q4
129 2000 June Q4
130 2001 January Q3, Q3 2001 June Q3 Q3
131 Q4 2002 June Q3, Q3 Q1, Q2
132 Q1, Q2, Q4 A5, C1, C2, C3, C4, C6, C7, C8, D1, Q1, Q2
133
134 D1, D2, D4, R1; Q2, Q4
135 2003 June Q4 Q4
136 Q1 T1 2004 June Q1 Q3
137 2005 August Q3 Q4
138 B2, B3, F3, Q3
139 Unit 04: Surface Processes (Ground Water) S1. Describe the nature and constituents of subsurface water, including water table, zone of saturation, zone of aeration, perched and confined water tables, aquifers, and impermeable layers. S2. Demonstrate how the abundance, availability, and movement of subsurface water are directly related to the porosity and permeability of geologic materials. S3. Construct a subsurface water profile from sample data. S4. Describe how the following human activities affect the quality and quantity of groundwater: (urbanization, waste disposal, agriculture, conservation and reclamation). 1999 June S1 S2
140 S2, S4
141 2000 June S1, S2, S4
142 2001 January S1 S2
143 2001 June S4
144 2002 June S2, S3, S4
145 2003 June S2
146 S4 2004 June S2 S1, S2
147 S1, S4 2005 August S2
148 S2, S4
149 Unit 04: Surface Processes (Glaciers) R1. Identify examples and distinguish between erosional and depositional glacial features: (1) erosional features (U-shaped valley, hanging valley, cirque, horn, arête, glacial striations), (2) depositional features (glacial erratic, moraine (ground, recessional, terminal, lateral, and medial), drumlin, kame terrace, esker). R2. Reconstruct past glacial positions using erosional and depositional features. 1999 June R1 R2
150 R1, R2
151 2000 June R1
152 R1 R2
153 2001 January R1
154 R1
155 R1, R2 2001 June R1 R1, R2
156 R1 2002 June R1, R2 2003 June R1, R2 R1, R2
157 R1
158 2004 June R1 2005 August R1
159 R1 M1, R2
160 Unit 04: Surface Processes (Deserts and Wind) No Provincial Exam Questions (yet) Unit 04: Surface Processes (Coasts and Oceans) No Provincial Exam Questions (yet)
161 Unit 05: Earth Resources F1. Explain how hydrothermal activity can produce ore deposits. F2. Describe how simple geochemical or geophysical data can be used to locate mineral, rock, or petroleum deposits. F3. Describe the uses of mineral, rock, and energy resources of major economic importance in British Columbia, including: (1) chalcopyrite, galena, gold, sphalerite, molybdenite, gypsum, limestone, (2) construction materials, coal, oil and gas. F4. Deduce the origin of an ore body or a mineral or petroleum resource from data and geologic descriptions of the deposit. F5. describe the sequence of events through which oil and natural gas are believed to form F6. Explain how a variety of factors (e.g., price, concentration, accessibility, size, and environmental considerations) determine whether or not it is economically feasible to extract a given occurrence of a mineral, rock, or energy resource. F7. Explain the role of permeability and porosity in creating oil and gas reservoirs and traps. F8. Describe the sequence of stages in the formation of different grades of coal. 1999 June F3
162 F4, F2 F7
163 F8 F1, F6
164 2000 June F1, F3 F3 F1, F4 F5
165 F7 2001 January F3 F4, F5, F7
166 F7 F8
167 F1, F3, F6 2001 June F3
168 F7 F1
169 2002 June F1, F4
170 F4, F7 F7
171 F2, F3, F4, F5, F8
172 2003 June F4, F7
173 D3, E1, E2, E6, F3, F6, F8
174 2004 June F1, F6
175 F3 2005 August F3 F8
176 Unit 06: Time and Geology (Relative Dating) G1. Define relative age and absolute age, and differentiate between them G2. Determine the relative ages of different formations using the principles of: faunal succession, uniformitarianism, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, correlation, superposition, included fragments. G3. Correlate sequences of rock with each other using guide fossils or rock data. G4. Identify and interpret an unconformity as a break in the time record. G5. Interpret the history of a sequence of rock units and structures. 1999 June G1 G2
177 G4
178 2000 June G2
179 G5 G2 2001 January G2
180 J1, J2, A6, G2 2001 June G5
181 2002 June G2, G3 G2, G4
182 G2, G5 2003 June G2
183 G3 G4
184 G5 2004 June G3
185 G4 2005 August G1 G4
186 G2, G5
187 Unit 06: Time and Geology (Absolute Dating) H1. Explain how the half-lives of radioactive elements are used in estimating ages of materials. H2. Determine the age of a sample using radiometric data. H3. Evaluate the sources of error in estimating a radiometric age. H4. Determine the approximate age range of a sedimentary rock from absolute age data about associated, intrusive, or extrusive igneous rocks. 1999 June H2 H1
188 2000 June H1, H3 H1, H1 and H3 2001 January H1, H2, H3
189 H1, H2 H4, G2, G4, G5
190 2001 June H1 H1 H4
191 2002 June H1, H3 2003 June H2
192 H3 H4
193 H1
194 2004 June H1 H2
195 G2, G5, H4
196 2005 August H2 H4
197 H2, H3
198 Unit 06: Time and Geology (Geologic Time Scale) I1. Sequence the major events in the earth s history, such as: beginning of each geologic era, formation of oldest rocks, formation of earth, earliest recorded life, invertebrates dominated, first land plants, fishes dominated, formation of coal forests, reptiles dominated, amphibians dominated, mammals dominated, appearance of flowering plants, appearance of humans, Pleistocene glaciation, Pacific Coast orogeny, Rocky Mountain orogeny. I2. Demonstrate the ability to use the geologic time scale to help interpret the history of a sequence of rocks. 1999 June I1 2000 June I1
199 2001 June I1 I2
200 I1, J1, J3, J5, J6, J7
201 2003 June I1, I2 I1 2004 June I1
202 I2 2005 August I1
203 Unit 06: Time and Geology (The Fossil Record) J1. Identify the conditions necessary for the preservation of fossils. J2. Differentiate between fossils and trace fossils. J3. Describe the processes of original preservation, carbonization, replacement, permineralization, and mould and cast formations. J4. Analyse the characteristics of a fossil that would make a good index (or guide) fossil. J5. Identify and classify the following fossils using appropriate references: foraminifera, mollusca, brachiopoda, echinodermata, arthropoda (trilobites), coelenterata (corals), vertebrate, graptolites, conodonts, plants. J6. Describe the probable environment suggested or indicated by a fossil assemblage. J7. Relate the evidence of faunal succession from the fossil record to principles of evolution such as: punctuated equilibrium, adaptive radiation, natural selection. 1999 June J2 J3
204 J4 J6
205 J7
206 2000 June J4 J7
207 J1 G2, J4, A6
208 2001 January J5 J3 J2 J7
209 2001 June J2 J5, J6 J5 J5, J6 2002 June J2, J3
210 J5, J6 J4, J5 J7
211 J1, J2, J7 2003 June J5 J2 J3
212 J1 2004 June J1 J2 J7
213 J5 J3 J3
214 2005 August J1 J2
215 J3 J4 J6
216 J7
217 F6, F7, G2, I2, J4, J6
218
219 Unit 07: Comparative Planetology T1. Propose and defend criteria that help divide the planets into two groups: the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and the outer planets. T2. Relate the densities, compositions, and spacing of the planets to their formation, according to the nebular model for the origin of the solar system. T3. Compare and contrast the following characteristics of Earth with the other inner planets and Earth s moon: atmosphere, surface features, internal structures, magnetism, and cratering. T4. Determine the geologic history of a planet or Earth s moon, using relative age dating techniques. 1999 June T3 T2
220 T1 2000 June T4
221 T2 T1, T2 2001 January T1, T2 T3
222 T2 T3 2001 June T3
223 T2 T3 T4 2002 June T1 T3
224 T2 K6, Q3, T3 2003 June T1 T2 T3
225 2004 June T3 T2 T3
226 T1, T4 2005 August T1 T2 T3
227 T3, T4 End of Geology 12 Provincial Package See Data Booklets for Data See Answer Keys for Answers