Evaluation of Dentition and Mandibular Morphology of Egyptian. Mummies through Computed Tomography

Evu f D bu phgy f Egyp u hugh pu Tgphy BY HAEL. L B.A., Th Uvy f hg, hg, 1999.., B Uvy, B, 2005 D.D.., ub Uvy, Nw Yk, 2010 THE ub p fuf f h qu f h g f f O h Gu g f h Uvy f hg, 2013 hg, Df : D. T. Ty, h Av D. E BG D. h v

Th h y p, h uj, bh, Jh, wf,, wh hv gv h upp gh hv y. Ayhg pb!

AKNOWLEDGEENT wu k hk y h, D. Ty, D. E BG, D. h v f h wh h h pj. wu k hk Th uu, y J Bw, D. Rb, D. J hp f h wg h uy T. Ly, wu k hk D. W f h upp h pj D. Tuhk Hh f wg h f bu u. L

TABLE O ONTENT HATER AGE 1. NTRODUTON 1.1 Bkgu. 1 1.2 pf A... 3 1.3 Hyph.. 3 2. REVEW O LTERATURE 2.1 T D u Egyp u.... 4 2.2 Th h Egy f u... 7 2.3 u hg bu phgy.... 10 2.4 Auy f T.... 11 3. ATERAL AND ETHOD 3.1 uy Dg..... 12 3.2 p Dp... 12 3.2.1 u.... 13 3.3 D... 13 3.3.1 Evu f D...... 13 3.3.2 bu u... 14 3.4 D Ay..... 18 4. REULT 4.1 Evu f h D. 21 4.2 p f bu phgy... 30 5. DUON 5.1 p f Egyp uy D Evu Ru. 44 5.1.1 A Egyp D. 44 5.1.2 Dy g Th. 45 5.1.3 Th W.. 46 5.2 p f bu u Ru.. 47 5.2.1 A Egyp vz. 49 5.2.2 p f h Tv bu u.. 49 5.2.3 p f A- bu u 50 5.2.4 p f V bu u 51 5.3 L f h uy. 51 5.4 uu u. 52 6. ONLUON. 54 v

TABLE O ONTENT (u) HATER AGE TED LTERATURE. 55 VTA.. 57 v

LT O TABLE TABLE AGE. EAN AND TANDARD DEVATON OR ANDBULAR EAUREENT OR T AN EGYTAN ALE UE AND HANHARA DATA GROU 3 (664 B 600 AD)... 20. NUBER O EEN N EAH TE EROD O ANENT ALE EGYTAN N HANHARA DATA ET. 20. UARY O DT AND OTHER NDNG OR EAH EGYTAN UY.. 22 V. UARY O ATTRTON OR EAH EGYTAN UY.. 22 V. EGYTAN ALE UY T AN ANDBULAR EAUREENT. 30 V. DERTVE TATT OR EGYTAN ALE ANDBULAR EAUREENT RO EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA DATA... 31 V. HARO-WLK TET O NORALTY OR EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU.. 32 V. ONE-WAY ANOVA OR NORALLY DTRBUTED EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU.. 34 X. HEÉ TET OR ARWE EAN DERENE O EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU WTH GNANT ANOVA... 35 X. KRUKAL-WALL OR NON-NORALLY DTRUBUTED EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU. 36 v

LT O GURE GURE AGE 1. w u f p h.. 14 2. bu u 65 By bh, 66 Bg bh, 68(1) bu by gh, 69(3) pu wh.. 16 3. bu u 70 Ru hgh, 71 Ru bh.... 17 4. bu u 69 Hgh f bu yphy... 18 5. uy 30001 D u.. 23 6. uy 30007 D u.. 24 7. uy 30011 D u.. 25 8. uy 30024 D u.. 26 9. uy 111503 D u.... 27 10. uy 111520 D u.... 28 11. uy Avg Th W... 29 12. f 65 - By bh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp.. 37 13. f 66 - Bg bh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp, A.. 38 14. f 68(1) - bu gh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp u, A.. 39 v

LT O GURE (u) GURE AGE 15. f 69 - Hgh f yphy f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), A... 40 16. f 69(3) - pu wh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD).... 41 17. f 70 - Ru hgh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp.. 42 18. f 71 - Ru bh f A Egyp Gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp u, Egyp... 43 v

LT O ABBREVATON ANOVA T DO D DT NDR Ay f V pu Tgphy Dg gg u Dy g Dy g Th N u f D f Rh x

UARY Th h b k u y vz. Exg h hu y pv gh uy f h u. Th pv uy h vu f h p f bu u f T f Egyp u bu u f Egyp, y Egyp, y A. Egh DO f f T f uy h w b f Th uu hg, L. Ug DO g fw, 6 Egyp u w vu y 7 bu u w. D vu v h h uy h hgh v f h w vg DT hgh h y A. Th w y gf ff fu 6 bu u bw Egyp Egyp A. Th bv hgh v f h w fv f h f Egyp h hgh DT u b u by b f Egyp. hg bu phgy fw fu h hpgy u. g, h bu phgy f Egyp h hg f g w h b. x

1. NTRODUTON 1.1 Bkgu O f h w pv hu h Egyp uy. uyg Egyp u pv f bu h f f h vu, Egyp vz, hu vuy hy. Th vu f uyg Egyp u w z u h h uy wh h vy f g ub f u Thb (H Wk, 1973). Th vy f wh u h w w whh w pp h ppuy f y Hyw v bu u ug h. Ty, h ppuy uy Egyp u hgh wh h uu uy xhb py uu u h w. y, phy x f uwppg w h y h vb uy uu f u. Th h f x h p u f h uy. ubquy, y u w f uuh p g uu pv h h wppg. Th hg x h uy whu yg w hv wh h f x-yg u w vp py. Ey gg h w gph. Th p f u X-y h h vby f h ugh k h f w f h 1

2 b fg h h. A hgy pg h b pb, gph gg b fb h uy u (H Wk, 1973). gg h uy u u h u f pu Tgphy (T) whh w h x f uu wh g uy. Wh h g u f T g u, f h w ub w b b f h hu ppu. y, h h b u h pv f wg p wh pv y. v hu hv w pv f u (ff, 2007). A p, u b fu ppxy 60% f h U ppu (ff, 2007). u f vuy hw h v, h h b jw z, h z, h ub (ff, 2007). Wh h h ub f h h z f hgh p u wh jw z, h h u b u h p, h vuy v p. Th f u ppxg y vv f h h h z jw z. Hu x v h u p h hg vz f pv guu ubz (ff, 2007). A u, y u hv yz Ahg

3 Ahpg vp h why h h b h pv f u. Exg h ff f y pv gh h u f h u y. 1.2 pf A Th f h uy vu T f Egyp u. hg h bu phgy f p w b yz ug b f vb h u. 1.3 Hyph 1. Th Egyp u hv hgh v f h w y g h (DT) hgh p A. 2. Th y gf ff bu u g h Egyp p. 3. Th y gf ff bu u bw Egyp p.

2. REVEW O LTERATURE 2.1 T D u Egyp u Th f phv p f uy ug T w 1996 by h. Th uy, Djkh, p f h h Ry O uu T. Djkh w - Thb y u h Tp f Au-R Kk u 900 B. Th x g h f h w bu f x f h k, h w u, upu f. A pvu T w k f Djkh bu h y w b wh v hgy. Th T u h uy w G E 9800 Quk wh H Lgh D. Th p hugh h H Nk g w 3 hk wh 3 pg pf h y, w f w g w pu: p yp hugh h g x f h f -p h f g y p. Th by g y p w p p f h uy by u b (h., 1997). Obv f h u: p f 28 h, b h, p upp gh, v f, xv pp phg, b wh p 4

5 (h., 1997). h bv w u h Djkh u hv uff f p g p. A h h uh v phgy, h p f f pby u hv h h. Th v w bv y h w w w h pup. Egyp, w u h. A p p f h Egyp w b whh w wh fu h w y wh b, f,. hwg b f h yp wu hvy f h. Th Djkh f f f (h., 1997). 2000, Thkky. u T vg h f h f h uy, Ly Uj. Af hugh x f h T f h by, w h h uy w uy f pvuy hugh. Th uy w b 2500 y w ppxy 30 40 y f h. Th uy w puh by Th uu hg, L 1893 w x h Uvy f w Hp uu. Th fg w p upp h, gh, g w f qu v b. h fg, ph y w pf. f h uf p vv vg h uh py p whh

6 w pp ph u b k. Tw f ph u w, b g wh h uh p h h wh h b u p. Bh f ph u hw h h uy w wh f vg f phh h uh p p. Th u k wh h jw h p w wh f vg f w u (Thkky., 2000). h Egyp uy T uy 2011 by k., hgh u T f uf ku v b f h xy u w, guu f b, zyg h by, gh zyg, gh f p whu v f x x h p, f jw. w hyphz h h u w p f bu u, h Opg f h uh y. h k f x h p, f jw, h uh bv h h w -y. T whh pfg h wu b pb ug p, h pu w u hu v h. Th T w h k p h T f h uy h. Th pu w whu ffuy h T f h hu h hw u h uy h. Th uy w b gv gh h uf p hugh h u f T.

7 h T uy f Egyp uy,. (2012) vu pf ph y 20-30 y f Egyp uy fu yu g f h uy B. pf ph y, h b w vuy p h pbb u h f w uf wh h uh p. Th ph y w p h ph y pubh h Thkky. uy 2000 whh h b w vuy p p. Bh y v u. Th vu by. v fu wh g g, h y, by f, h w. 2.2 Th h u f u y h h u f u, h g f h, b h bv h h y g hg hu f vuy vu hw y u (u, 1999). Th wu py h u, f by h k f wg, h fu f hu h v uz f vz h u f h hv u h pv f g h. O f h j f hugh b h hg f h f p. Th w j h h u f h g f h b h bv f hg., h Bgg hy whh b h

8 bv h h w f ug f f u uff f h uu v wg. Nx h u hy whh b h k f jw fu ubqu u jw z u h hg f p f. jw u uff h gh w f h g f h. Bgg hy w h b f ppu h phphy wh h wy fv y. 1954, y Ry Bgg, Au h, vp hy h gy f wg b h bv f Au Abg hvg w pv f g h. uyg h Au Abg, Bgg bv xv u h up f. h, h pp h w h u px u f h uu, whh w f h h b ppy g. Thu, f y u uy u h u b u ub f h ugh f h h u h z hy w up h p gv h jw. Th b b kw u. B h fg, Bgg (1954) vp h phphy h u h x f h hv h f h uu y f u.

9 Ag hpg, ppu h w f h k f hwg h p h ug k f u pv h gwg jw upg h (u, 1999). Th uu u h upp h vw. xp u h hv bv u g -hg hu y ug guy wh hf f f (u, 1999). A u p hv h f f f u u h vp f jw p h w gv h f (u, 1999). Rb. u (1999) h u u v vu hu ppu u h w. Wh h ppu, h p u bw gup wh ff g f uz. Th ppu u u: Ru Kuky, ujb, h g Lvp,,, Bg Yuh, Au Abg. H fu h u pv uz f h ppu. h u, u u h u u v h g h ppu h u w wh w g f h pv uz gup. u (1999) pp h u by f ubz ppu h f vz uh h, k,, b.

10 2.3 u hg bu phgy 1977, V Gv u f v ku f Nub. Th ku h uy w v h p w fw: hu-gh (12,000 6,400 B), (3,400 1,000 B), guu (350 1100 AD). x f u whh u 8 bu u w k. h y, h uh u h h w pgv z bu f h b h f h hu-gh guu p. Th uh pp h h h b u py hg y fu. Ah ppu h h b u f hg bu phgy f p h Jp by Yuuk Kfu (1997). Kfu p bu u f 2 ppu, b hu-gh-fh h guu, p pp. Th p hw gf wg u f j y u h. Kfu bu h hg u hwg whh u uff u f gwh f h b. 2011, N v -Tub k gb ppv vgg bu hg bw hu-gh guu ppu. Ev ppu f u h w w u 6

11 w gz guu 5 hu-gh. Th u f h uy hw h guu ppu hv h b b wh g p, hugh ppu hv g w b wh h upgh p. 2.4 Auy f T L u T hv b hw b u u wh g p (Vgh., 2010). h uy, hy p u wh g p x hu y ku wh ph vu k u qu hugh T gg fw. A p 64 T h ku 1 hk. Th u hw h h w gf ff bw u hughu h b h p f p hu u h u T w ju u g p.

3. ATERAL AND ETHOD 3.1 uy Dg Th pv uy vu h p h bu u b f T f Egyp u bu u f Egyp, y Egyp, y A. 3.2 p Dp Wh p f Th uu hg, L, h DO f f T f 8 uy h w b. Th u h b g Th uu u Juy 2011 wh hy w T. ubquy, h u T w p f xhb Opg h Vu: u whh w py Th uu f buy 17, 2012 Ap 22, 2012. Of h 8 T b f h uu, 7 w f Egyp u 1 w T f g by, b f h uh hpp. Of h 7 Egyp uy T, 1 w g h g uh h u w pb. Of h g 6 Egyp uy T h 4 p w f h bu y h uy. 12

13 3.2.1 u Th u h uy p f T f Egyp uy h wh b. Bh f u w vu y y u w yz f bu phgy. 3.3 D A u w Th uu wh b GE QX T 0.5 hk X 0.6 pg v DO f. Th DO f w ug Ag vv5 fw wh 3D vuz u f h h b w pf. 3.3.1 Evu f D D f h 6 f Egyp u w vu f y g h y h fg by h vuz ug Ag vv5 fw. w gh w u f h h u b by N Ah (2010) Wh D Ay, hygy, Ou p gu 1.

14 gu 1. w u f p h. 3.3.2 bu u 4 Egyp u, DO f w h- u ug Ag vv5 fw. Th bu u w f by Ruf (1928) u y u. Th fwg bu u w k hw gu 2-4: 65 - By bh: D bw p h w y. 66 - Bg bh: D bw gh f g (u p h f h w jw whh h jwb g upw).

15 68(1) - bu by gh: D bw g f h h g gh f g. 69 - Hgh f bu yphy: D bw f (px f h pu bw h bu ) gh ( f p f h b h ). 69(3) pu wh: Wh u h g h f. 70 - Ru hgh: D bw hgh p f bu y g. 71 - Ru bh: u wh f bu u f p.

16 69(3) 68(1) 66 65 gu 2. bu u 65 By bh, 66 Bg wh, 68(1) bu by gh, 69(3) pu wh.

17 70 71 gu 3. bu u 70 Ru hgh, 71 Ru bh.

18 69 gu 4. bu u 69 Hgh f bu yphy. 3.4 D Ay h vu, DT w u h u f h w w quf. y, DT (y, g, f h) u b pv f h y vu. Egyp, h x DT w u f h uy h y. T u DT, h h y g h u h ub h DT. h w, h fwg fu w u u h w f h h: w Lgh = u w Lgh + g w Lgh R Lgh u R Lgh

19 w R gh w b vg u f p h gv by D. G. V. Bk by N Ah (2010) Wh D Ay, hygy, Ou. p f bu phgy w u hugh y wh v 19.0, hg, L, UA. A g bu u f Egyp w b f Tuhk Hh f h Dp f Ay, K Uvy h f Jp. Th bu u f h 4 Egyp u w p gh wh h Hh f h p (664 B 600 AD) h p z. Th v f h w p hw Tb. Th p ub f p f h bu u uz Tb. Ny f h w hk hugh h hp-wk. h y f gup wh bu, -wy y f v (ANOVA) fw by hffé' w u. gf w p p < 0.007 f Bf f h wy ANOVA p < 0.05 f h hffé. h y f gup wh h up f y, Kuk-W w u wh gf w p p < 0.05. Dpv p w u f h f h gup. p u f Egyp A f pvuy pubh u (Khhh

20., 2010 hw., 2010). O-p - w u p bw gup. TABLE EAN AND TANDARD DEVATON OR ANDBULAR EAUREENT OR T AN EGYTAN ALE UE AND HANHARA DATA GROU 3 (664 B 600 AD) Egyp uy Hh Gup 3 (664 B - 600 AD) 65 - By bh 114.26 ± 4.11 116.55 ± 4.08 66 - Bg bh 96.24 ± 6.89 97.25 ± 6.00 68(1) - bu gh 77.87 ± 10.94 101.61 ± 9.50 69 - Hgh f yphy 27.09 ± 1.75 29.42 ± 2.07 69(3) - pu wh 11.91 ± 2.77 11.92 ± 1.45 70 - Ru hgh 68.62 ± 8.03 61.33 ± 5.74 71 - Ru bh 31.21 ± 1.65 33.1 ± 2.40 Gup/T TABLE NUBER O EEN N EAH TE EROD O ANENT ALE EGYTAN N HANHARA DATA ET 65 - By bh 66 - Bg bh 68(1) - bu gh 69 - Hgh f yphy 69(3) - pu wh 70 - Ru hgh 71 - Ru bh Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 52 61 53 67 70 68 70 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 29 34 29 31 35 33 33 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 34 40 35 40 41 40 41

4. REULT 4.1 Evu f h D Th Egyp u x h uy hw vg f 5.5 y g p h. Hgh f y g h fu g p h wh hv h. Th uy wh h hgh DT w uy 111503 wh f 16. Th vg h w p h h gup w u b 2.9. Th uy wh h h w p h 4.4 w uy 111503 h w uy 111520 1.8. Th h wh h h w w h w f f p f uy 30011 u 8.4. h Egyp u gup, h w w gz p h,,. g h 3 u f 6 u h p (uup) xy w h bu y uy h p bu w h. Th fg f h vu uy uz Tb, Tb V gphy fgu 5-11. 21

22 TABLE UARY O DT AND OTHER NDNG OR EAH EGYTAN UY uy g Nub DT Dy g Dy g Dy g T Oh g 30001 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Uup Upp W Th 30007 4 4 0 0 0 0 8 u Upp Lf 30011 0 3 0 0 0 1 4 N 30024 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 Uup Upp Rgh W Th, Upp Lf W Th 111503 8 5 1 0 2 0 16 p Ruy Upp Rgh 111520 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uup W Th T Avg 2.0 2.67 0.17 0 0.5 0.17 5.5 TABLE V UARY O ATTRTON OR EAH EGYTAN UY uy g Nub g w. Dv.. Dv.. Dv. 30001 2.4 1.03 1.8 1.73 2.2 1.47 30007 3.4 1.78 2.8 3.54 2.3 1.65 30011 3.6 1.86 3.1 3.62 1.8 1.53 30024 3.8 1.61 4.0 1.00 3.0 1.23 111503 4.4 1.32 4.2 1.64 4.3 1.62 111520 1.8 0.74 1.9 0.69 1.7 0.48 T Avg 3.2 1.65 3.0 2.27 2.6 1.61

23 gu 5. uy 30001 D u w z () uy 30001 Upp Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf U u p U u p L L w z () uy 30001 Lw Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf L L g T h T h

24 gu 6. uy 30007 D u w z () uy 30007 Upp Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf T h u L L g g T h g g w z () uy 30007 Lw Ah Th W Th W Rgh Lf L L T h g

25 gu 7. uy 30011 D u w z () uy 30011 Upp Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf g T h L L T h g O w z () uy 30011 Lw Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf L L g g T h T h

26 gu 8. uy 30024 D u w z () uy 30024 Upp Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf U u p L g g O w z () uy 30024 Lw Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf L g g T h g

27 gu 9. uy 111503 D u w z () uy 111503 Upp Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf T h g L L g g g g g w z () uy 111503 Lw Ah Th W Th W g Rgh Lf L L g g T h T h

28 gu 10. uy 111520 D u w z () uy 111520 Upp Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf g L L g O w z () uy 111520 Lw Ah Th W Th W u w Rgh Lf L L g g

gu 11. uy Avg Th W 29

30 4.2 p f bu phgy bu u f h T f h Egyp u hw Tb V. Th pv f h Egyp bu u f h gupg f h T u h Hh hw Tb V. Ru f h f y hw Tb V v h gup fw bu xp bu gh f gup 3 (664 B 600 AD), pu wh f gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B), pu wh f gup 2 (1778 B 664 B). uy g Nub TABLE V EGYTAN ALE UY T AN ANDBULAR EAUREENT 65 - By bh 66 - Bg bh 68(1) - bu gh 69 - Hgh f yphy 69(3) - pu wh 70 - Ru hgh 71 - Ru bh 30001 115.15 91.07 68.44 25.31 11.62 74.17 28.99 30024 111.9 100.4 74.63 28.19 9.76 76.02 31.84 111503 119.65 103.74 74.72 25.9 15.9 65.61 31.13 111520 110.34 89.76 93.67 28.94 10.34 58.69 32.88 114.26 96.24 77.87 27.09 11.91 68.62 31.21. Dv. 4.11 6.89 10.94 1.75 2.77 8.03 1.65

31 TABLE V DERTVE TATT OR EGYTAN ALE ANDBULAR EAUREENT RO EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA DATA 65 - By bh 66- Bg bh 68(1) - bu gh 69 - Hgh f yphy 69(3) - pu wh 70- Ru hgh 71 - Ru bh N. Dv Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 52 110.77 5.008 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 29 114.81 3.809 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 38 116.55 4.083 T 119 113.6 5.12 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 61 90.36 6.08 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 34 95.35 6.567 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 44 97.25 6.004 T 139 93.76 6.873 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 53 102.68 6.997 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 29 104.71 4.836 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 39 101.61 9.497 T 121 102.82 7.521 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 67 30.72 2.87 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 31 30.74 2.476 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 44 29.42 2.07 T 142 30.32 2.614 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 70 12.1429 1.13298 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 35 11.8571 1.08852 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 45 11.9249 1.445 T 150 12.0108 1.22368 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 68 57.41 4.939 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 33 57.18 5.059 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 44 61.33 5.74 T 145 58.55 5.503 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 70 34.1 2.285 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 33 32.74 3.887 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 45 33.1 2.397 T 148 33.49 2.795

32 TABLE V HARO-WLK TET O NORALTY OR EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU f g. 65- By bh 1.977 49.462 2.937 25.126 3.958 38.158 66- Bg bh 1.983 49.715 2.944 25.181 3.963 38.243 68(1)- bu gh 1.983 49.689 2.923 25.059 3.724 38.000 69 - Hgh f yphy 1.952 49.050 2.940 25.146 3.945 38.063 69(3) pu wh 1.906 49.001 2.887 25.010 3.957 38.146 70- Ru hgh 1.975 49.391 2.924 25.062 3.966 38.306 71 Ru bh 1.971 49.254 2.969 25.612 3.972 38.434 * gf w p p < 0.05 Ru f h O-wy ANOVA hw Tb V 65 - By bh, 66 - Bg bh, 70 - Ru hgh w fu b y gf f v wh h gup. ubquy, hffé w u f h gup pw

33 ff. Th u f h hffé hw Tb X h fwg gup w fu b y ff: 65 By bh gup 1(3050 B 2050 B) gup 2 (1778 B 664 B), 65 By bh gup 1(3050 B 2050 B) gup 3 (664 B 600 AD), 66 Bg bh gup 1(3050 B 2050 B) gup 2 (1778 B 664 B), 66 Bg bh gup 1(3050 B 2050 B) gup 3 (664 B 600 AD), 70 Ru hgh gup 1(3050 B 2050 B) gup 3 (664 B 600 AD), 70 Ru hgh gup 2(1778 B 664 B) gup 3 (664 B 600 AD).

34 TABLE V ONE-WAY ANOVA OR NORALLY DTRBUTED EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU u f qu f g. 65- By Bh Bw Gup 790.694 2 19.920.000 Wh Gup 2302.179 116 T 3092.872 118 66- Bg Bh Bw Gup 1326.876 2 17.381.000 69 - Hgh f yphy Wh Gup 5191.165 136 T 6518.041 138 Bw Gup 51.940 2 3.959.021 Wh Gup 911.789 139 T 963.729 141 70- Ru Hgh Bw Gup 489.755 2 8.985.000 Wh Gup 3870.245 142 T 4360.001 144 71 Ru Bh Bw Gup 51.459 2 3.402.036 Wh Gup 1096.629 145 T 1148.088 147 * gf w p p < 0.007

35 TABLE X HEÉ TET OR ARWE EAN DERENE O EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU WTH GNANT ANOVA Dp Vb () Gup (J) Gup Dff (-J). E 65- By Bh 1 2-4.041 * 1.032.001 g. 3-5.784 *.951.000 2 3-1.743 1.098.288 66- Bg Bh 1 2-4.992 * 1.322.001 3-6.889 * 1.222.000 2 3-1.896 1.411.408 70- Ru Hgh 1 2.230 1.108.979 3-3.918 * 1.010.001 2 3-4.147 * 1.202.003 * gf w p p < 0.05 Ru f h Kuk-W f gup wh h up f y hw Tb X. Th u hw h gf ff g gup 68(1) bu gh 69(3) pu wh.

36 TABLE X KRUKAL-WALL OR NON-NORALLY DTRUBUTED EGYTAN ALE UY T AN AND HANHARA ANDBULAR EAUREENT DATA GROU h-qu f Ayp. g. 68(1) - bu gh 2.873 2 0.238 1.241 2 0.538 69(3) - pu wh * gf w p p < 0.05 p hw f h bu u gu 12-18. pg u w p f pvuy pubh f h u f Egyp f Khhh. (2010) A f hw. (2010) wh ppb.

37 118 116 114 112 110 108 106 65 - By bh 116.55 114.81 110.77 108.9 104 Gup 1: 3050 B- 2050 B Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD Egyp (Khhh.) gu 12. f 65 - By bh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp. hffé hw y gf ff bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 2 (1778 B 664 B) gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 3 (664 B 600 AD). O-p - hw gf ff bw h Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD) h pubh Egyp f 108.9.

38 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 90.36 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 66 - Bg bh 95.35 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 97.25 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 104.8 Egyp (Khhh.) 100.9 20-31 y A (hw.) gu 13. f 66 - Bg bh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp, A. hffé hw y gf ff bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 2 (1778 B 664 B) gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 3 (664 B 600 AD). O-p - hw gf ff bw h Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD) h pubh Egyp f 104.8 A f 100.9.

39 110 105 100 68(1) - bu gh 104.71 102.68 101.61 95 90 90.4 85 80 Gup 1: 3050 B- 2050 B Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 20-31 y A (hw.) gu 14. f 68(1) - bu gh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp u, A. Th w y gf ff fu bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD). O-p - hw gf ff bw h Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD) h pubh A f 90.4.

40 36 34 69 - Hgh f yphy 35.4 32 30 28 26 30.72 30.74 29.42 24 Gup 1: 3050 B- 2050 B Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD 20-31 y A (hw.) gu 15. f 69 - Hgh f yphy f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), A. Th w y gf ff fu bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD). O-p - hw gf ff bw h Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD) h pubh A f 35.4.

41 12.2 12.15 12.1 12.05 12 11.95 11.9 11.85 11.8 11.75 11.7 12.1429 Gup 1: 3050 B-2050 B 69(3) - pu wh 11.8571 Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B 11.9249 Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD gu 16. f 69(3) - pu wh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD). Th w y gf ff fu bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD).

42 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 70 - Ru Hgh 57.41 57.18 61.33 65.1 52 Gup 1: 3050 B- 2050 B Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD Egyp (Khhh.) gu 17. f 70 - Ru hgh f Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp. hffé hw y gf ff bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 3 (664 B 600 AD) gup 2 (1778 B 664 B) 3 (664 B 600 AD). O-p - hw gf ff bw h f h Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD) h pubh Egyp f 65.1.

43 71 - Ru Bh 35 34 33 34.1 32.74 33.1 32 31 30 29 28.7 28 27 26 Gup 1: 3050 B- 2050 B Gup 2: 1778 B - 664 B Gup 3: 664 B - 600 AD Egyp (Khhh.) gu 18. f 71 - Ru bh f A Egyp Gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) 3 (664 B 600 AD), Egyp u, Egyp. Th w y gf ff fu bw Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 (664 B 600 AD). O-p - hw gf ff bw h f h Egyp gup 1 (3050 B 2050 B) hugh 3 h pubh Egyp f 28.7.

5. DUON 5.1 p f Egyp uy D Evu Ru Dg u f Egyp u gv gh h v f Egyp. h uy, phg x w h w. Th wy h uy v h f u b f by h u. Th u f h gup f Egyp u v hgh v f gz h w hgh DT p y A. Thf, h u hyph h h Egyp u hv hgh v f h w DT hgh h A w j. Th v gz p f h w fv f h f h Egyp. Th hgh DT u b u f uh fu, h buhg f, x Egyp. 5.1.1 A Egyp D Exg h Egyp y h gh h v v f h w bv. Th p f Egyp bh p why w b b. A Egyp b w f wh whh h g huk h g. h wh b u fu, h Egyp u p pu qu g h wh. Th p pu hgh u f g whh w x h b (Rf, 2001). ug h yp f b 44

45 b wu u v h w. u vgb w bg p f h Egyp h. u uh, fg, gp w h ppu., b, hkp, w p u f p h py f h p (Rf, 2001). 5.1.2 Dy g Th O ppu h vy pv f p h D (y g) x. Th h g h ub f h h y g u hugh x. 2004 h NDR (N u f D f Rh), p p bw 1999-2004 h U Au g 20 64 hv vg f 3.28 y g p h (hp://www..h.gv/d/dbytp/d/d Au2064). Th Egyp u x h uy hw vg f 5.5 y g p h whh y w uh U Au g 20 64. Th hw h g h gup f Egyp u, p w v h y A. Ahugh v, upg h h y ff DT bw h Egyp u A. Th ff u b f f hgh u f vu h w uf Egyp.

46 uy 111520 h h w DT uy 111503 h h hgh DT f h gup. uy 111503 w h y uy hv pp uy whh v f f. Hvg hgh DT hgh v f u hv p quy f f wh fqu p p hwg by. 5.1.3 Th W Th w u by, b,. A h w f h hugh h gg f h u. Ab h w hugh h f f fg ub. E f h f h uu f h f b g (Nv., 2008). b h f f h Egyp whh wu hv bu h p f v b (Ruff, 1920). Dg f h h w u by, b, / pb by T x. hu b u h f h w y hv bu h bv. Ty, h w u wh h h Kgh Th W x whh quv h f fyg h w vy. v h w f ju xpg whh y u 1-2 f (h Kgh 1984). h p, quv pph w u u h w. Th pph

47 vv g up f u w f h h vg f w gh f h pg h h u f w g. Th u h w w u h up h h w p p h p. Th vg p gh f w g p h h gup w u b 29% 2.9. Th wu py h h gup f Egyp u h gz v h w h ph f wu b w h. y vw h pv f h w u f 1980-2007, w fu h y 5-10% f u g 20-40 w gz wh v h w (pjk., 2009). p, f h Egyp u h uy h v h w. Th gz p f h w v f h h Egyp u. 5.2 p f bu u Ru u bu phgy hv hw h hg bu hv u f p vz, y fu, hv hg ( V Gv, 1977; Kfu, 1997; u, 1999; H Ruff, 2011; v -Tub, 2011). h uy, ff 7 bu w p v 5000 y p. Th y f h bu u g h Egyp p hw h h w y gf ff f 3 bu u, by bh, bg bh, u hgh. Thf, h u

48 hyph h h y gf ff g Egyp p w j f by bh, bg bh, u hgh. Th y f h u f p hw h h w y gf ff fu wh h bu u xp f pu wh. Thf, f 6 f h bu u, h u hyph h h y gf ff bu u bw p w j w j f h u f pu wh. Evuy hy hw h by hgh h v. A pg f h f px hu b u. h uy, h g bu u xp gh f h b. Th f bu wh, bg bh, gh hw f ( gup: 93.8/102.8 = 0.91 gup: 100.9/90.4 = 1.12). Thf, h f bu wh bu gh hw w bhyf yp, h b f, h f yp yg h h b h g ug vx f, k p. Th qu : h f yp hgg h bu gh g? uh vg f hg by,, bu z f p wu w h qu hughy.

49 5.2.1 A Egyp vz Th h Egyp gup x h uy h bgg (3050 B 2050 B), (1778 B 664 B), (664 B 600 AD) f h Egyp Dyy. A p f h bh f h Egyp vz w guu. Th N Rv pv h v f Egyp vp hvg guu vz (Rf, 2001). Th f gv h puh f v guu uh g y hgy f pg. Thugh h Egyp vz, guu puvy hgy h vz u (Rf, 2001). u hv hw h hg hu ub gy p hg bu phgy ( V Gv, 1977; Kfu, 1997; (v -Tub, 2011). h uy, h hg ub gy f h Egyp vz p hg bu phgy. 5.2.2 p f h Tv bu u Th bu u h v hw ff by bh bg bh bu ff f pu wh. by bh, h hw fgu 13 f h u g h Egyp gup bu wh pg h Egyp Egyp gup. Th y b xp h h Egyp f by bh pubh by Khhh. (2010) u vu f g f 6 60.

50 ug gwg h h p u u f h h u py h y g. bg bh, h hw fgu 14 g h Egyp gup wh pg h A. Ov h f g by bg bh fw bv h u, y by bg bh h hu f hu gh guu ub g (v - Tub, 2011). V Gv (1977) pp h h u f hv g f hu u y hg. Hvg u f wu jw z. y h uy, h v f h jw w bv. 5.2.3 p f A- bu u Th -p bu u f bu gh u bh bh hw y gf ff wh h u gup. bu gh, h Egyp gup hw y gf ff p h A. Th hw fgu 15 f bu gh w f g h gh f. u bh, h hw fgu 19 bh f Egyp. Ov h -p h w f g z h u f bu gh u bh f

51 Egyp. Th h -p f h b h b bv h u (v -Tub, 2011; R Rb, 2009; V Gv, 1977). 5.2.4 p f h V bu u Th bu u h v, u hgh bu yphy hgh, hv y gf ff wh h gup. u hgh, h hw fgu 18 hw gg f Egyp. Th g v hgh f h u f h b bv h u (v -Tub, 2011; R Rb, 2009; V Gv, 1977). bu yphy hgh, h hw fgu 16 hgh f Egyp A. Th y b u f by h v b hgh bw h w A. Th y b u hgh pv vy f p hu b Egyp p hpy x. 5.3 L f h uy b u f wh h uy u: p z, k f, ppu hgy, xu ph. Ahugh h p z f 8 uy T b y b g

52 p h T uy u, f pup f y h p z w. Th uy T p w upp by b f D. Tuhk Hh h w u y ku p. fyg k T vu y ku y hv p u h u. uh, h bu u w p u f 3 ff u, Hh, Khhh, hw, h y hv b u f uy k f. Ah f h gy f h p, y h hgy f h ppu, f f x g, p y b qu. g xg g ppu u b v f u b ppu. h bu phgy vu, y u w u bu fyg x, g, p g p b ffu h pby p w, u, f h p. 5.4 uu u u w pv ppu f hu h y pv vub f h hu p. Th by T h gy y pvg vg uu f uy whu ug p g. A u T, fuu uy wu b p,,, bu u f ff p

53 u f ff g, ju Egyp. uu u u uz 3D vu u f h b u bu u y f h hg k uu v. Th vu f fuu u wu b pv gh h vz, f f h vu, h u h f u bv y.

6. ONLUON Th u hyph f h vu w j. h bu u, h u hyph w j f 3 f h u g h Egyp p w j xp f h Egyp p. Th vu v vg DT f 5.5 2.9 f h w uu g p uy. Bh vu fv f h k f f Egyp. g, h bu u bg h v, h -p, h v f h b. Th u hg h b h uy v hg h b h hv u f Egyp v 5000 y p. 54

TED LTERATURE Bgg.R.: Ag : wh f y u, h gy f u hqu f. A J Oh. 40(5):373-383:1954. D.., V Gv D..: y u - Evu Nub. A J hy Ahp. 46:495-506:1977. u R..: Hw Ahpgy f h Oh Dg f u u. Lw, NY, Th Ew, 1999. H J.E., Wk K.R.: X-Ryg h hh. Nw Yk, h b, 1973. H.A., Ruff.B.: Dy Eff Dvp f h Hu bu pu. A J hy Ahp. 145:615-628:2011. Kfu Y.: hg bu phgy f h J E Jp. A J hy Ahp. 104:227-243:1997. Khhh,.A.A., A O., Ghb.., Zk.K., Ab Y.A.: xu ph f h b Egyp ppu. J Lg. 17:213-215:2010. R. 1928. Lhbuh hpg yh Dug. h, J. Vu 2. h A.H., Hwk., hh., Lw.K.: N-vv pu gphy h- u f h f 2,800-y- Egyp uy xhbg xv. A J hy Ahp. 103:329 340: 1997. N.J., Ah..: Wh' D Ay, hygy Ou.. Lu, u: 2010. Nv B.W., D D.D., A., Buqu J.E..: O xf hgy.. Lu, u; 2008. NDR. (2012). D (Th Dy) Au (Ag 20 64). Rv Nv. 6, 2012, f: hp://www..h.gv/d/dbytp/d/d Au2064. 55

56 k Z.., hp.h., Gup R., Kb L.B.: Rp f Egyp f h f k: gh h uf p. J O xf ug. 40(11):1301-6:2011..,.,.D., A A., Gp G., T.., A.: Evu f h Dk h f Egyp uy Wh Th-D pu Ay. J f f ug. 23:1159-1162:2012. ff, W.R.: py Oh. W.R. ff, H.W., D.. v (.), hph, by, 2007. Rf D.B.: Th Oxf Eyp f A Egyp. Nw Yk, Oxf Uvy, 2001. R J.., Rb R.D.: Og f D wg u: Ahpg pv. pu. 5:30:292-300:2009. Ruff A.: uy f b phgy f Egyp h. A J hy Ahp. 3:335-382:1920. hw R.B., Kz E.B., Kz.., Kh D.., G J.A., Lg H.N.: Agg f h b Ah p. R ug. 123:332-342:2010. h B.G., Kgh J.K.: A x f ug h w f h. B D J. 156:435-438:1984. pjk A.V., Rguz J.., Ku.., Bkj E.., B D.W., ug N.H.J.: v f Th W Au. J f h. 22:1:35-42:2009. Thkky J.K., Bh.E., J.A.: D k fg Egyp uy. A J Oh Df Ohp.117:10-14:2000. Vgh., K V., bh., Vk B., hhj A.: Evu f h uy f u p pugphy-v h- g p wh g ph gphy. Dxf Rgy. 39:216-223:2010. v -Tub N.: Gb hu bu v f ff guu hu-gh ub g. N A. 108:19:546-551:2011.

VTA NAE: EDUATON: HAEL. L BA, Bgy, Th Uvy f hg, hg,, 1999, Bf, B Uvy, B, hu, 2005 DD, ub Uvy, Nw Yk, Nw Yk, 2010, O, Uvy f hg, hg,, 2013 f, Oh, Uvy f hg, hg,, 2013 ROEONAL EBERH: HONOR hg D y A D A A A f Oh y f Oh N GERT whp, Bf g, B Uvy, B, hu, 2002 2004 57