Plant Growth and Development Part I
Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules
Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules
Plant Cells
Differentiation in Cells Refers to the process by which distinct plant cells arise from precursor cells and become different than each other Unique adaptation of plants
Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules
Plant Tissues Xylem and Phloem = xylem Transports water and minerals from the roots to the plant parts Moves only in one direction = phloem Moves photosynthates h (sugars) throughout the plant Moves both directions These internal tissues are also important for supporting the plant.
Movement of water through the plant: Transpiration Stomata microscopic openings, usually on the bottom of a leaf, important for gas exchange and transpiration http://www.fairchildgarden.org/eduprofdev/leaf_anatomy.html Heat
Vascular cambium Vascular cambium Located between the xylem and phloem Produces new xylem and phloem tissue Responsible for increasing stem diameter.
Phloem, Xylem and the Cambium Layer Knowing the cambium layer is important when looking at wood boring insects Knowing the cambium layer is important when looking at wood boring insects and disease such as mountain pine beetle
Knowing the Cambium Layer is Important for Plant Grafting
Or, why leaving trees tied for too long or Why letting the 13 year old weed whip around trees Is a bad thing
VASCULAR BUNDLE PHLOEM XYLEM CAMBIUM PITH EPIDERMIS http://www.fairchildgarden.org/eduprofdev/leaf_anatomy.html
Vascular Bundle Arrangement Under rstanding Crop Pro oduction, Stoskop pf., 1981 Monocot (grass) Dicot (broadleaf)
Levels of organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules
Vegetative Organs (plant parts) Stem Leaf Root Shoot Budd Asexual (vegetative) Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Offspring arise from a single parent
The Function of Stems Mechanical a ca support and display Movement of water and minerals up to the leaves Movement of photosynthates (sugars) to other parts of the plants Asexual lpropagation Storage http://www.gimcracker.com/blab/archives/2002 12.html
Modified Stems Can grow above and below ground Crown Stolon Rhizome Corm Bulb Tuber Spur
Woody Stems Shoot Soft young stem with leaves Twig Dormant stem one year old Branch Stem over one year old Trunk Main stem of a woody plant
The Parts of a Woody Stem 22
Parts of a Plant Shoot Leaf primordia Shoot apex The tip of the shoot Axillary bud
Parts of a Plant Shoot Node Area on the stem where a leaf, another stem, or flower bud is located Internode Space between the Space between the nodes on a stem
Vegetative Buds A bud is an undeveloped shoot that produces leaves and/or flower parts
Determining One Year s Growth
A Plant s Life Cycle Annuals Annuals Completes life cycle in 1 year Grow, mature, bloom, produce seed and die Summer annuals complete their life cycle in spring and summer Winter annuals complete their life cycle during the fall and winter. Usually easy to pull out of the ground
Summer Annual Weeds Black medic Pigweed Pineapple i l weed Purslane
Winter Annual Weeds Chickweed Henbit Penny cress
A Plant s Life Cycle Biennials Biennials Requires all or part of 2 years to complete its life cycle Vegetative 1 st year Overwinters Flowers and fruits 2 nd year Bolting (flowering in one Bolting (flowering in one year) may occur in extreme environmental conditions
A Plant s Life Cycle Perennials Perennials Live for many years Woody Trees and shrubs Herbaceous Die back to the ground in Montana What are the issues with reading about herbaceous perennials on the Internet or in popular publications?
How about leaves? Dartmouth.edu
The inside story http://www.fairchildgarden.org/eduprofdev/leaf_anatomy.html
Functions of Leaves Food manufacture photosynthesis
Functions of Leaves Protectionofdelicate of tissueslikebuds Bud scales Floral bracts Sepals Storage Cotyledons, bulbs
Plant Identification Key
Leaf Structure Blade (lamina) Apex Vein Margin Base Petiole
Types of Leaves Venation Monocot (grass) Dicot (broadleaf)
Types of Leaves Simple Leaves
Types of Leaves Compound Leaves
Leaf Arrangement Opposite Whorled Alternate
Leaf Shapes and Margins
Plant Identification Key
Anchorageg Roots Nutrient and water absorption Storage Aerial support Propagation i (sometimes) Roots that are not growing cannot absorb nutrients
Cross Section of a Root Root cap Protection Apical meristem region Cell division Elongation Pushes root through soil Differentiation Root hairs and secondary roots Root hairs Absorb water and nutrients
Roots
Modified Roots Swollen root Prop roots Radicle
Reproductive Organs Flowers Fruits Flower buds Seeds Sexual Reproduction
Parts of a Flower Sepal Petal Usually green; protect the flower when it is in bud Attract pollinators Pistil Stigma Pollen falls and develops Style Stalklike part between the stigma and ovary Ovary Enlarged part of the Pistil that containing ovules Stamen Anther The part of the stamen that contains the pollen Filament Stalk of the stamen
Parts of a Flower -Pistil Stigma Style -Stamen Anther Filament
How about flowers... My squash is putting out a lot of flowers, but I am not getting any fruit
How about flowers...
How about flowers... Not all flowers have aeboth male and female parts Some plants may contain only male or female flowers We will discuss this more in following classes
Composite Flowers
Inflorescence (Flower) Types
Plant Identification Key
Questions?