Biology Cumulative Final Exam Review Sheet The following chapters will be covered: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 & Dissection Format: *Part I: 100 questions: multiple choice, matching & true or false. *Part II: could include diagrams of microscope, cells, DNA/RNA, mitosis, meiosis, dissection, and about 10 short answer questions. Topics will vary from specific questions to those that are opinions. Below are objectives from each chapter/unit as well as a comprehensive list of terms. The Science of Biology 1. Explain what the goal of science is. 2. Explain what a hypothesis is. 3. Describe how scientists test hypotheses. 4. Explain how a scientific theory develops. 5. Describe some characteristics of living things. 6. Explain how life can be studied at different levels. 7. Describe the measurement system most scientists use. 8. Explain how light microscopes and electron microscopes are similar and different. 9. Describe two common laboratory techniques. 10. Explain why it is important to work safely in biology. Chemistry of Life 1. Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms 2. Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different. 3. Explain what chemical compounds are. 4. Describe the two main types of chemical bonds. 5. Explain why water molecules are polar. 6. Differentiate between solutions and suspensions. 7. Explain what acidic and basic solutions are. 8. Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds. 9. Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds in compounds. 10. Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur. 11. Explain why enzymes are important to living things. Cell Structure and Function 1. Explain what the cell theory is. 2. Describe how researchers explore the living cell. 3. Distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 4. Describe the function of the cell nucleus. 5. Describe the function of major cell organelles. 6. Identify the main roles of the cytoskeleton. 7. Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall. 8. Describe what happens during diffusion. 9. Explain the process of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. 10. Describe cell specialization. 11. Identify the organization levels in multi-cellular organisms
Photosynthesis 1. Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food. 2. Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities. 3. Explain what the experiments of van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow. 4. State the overall equation for photosynthesis. 5. Describe the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis. 6. Describe the structure and function of a chloroplast. 7. Describe what happens in the light-dependent reactions. 8. Explain what the Calvin cycle is. 9. Identify factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. Cellular Respiration 1. Explain what cellular respiration is. 2. Describe what happens during the process of glycolysis. 3. Name the two main types of fermentation. 4. Describe what happens during the Krebs cycle. 5. Explain how high-energy electrons are used by the electron transport chain. 6. Identify three pathways the body uses to release energy during exercise. 7. Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration. DNA and RNA 1. Summarize the relationship between genes and DNA. 2. Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule. 3. Summarize the events of DNA replication. 4. Relate the DNA molecule to chromosome structure. 5. Tell how RNA differs from DNA. 6. Name the three main types of RNA. 7. Describe transcription and the editing of RNA. 8. Identify the genetic code. 9. Summarize translation. 10. Explain the relationship between genes and proteins. 11. Contrast gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. 12. Describe a typical gene. 13. Explain how most Eukaryotic genes are controlled. 14. Relate gene regulation to development. Cell Growth, Division & Meiosis 1. Explain the problems that growth causes for cells. 2. Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell growth. 3. Name the main events of the cell cycle. 4. Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis. 5. Identify a factor that can stop cells from growing. 6. Describe how the cell cycle is regulated. 7. Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells. 8. Contrast the chromosome number of body cells and gametes. 9. Summarize the events of meiosis. 10. Contrast meiosis and mitosis.
Classification 1. Explain how living things are organized for study. 2. Describe binomial nomenclature. 3. Explain Linnaeus s system of classification. 4. Explain how evolutionary relationships are important in classification. 5. Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis. 6. Explain how we can compare very dissimilar organisms. 7. Name the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified. 8. Describe the three domain system of classification. Introduction to Genetics 1. Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas. 2. Summarize Mendel s conclusion about inheritance. 3. Explain the principle of dominance. 4. Describe what happens during segregation. 5. Describe how genetics use Punnett squares. 6. Explain the principle of independent assortment. 7. Describe other inheritance patterns. 8. Explain how Mendel s principles apply to organisms. 9. Identify the structures that actually assort independently. 10. Explain how gene maps are produced. Genetic Engineering 1. Explain the purpose of selective breeding. 2. Describe two techniques used in selective breeding. 3. Tell why breeders try to induce mutations. 4. Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. 5. Summarize what happens during transformation. 6. Explain how you can tell if a transformation experiment has been successful. 7. Describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans. 8. Summarize the main steps in cloning. The Human Genome 1. Identify the types of human chromosomes in a karyotype. 2. Explain how sex is determined. 3. Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits. 4. Describe examples of inheritance of human traits. 5. Explain how small changes in DNA cause genetic disorders. 6. Identify characteristics of human chromosomes. 7. Describe some sex-linked disorders and explain why they are more common in males than in females. 8. Explain the process of X-chromosome inactivation. 9. Summarize non-disjunction and the problems it causes. 10. Summarize methods of human DNA analysis. 11. State the goal of the Human Genome Project. 12. Describe how researchers are attempting to cure genetic disorders. Darwin s Theory of Evolution 1. Describe the pattern Darwin observed among organisms of the Galapagos Islands. 2. State how Hutton and Lyell described geological change. 3. Identify how Lamarck thought species evolved.
4. Describe Malthus theory of population growth. 5. List events leading to Darwin s publication of On the Origin of Species. 6. Describe how natural variation is used in artificial selection. 7. Explain how natural selection is related to species fitness. 8. Identify evidence Darwin used to present his case for evolution. 9. State Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection. Evolution of Population 1. Explain what a gene pool is. 2. Identify the main sources of inheritable variation in a population. 3. State what determines how a phenotype is expressed. 4. Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits. 5. Describe genetic drift. 6. List the five conditions needed to maintain genetic equilibrium. 7. Identify the condition necessary for a new species to evolve. 8. Describe the process of speciation in the Galapagos finches. The Biosphere 1. Identify the levels of organization that ecologists study. 2. Describe the methods used to study ecology. 3. Identify the source of energy for life processes. 4. Trace the flow of energy through living systems. 5. Evaluate the efficiency of energy transfer among organisms in an ecosystem. 6. Describe how matter cycles among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. 7. Explain why nutrients are important in living systems. 8. Describe how the availability of nutrients affects the productivity of ecosystems. Ecosystems and Communities 1. Identify the causes of climate. 2. Explain how Earth s temperature range is maintained. 3. Identify Earth s three main climate zones. 4. Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem. 5. Identify the interactions that occur within communities. 6. Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance. 7. Explain what microclimates are. 8. Identify the characters of major land biomes. 9. Identify the factors that govern aquatic ecosystems. 10. Identify the two types of freshwater ecosystems. 11. Describe the characteristics of the marine zones.
Populations 1. List the characteristics used to describe a population 2. Identify factors that affect population size. 3. Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth. 4. Identify factors that limit population growth. 5. Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. Vocabulary 1. Abiotic factor 2. Acid 3. Activation Energy 4. Adaptation 5. Adaptive radiation 6. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 7. Adhesion 8. Aerobic 9. Allele 10. Amino Acid 11. Anaerobic 12. Anaphase 13. Anticodon 14. Artificial selection 15. Asexual Reproduction 16. Atom 17. ATP Synthesis 18. Autosome 19. Autotroph 20. Bacteriophage 21. Base 22. Base pairing 23. Behavioral isolation 24. Binomial nomenclature 25. Biology 26. Biomass 27. Biome 28. Biosphere 29. Biotic factor 30. Buffer 31. Calorie 32. Calvin cycle 33. Cancer 34. Carbohydrate 35. Carolus Linneaus 36. Carrying capacity 37. Catalyst 38. Cell 39. Cell Culture 40. Cell cycle 41. Cell Division 43. Cellular Respiration 44. Centriole 45. Centromere 46. Chemical Reaction 47. Chlorophyll 48. Chromatid 49. Chromatin 50. Chromosome mutation 51. Class 52. Climate 53. Clone
54. Co evolution 55. Codominance 56. Codon 57. Cohesion 58. Commensalism 59. Common descent 60. Community 61. Compound 62. Compound Light Microscope 63. Controlled Experiment 64. Convergent evolution 65. Covalent Bond 66. Cross pollination 67. Crossing-over 68. Cyclin 69. Cytokinesis 70. cytology 71. Data 72. Density-dependent limiting factor 73. Density-independent limiting factor 74. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 76. Differentiation 77. Dihybrid cross 78. Diploid 79. Directional selection 80. Disruptive selection 81. Division 82. DNA Fingerprinting 83. DNA polymerase 84. Domain 85. Dominant 86. Dorsal 87. Ecological pyramid 88. Ecological succession 89. Ecology 90. Ecosystem 91. Electron 92. Electron Microscope 93. Electron transport chain 94. Element 95. Embryology 96. Emigration 97. Enzyme 98. Eukaryotic 99. Evolution 100. Exon 101. Exponential growth 102. Extinct 103. Family 104. Fermentation 105. Fertilization 106. Fitness 107. Food chain 108. Food web 109. Fossil 110. Fossil record 111. Founder effect 112. Frameshift Mutation 113. Gamete 114. Gel Electrophoresis
115. Gene 116. Gene Map 117. Gene mutation 118. Gene pool 119. Genetic drift 120. Genetic Engineering 121. Genetic Equilibrium 122. Genetic Marker 123. Genetics 124. Genome 125. Genotype 126. Genus 127. Geographic isolation 128. Geological time scale 129. Global warming 130. Glycolysis 131. Gradualism 132. Greenhouse effect 133. Habitat 134. Half-life 135. Hardy-Weinberg principle 136. Heredity 137. Heterotroph 138. Heterozygous 139. Hierarchy 140. Histone 141. Homeostasis 142. Homologous 143. Homologous structure 144. Homozygous 145. Hox Gene 146. Hybrid 147. Hybridization 148. Hypothesis 149. Immigration 150. Inbreeding 151. Incomplete Dominance 152. Independent Assortment 155. Interphase 156. Intron 157. Ion 158. Ionic Bond 159. Isotope 160. Karyotype 161. Kingdom 162. Krebs cycle 163. Light-Dependent Reactions 164. Limiting factor 165. Lipid 166. Logistic growth 167. Macroevolution 168. Manipulated Experiment 170. Meiosis 171. Mendel 172. Messenger RNA 173. Metabolism 174. Metaphase 175. Metric System 176. Microscope 177. Mitosis
178. Mixture 179. Molecule 180. Monohybrid cross 181. Monomer 182. Monosaccharide 183. Motile 184. Multicellular 185. Multiple Alleles 186. Mutation 187. Mutualism 188. NAD/H 189. NADP/H 190. Natural selection 191. Niche 192. Non-disjunction 193. Nucleic Acid 194. Nucleotide 195. Nucleus 196. Observation 197. Operator 198. Operon 199. Order 200. Ozone layer 201. Parasite 202. Parasitism 203. Pathogenic 204. Pedigree 205. ph Scale 206. Phenotype 207. Photosynthesis 208. Photosystem 209. Phylogeny 210. Phylum 211. Pigment 212. Pioneer species 213. Plasmid 214. Point Mutation 215. Polygenic 216. Polygenic traits 217. Polymer 218. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 219. Polyploidy 220. Polysaccharide 221. Population 222. Population density 223. Predation 224. Predator-prey relationship 225. Primary succession 226. Probability 227. Product 228. Prokaryotic 229. Promoter 230. Prophase 231. Protein 232. Punctuated equilibrium 233. Punnett square 234. Radioactive dating 235. Reactant 236. Recessive 237. Recombinant DNA
238. Relative dating 239. Replication 240. Reproductive isolation 241. Responding Variable 242. Restriction Enzyme 243. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 244. Ribosomal RNA 245. RNA Polymerase 246. Secondary succession 247. Segregation 248. Selective Breeding 249. Self pollination 250. Sessile 251. Sex Chromosome 252. Sex-linked Gene 253. Sexual Reproduction 254. Solute 255. Solution 256. Solvent 257. Speciation 258. Species 259. Spindle 260. Stabilizing selection 261. Stimulus 262. Stroma 264. Substrate 265. Survival of the fittest 266. Suspension 267. Symbiosis 268. Symmetry 269. Taxon 270. Taxonomic key 271. Taxonomy 272. Telophase 273. Temporal isolation 274. Tetrad 275. Theory 276. Thylakoid 277. Trait 278. Transcription 279. Transfer RNA 280. Transformation 281. Transgenic 282. Translation 283. Trophic level 284. True-Breeding 285. Unicellular 286. Van Der Waals Forces 287. Vascular 288. Ventral 289. Vestigial organ 290. Weather