Name: DAY OF MY TEST: Block: Earth Science SOL Study Guide due DAY of SOL (test grade) Introductory Science: What s the difference between the independent and dependent variable? What is the control in an experiment? Why is repeating trials so important in experiments? What is the formula for density? Describe how water displacement works in finding the volume of something NOT square: What is the volume of the rock to the right? ml If the mass of the rock is 20 grams, then what is the density of the rock? Define the 3 types of heat transfer below and give an example we learned this year: Radiation Conduction Convection Maps (make sure you study your notes on this!) Identify the three types of map projections: 1
What is the difference between latitude and longitude? (draw what each looks like) How do you correctly write a coordinate? (, ) Define the following terms: Topographic Map: Sea Level: Contour Line: Contour Interval: Profile: Draw what each looks like on a topographic map: Hill Valley Depression When contour lines are close together, that means the land is When contour lines are far apart, that means that the land is In order to know what direction streams go, what do you look for? Space and Astronomy: Define the following: Universe: Galaxy: 2
Solar System: Gravity: Describe what the solar nebular theory tells us about how planets and stars formed: Describe what the Big Bang tells us about the beginning of the Universe: In the space below, draw and label/color the life cycle of each type of star: Small / Medium Star (Make sure you know how to read an HR diagram) Massive Star What is the main sequence on the HR diagram? Label the following types of galaxies: How do astronomers measure distance in space? 3
What is the difference between apparent and absolute magnitude? What is the difference between comets, meteors and meteorites? What is the order of the 8 planets from the Sun? (make sure you study the facts about each) Planets are split up into 2 types what are they? 1. and 2. What planets belong to this category? What planets belong to this category? What gases are stars made up of? What process do stars go through to create energy? What is the difference between revolution and rotation? Which one causes the seasons? Which one causes day and night? In the space below, draw the Earth is revolving around the Sun use the labels below in your drawing: Sun Summer solstice Winter solstice Spring Equinox Autumn Equinox Axis 4
How long does it take the Earth to complete one revolution? How long does it take the Earth to complete on rotation? What is the difference between a solstice and an equinox? In the table below, draw each phase of the moon: New Moon Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous 3 rd Quarter Waning Crescent What does waxing mean? Do you see the right or left side? What does waning mean? Do you see the right or left side? In the space below, draw and label a solar eclipse use the terms below: Sun Moon Earth Penumbra Umbra In the space below, draw and label a lunar eclipse use the same terms seen above: 5
When you are in the umbra, do you see a full or partial eclipse? When you are in the penumbra, do you see a full or partial eclipse? What force helps our tides happen? From where? What else affects our tides? In the space below, draw what position the Sun, Earth and Moon are in for a neap tide label the moon phases: Are tides stronger or weaker? In the space below, draw the position the Sun, Moon and Earth are in for a spring tide label the moon phases: Are tides stronger or weaker? What was the first satellite launched into space? By who? What NASA mission was the first to land on the moon? What famous telescope has helped us learn more about our Universe? What reusable object were we using to get back and forth to space? Earth s Atmosphere and Weather: What organisms created all the oxygen we have in our atmosphere today? What is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere today? The second? In the space below, draw the layer of the atmosphere, starting with the Earth at the bottom: Exosphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Troposphere Ozone 6
What type of heat transfer is responsible for creating wind? What is the difference between land and sea breezes? What is the Coriolis effect and what does it cause? On the globe below, draw and label the global winds: What instrument helps measure wind speed? What instrument helps measure wind direction? Define the following: Humidity: Dew Point: Psychrometer: Cloud: Air Mass: 7
Barometer: Draw and Identify the 4 types of fronts: What kind of weather will you see with a high pressure system? What kind of weather will you see with a low pressure system? What kind of weather will you see when a cold front moves in? What kind of weather will you see when a warm front moves in? Label the following on the map to the left: Warm Front Cold front Isobars High Pressure Low Pressure What is the difference between weather and climate? What 4 factors affect climate? 8
Geology: What are the 4 main properties of minerals? All minerals are made up of Hardness is measured using ( a chart) Luster comes in 2 categories: and What is the difference between cleavage and fracture? What mineral has a very gross smell? What mineral is very soft and you can write with it? What mineral is often referred to as fool s gold? What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? What does the rock cycle show? Use your notes to complete the following sentences so that they make sense: 1. Igneous rocks can be either or. Intrusive igneous rocks have crystals because they have more time inside the earth to form these crystals. An example of an intrusive igneous rock is. Extrusive igneous rocks have crystals because they cool very. 3 examples of extrusive igneous rocks are, and. 9
2. Sedimentary rocks can be either or. Clastic sedimentary rocks have bits and pieces of other rocks in them that we can sometimes see. 3 examples of clastic sedimentary rocks are,, and. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks are chemically made and don t have bits and pieces of rocks in them. 3 examples of non-clastic rocks are,, and. 3. Metamorphic rocks are formed by and. They can be either or. Foliated metamorphic rocks have lines or bands in them 3 examples of foliated metamorphic rocks are,, or. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks have no bands or lines 2 examples of non-foliated rocks are and. Natural Resources What are 3 examples of nonrenewable resources? What are some examples of renewable resources? What types of renewable resources have the least environmental impact? Why are some renewable resources unreliable? What type of nonrenewable resource is most commonly found in Virginia? Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift What are the 3 differences between oceanic and continental crust? 10
What is happening to the plates at a divergent boundary? What forms along a divergent plate boundary? What is happening to the plates at a convergent boundary? When oceanic crust goes under continental crust, what is this called? What 2 things form at a convergent boundary between oceanic and continental crust? 1. 2. What type of rock forms in the subduction zone? When continental crust collides with continental crust, what forms? What is happening at a transform boundary? What crack in the Earth usually forms at a transform boundary? What do we usually feel at transform boundaries when tension builds up? What is the center of an earthquake called on the surface? What tool is used to measure earthquakes? How many seismographs do you need to find the epicenter of an earthquake? What is a volcano? What types of boundaries do we see volcanoes at? History of the Earth Describe what has happened to the continents over Earth s 4.6 billion year history: 11
What was the name of the supercontinent 225 million years ago? Who came up with the theory of continental drift? Describe 4 types of evidence used to support continental drift: What is the Law of Superposition? What is the difference between relative dating and radiometric dating? On the Geologic time scale, what is the order of divisions from largest to smallest? For each province of Virginia, list 3 important facts about that province: Coastal Plain: Piedmont: Blue Ridge: Valley and Ridge: Appalachian Plateau 12
What is karst topography? Draw a label the 3 horizons of soil be sure to draw what is found in each layer (or at least label): What is the difference between permeable and impermeable rock? Draw and label the following zones for underground water: Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation Water Table Aquifer Well What is the largest watershed in VA? What divides 1 watershed from another? What is the difference between weathering and erosion? What are some factors that cause weathering? What are 2 examples of chemical weathering? 13
What is deposition? How do sediments settle out when a stream empties into an ocean? What forms? Why are upwellings important? What is salinity? How does the ocean affect the climate near it? What human activities are causing global warming? What would happen to the land if the ice caps melted? What would happen to the salinity of the water? How do currents happen in the ocean? Draw and label the features of the ocean floor (there are 5) 14