WELCOME To GEOG 350 / 550 Introduction to Geographic Information Science: Third Lecture 1
Lecture 3: Overview Geographic Information Systems (GIS) A brief history of GIS Sources of information for GIS GIS resources Data Research Journals, conferences, professional organizations, web links Spatial is special GIS and spatial representation (chapter 1 & 3) GIS applications (chapter 2) 2
Geographic Information System An organized collection of Hardware Software Network Data People Procedures 3
GIS in Context: Different uses will be located at different points in this triangle. Take the applications in chapter 2 and locate them in this triangular space
A Brief History of GIS GIS s origins lie in thematic cartography Many planners used the method of map overlay using manual techniques Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook Ian McHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for site selection in Design with Nature 5
Tyrwhitt: Town & Country Planning 1950 Manual map overlay techniques
Ian McHarg: Design with Nature 1969 Spatially Integrated Social Science Classics (UCSB) Popularized transparent overlays still manual on light table Design with Nature A great book, still worth reading 7
A Brief History of GIS (cont.) Computer cartography developed the first basic GIS concepts during the late 950s and 1960s The 1960s saw many new forms of geographic data and mapping software. E.g. Harvard University Graphics Lab - SYMAP Linked (manually) software programs, rather than stand-alone programs, preceded GIS Influential data sets were the World Data Bank and the GBF/DIME files (US Bureau of Census) Early systems were CGIS, MLMIS, GRID and LUNR The Harvard University ODYSSEY system was influential due to its topological arc-node (vector) data structure 8
A Brief History of GIS (cont.) The development of GIS was significantly altered by 1) the PC, 2) the workstation 3) the network LAN client server WAN - Internet During the 1980s, more advanced hardware lead to new GIS software User Interface (GUI) developments led to GIS's vastly improved ease of use during the 1990s During 1990 2000 Rapid advances in storage and processing power multidimensional representation, visualization 9
Brief History of GIS (Summary) 1960 70s Innovation First GIS Canada Land Inventory GBF / DIME US Bureau of Census (Geographic Base File, Dual Independent Map Encoding) Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics Major vendors started (e.g. ESRI, Intergraph) Landsat satellite launched Key academic conferences (e.g. AutoCarto) 10
Brief History of GIS (Summary) 1980s Commercialization Commercial GIS software (e.g. ArcInfo) First GIS textbooks First global data sets Clinton Executive Order 2000s Exploitation Internet becomes major deliver vehicle More than 1 million active users The History of GIS Project Foresman, Timothy W. (ed.). 1998. The History of Geographic Information Systems, Perspectives from the Pioneers, Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science, Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 11
Sources of Information for GIS The amount of information available for and about GIS can be overwhelming Sources of GIS information include journals and magazines, books, professional societies, the World Wide Web, and conferences GIS has Web Home pages, network conference groups, professional organizations, and user groups Most colleges and universities now offer GIS classes in geography departments 12
The First Internet Mapping Site 13
The Geography Network GIS Data
Major GIS-Only Journals International Journal of Geographical Information Systems Geographical Systems Transactions in GIS Geospatial solutions Geoworld 15
Specialty Journals GIS Law GrassClippings GIS Asia/Pacific GIS World Report/CANADA GIS Europe Mapping Awareness 16
Regular GIS Papers Annals of the Association of American Geographers Cartographica Cartography and GIS Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems Computers and Geosciences IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 17
Occasional GIS papers Cartographic Perspectives Journal of Cartography Geocarto International IEEE Geosciences International Journal of Remote Sensing Landscape Ecology Remote Sensing Review Mapping Science and Remote Sensing Infoworld 18
Popular Distribution Magazines Geospatial solutions GIS Law Geoworld GPS World Mapping awareness/mapping awareness and GIS in Europe/Asia/Africa 19
GIS Resources: Conferences http://wvgis.wvu.edu/conference2004/
Proceedings of Conferences AUTOCARTO International Symposium on Automated Cartography Geographic Information Science. International conference - 4 th in 2006 Proceedings of International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, IGU Commission on GIS. GIS / LIS (Retired 1998) International Advanced Study Symposium on Topological Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems SSD Advances in spatial databases 21
Professional Organizations AM/FM International Automated Mapping and Facilities Management. AAG: The Association of American Geographers. ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. ASPRS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. NACIS: North American Cartographic Information Society. URISA: Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. 22
GIS daily internet news/jobs http://www.geoplace.com http://www.giscafe.com http://www.gis.com http://www.geographynetwork.com http://www.census.gov/geo/www/faq-index.html http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/eart/abbrev.html
WWW Resources: List Servers 24
WWW Resources: USGS 25
WWW Resources: Textbook Pages Geographic Information Systems and Science http://www.wiley.co.uk/gis/home.html http://www.wiley.co.uk/gis/powerpoint.html
WWW Resources: Textbook Web Pages 27
Keith Clarke: GIS Internet Guide 28
Fundamentals of GIScience Representing reality Space, Time Geographic processes, events, features Spatial patterns and relationships Scale Cartographic Data Coordinate systems Georeferencing Attributes 29
Geographic Information Policies and decisions are set in an ever changing political, economic, and social landscape All social and economic phenomena are UNEVENLY distributed in time and space Result: a there is a growing demand for spatial information management and geographic analysis of all kinds of data 30
Fundamentals of GIS Spatial Data Geometry and Attributes Geometry Raster Grid-based, Vector point, line, area, volume Attributes Values, characteristics, non-spatial data Databases 31
SPATIAL DATA Location Attributes Position Address Coordinates Characteristics Qualities Values Measurements 32
Why Use Geographic Information Systems (GIS)? Turning raw data raw data into information, understanding and knowledge of space, place and environment Built environment / infrastructure Roads, Drainage, Utilities, Housing, Land parcels and ownership Natural world / physical landscape Land and water features Land use / land cover Modeling physical processes E.g. Runoff / flooding Human-land interaction Socio-economic conditions and indicators Incidence & prevalence of human needs and events, economic conditions
Why Use GIS - 2? Importance of the Geographic Footprint (Goodchild) - georeferencing Maps - an essential decision support tool IT and the information society demand digital maps Digital maps require GIS A complex, dynamic world Monitoring rapidly changing situations Digital map an instance, a slice of a dynamic reality Integrated imagery and multimedia
GIS responds to three fundamental questions by automating spatial data: What What is where? Why Why is it there? GIS reveals linkages unevenly distributed social, economic and environmental influences What What if...? GIS provides geographical context for alternative policy analysis 35
Representing Spatial Phenomena Objects as symbols Continuous variation: Surface Thematic Map: Choropleth Isoline map: Contours 36
Hardware Components of a GIS NETWORK DIGITIZER STORAGE PLOTTER COMPUTER PRINTER
People Software Data GIS Procedures Hardware
PEOPLE ARE CENTRAL TO GIS Presentation and Display PERCEPTION / OBSERVATION Measurement Spatial Analysis Data Models Data Retrieval DATABASE Data Structures File Structures
Census Tracts Roads Shopping Centers Mountains & Rivers Wildlife Warehouses Zip Codes Competitor Locations Service/Sales Territories Store Locations Customer Locations Why Use Maps? Because everything we manage is located somewhere:... and is somehow connected.
GIS Coordinates Multiple Map Layers Maps from different sources Different features and symbols Different scales and areal units States Counties Area Codes Census Tracts ZIP Codes Streets 41
Example Applications -Base Mapping -Facilities/Utilities Management -Logistics -Range Management -Emergency Response -Security -Training -Fire & Emergency Dispatch -Air Emissions Monitoring -Noise Abatement -Endangered Species Protection -Natural Resource Protection -Hydrology -Terrain Modeling -Siting/Visibility Analysis -Mobility Modeling -Flight Planning -Transportation Planning
Mapping Mapping is crucial for Creating and communicating plans Knowing where affected / target populations and places are located Spatial trends of prevalence Numbers of events Spread / Diffusion Clusters Identification of locations in need of intervention Regions Small areas Individuals
GIS is for: Summary Spatial Data Linking location to values Coordinates Georeferencing Attributes Data input methods Storing attributes in a database Spatial Query (ies) Spatial Relationships Spatial Analysis Creating information and knowledge Asking why, when and where? WHAT IF? 44