Environmental Monitoring Presented on behalf Lutz Moritz (TRIUMF) by Kamran Vaziri Ph.D. Radiation Physicist III Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 1
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+, QA involves all those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a facility will perform satisfactorily and safely in service.! - '!&!$ - *.'* ' '!+&, 5
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Environmental Monitoring Elements %!5 - * -! '$ %! $ -!* $ -!!*'$!! '!3'$ 8
Environmental Monitoring Planning %!!!5!. *' - '!* - * -!!$!* '$!!!$ 9
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Standards, Limits and Guidance %!2!7! +9,7! 2:;11$:917<=:5 %!2911 +9,2'' $ &91!!2 '!'.2$ 12
Standards, Limits and Guidance.!.! * * * $ ' >? ';17@9 'A+)A,$ %!' & $ 13
Environmental Monitoring Program %! $ 9/!"#$ -!! ' -!! $ B/!!' 14
Types of Sources ' 5 '!! - ' - 15
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Fermilab Example- MERL ' 3'+3,. *γ/! $?.! '$ 17
Fermilab Example- MERL 18
MERL- Neutrons Detector For neutron detection, the MERL has a DePangher long counter. For measurements of neutron spectra outside the shields use a set of Bonner spheres. 19
MERL- Muons and Charged Particles!+!,*! 3!!!!$ Muon Telescope A telemetry system relays information on beam parameters to the MERL. A 3 x 3 NaI (Tl) scintillator is used with a multichannel analyzer to detect gamma rays. 20
Supplement to MERL %!''* &+CA*D C7!D C D, '$ %!! $ γ/ '!'$ 21
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Chipmunk A stationary rad. Monitor (developed at Fermilab) TE ion chamber (n,γ,cp) Stable indoors & outdoors Used both beam-on and beam-off About 250 installed on site 23
Another Example of Real-time Site Monitoring A network of prompt radiation monitoring stations around the JLab boundary. 24
Monitoring Program 2! - - $ &!!!!! '!'/!'! $ 25
Environmental Monitoring Program %!5!. *!!!! *!!!'.'$ 26
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'$ %!' -!! -) ;1 E** - 9=0 7 -!/!$ Transient offsite sources. 28
/! Argon Ion Chamber!?23*! '$!/! $ 29
/!*! Passive: TLDs with or without Bonner Spheres Active: Long counter Snoopy or WENDI Bonner Spheres with LiI(Eu), 3 He or BF 3, detectors 30
Prompt Radiation Fields- neutrons %!''CD $!!! &!!!'' &$%!!C'D!( $ 3 '+γ B$B8,*!!!$ &!* &!! $ 31
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/! for r greater than about 20 meters: aq ( r Φ ( r) = 1 e ) e 2 4π r / µ r / λ a = 2.8 an empirical buildup factor, µ is the corresponding buildup relaxation length (56 meters) λ is the effective interaction length (meters). Φ (r) the fluence (1/m 2 ) Q is the number of neutrons emitted by the source (1/m 2 ). 35
/! Normalized Value of r 2 φ(r) r (meters) Estimate the value of λ from the neutron energy spectrum information 36
/! & r 2 φ(r) (n/10 12 p) r (meters) 37
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7 Electrical Connector Quick Removal Fasteners Stainless Steel Inlet/outlet Lead Shield GM Detector Aluminum Case 51
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/7!/ 70 60 50 Data Counts Fit 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Time (seconds) 53
Iβ/2 ) β +8, ε )+I, +>B, ) +4., 9= ) ;KB β N :$=M B=$= B9<$1 99 7 =<@ β N ;$;M 9@$: 9<K$: ;9 ;@; β / :$;M 1$0 @$; 9: 0=: β N 0$9M B$: 90$; Proton & heavy ion accelerators versus electron accelerators 54
'% Bubblers flowmeter pump 55
7'% Make sure beam conditions are stable Connect triple-bubbler to stack Set flow rate Start pull through pump Run for a set time Measure concentration of tritium Record beam parameters for the run 56
7'% Volume of air used= flow rate x time HTO activity= sum( bubbler liquid x HTO concentration) Calibration factor HTO Concentration in stack air = HTO activity / Volume of air used Notes:» May need catalyst to convert HT, T2 to HTO upstream.» Environmental issues of tritium sorption and desorption:» Beam on releases» Beam off releases 57
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DCG for / Radionuclides in Water 27I+7>, A/ G I A/= 9B$=P;:1@ B*111 B1QQ 4/0 :=$= 9*111 ;1 )/BB B$@ PK;K 91 1$; 7/;: 9@: :1 B /:; =9B :1 B 7/:0 B01 911 ; 7/:< 09$= ;1 9$@ 7/@1 :$B0 P9KB; : 1$B 7/9=0 =1 = 1$9B /9K: 9<= 911 ;?/B=< ;$;0&91 K 1$1@ B$;&91 /= 63
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The Propagation of Radionuclides Through Geological Media: Concentration Model N p = # of protons S ave = average stars/cm3 K i = Σ production ratio L i = leaching fraction ρ = soil density W i = water fraction 99% leaching t irrad = irradiation time t c = cooling time τ i = mean life time of isotope N KLS C 1 exp( t / τ) exp( t / τ) 1.17 10 6 w = p i i ave { } i irrad i c i ρ i 70
%!%!! I Fraction leached Weight of water (as a fraction of soil weight) 71
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The Propagation of Radionuclides Through Geological Media D x 2 x C 2 ν x C x λc = C t D x is 1D dispersion coefficient ν x is the seepage velocity λ is the decay constant C is the concentration 73
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%7 10-6 MuCool Tritium (10 yr Pulse) H3 Concentration Ratio(7m) H3 Concentration Ratio(7.5m) H3 Concentration Ratio(8m) H3 Concentration Ratio(8.5m) H3 Concentration Ratio 10-7 10-8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Years 76
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Acknowledgements Adapted from manuscript prepared by Lutz Moritz (TRIUMF) Helpful comments & text material received from Don Cossairt (Fermilab) Support was provided by Mr. William Griffing, Fermilab ES&H Director, who encouraged my participation 81