Ultrafast laser-plasma sources for 50-fs hard x-ray pulse generation and laser pump x-ray probe measurements of solvated transition metal complexes

Ultrafast laser-plasma sources for 50-fs hard x-ray pulse generation and laser pump x-ray probe measurements of solvated transition metal complexes ERL Workshop, Cornell University June 2006 C. Rose-Petruck Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, R.I. www.rosepetruck.chem.brown.edu

Outline Ultrafast XANES of Fe(CN) 5 4-50-fs laser-plasma x-ray sources Ultrafast x-ray sources and Cornell ERL-II experiments

Outline Ultrafast XANES of Fe(CN) 5 4-50-fs laser-plasma x-ray sources Ultrafast x-ray sources and Cornell ERL-II experiments

Multiple scattering paths of IPC-Bz at 0 Kelvin Path 8: 153% Path 7: 123% Path 1: 100% Path 6: 25% Path 23: 11% Path 31: 9% Path 20: 9% Path 33: 8% Path 27: 4% Path 35: 4% Path 28: 3% Path 5: 2%

Excited state chemistry of iron hexacyanide in water λ - 266nm Fe(CN) 4-6 Fe(CN) 3-+ e- CTTS 6 aq CTTS Fe(CN) 6 4- + hν λ - 400 nm Fe(CN) 4-6 +H 2 O 3- ( Fe(CN) 5 H 2 O) + CN - Photoaquation Excitation photon wavelength < 270 nm: Charge Transfer To Solvent Excitation photon wavelength < 400 nm: Photoaquation

NP: 10FC16PB.5 OS: 2pcs, 055-0140 Lasermetrics Ultrafast laser for laboratory-based plasma x-ray sources F=500mm Main laser beam for x-ray generation X-ray lens Overlap of laser and x-ray beams in liquid sample jet Pump laser beam Si(111) double crystal spectrometer CCD camera Nd:YVO 4 Laser pulse: 800 nm, 40 fs, 4 mj, 5 khz Average compressed power: 20W Laser intensity: ~ 10 17 W/cm 2

Ultrafast laser-driven XAFS spectrometer Honeywell CCD GC-135E24-G Si(111) double crystal spectrometer Overlap of laser and x-ray beams in liquid sample jet CCD camera X-ray lens F=500mm Pump laser beam Main laser beam for x-ray generation

X-ray emission spectrum of 2-kHz source 10 9 1 kev range 9 ph 3 10 4π s Cu 1.5 10 K 10 α 4 ph π s X-ray flux [ ph / (s 4π sr ev) ] 10 10 10 8 7 6 Fe-Kα Fe-Kβ V-Kα Cu-Kα Zn-Kα Cu-Kβ Zn-Kβ Iron K-edge 10 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 X-ray photon energy [ kev ]

Laser plasma x-radiation imaged into sample by x-ray lens Bremsstrahlung : 5x10 Cu K α : 2x10 5 5 photons s photons s 1keV

Ultrafast laser-driven XAFS spectrometer Honeywell CCD GC-135E24-G Si(111) double crystal spectrometer Overlap of laser and x-ray beams in liquid sample jet CCD camera X-ray lens F=500mm Pump Static Background Fe K β Fe K-edge Pump laser beam Main laser beam for x-ray generation

UXANES at 30 ps, 0 ps, and +40 ps after photoexcitation 1.3 1.2 +40 ps ~0 ps 1.1-30 ps 1 Normalized absorbance 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 NSLS-X11B X 8eV: Fe(CN) 6 4- Fe-K β Peak centroids: +40 ps: 7057.48 ev ~0 ps: 7057.39 ev -30 ps: 7056.95 ev 0.1 7045 7050 7055 7060 7065 7070 7075 7080 0 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170 X-ray photon energy [ev]

Radial Fe-ligand bond lengths increase of Fe(CN) 6 4-1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 +5 pm +10 pm [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4- [Fe(CN) 5 H 2 O] 3- [Fe 2 (CN) 10 ] 6- Normalized absorbance 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170 X-ray photon energy [ev]

Outline Ultrafast XANES of Fe(CN) 5 4-50-fs laser-plasma x-ray sources Ultrafast x-ray sources and Cornell ERL-II experiments

New liquid metal x-ray source

4 diameter deformable mirror for focus optimization Fused silica membrane, 200 µm thick Piezo actuators Ceramic base plate Printed circuit board 200 μm

X-ray emission spectrum of Hg-source 1.E+11 1 kev range 3 10 9 ph 4π s X-ray source flux [ ph / (s 4π sr kev) ] 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Hg-L α1,2 Hg-L β1,2 Hg-L γ 1.E+07 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 X-ray photon energy [ kev ]

Numerical modeling of laser-produced x-ray emission

X-ray absorption in Iron and Mercury Fe K-edge Absorption lengths: Fe @ 6.5 kev: 19 μm Fe @ 7.2 kev: 3.1 μm Hg @ 7.2 kev: 2.7 μm Fe Kα @ 6.5 kev

Similar x-ray yields for Fe and Hg @ 7.2 kev 100 fs laser L/λ = 0.2 Highest x-ray yield at medium laser

Temporal x-ray pulse shape from Iron and Mercury 10 17 W/cm 2 100 fs L/λ = 0.2 solid lines: generated photons dashed lines: emitted photons

50 fs x-ray pulses are possible 4 x 10 15 W/cm 2, 100 fs L/λ = 0.2 Mercury target @ 7.2 kev 50 fs FWHM

The continuum pulse can be shorter than the laser pulse 100 fs L/λ = 0.2

X-ray yield and pulsewidth for Fe and Hg target

Outline Ultrafast XANES of Fe(CN) 5 4-50-fs laser-plasma x-ray sources Ultrafast x-ray sources and Cornell ERL-II experiments

Comparison of laboratory-based hard x-ray sources X-ray flux (ph/4π sr s) 10 10 10 10 10 10 13 12 11 10 9 8 A. Rousse, et al, Phys. Rev. E, 50, 2200 (1994) D. Eder, et al, Appl. Phys. B, 70, 211 (2000) R. Tompkins, et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3113 (1998) M. Yoshida, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 2393 (1998) B. Soom, et al, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 5372 (1993) Ch. Ziener, et al, Phys. Rev. E 65, 066411 (2002) T. Guo, et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 41 (2001) Z. Jiang, et al, Phys Plasmas, 2, 1702, (1995) T. Feurer, at al, Appl. Phys. B, 72, 15, (2001) A. Egbert, et al, Appl. Phys. Let., 81, 2328 (2002) Y. Hironaka, et al, J. Appl. Phys., 74, 165 (1999) G. Korn et al, Opt. Lett. 27, 866-868 (2002) This work 250 khz, 3 μj, 160 fs, X-ray diode, Cu anode 1 khz, 30 μj, 120 fs 0.016 Hz, 13 mj, 1.3 ps, 4x10 15 W/cm 2, Al coat on Si 10 Hz, 1.5 mj, 100 fs, 3x10 16 W/cm 2, Al estgimated future flux: 2 khz, 4.25 mj, 40 fs, 3x10 18 W/cm 2, liquid Hg 2 khz, 4.25 mj, 40 fs, 10 17 W/cm 2, Brass wire 1 khz, 1.8 mj, 100 fs, 10 Hz, 200 mj, 200 fs, 10 17 W/cm 2, Cu slab 10 Hz, 60 mj, 42 fs, 10 17 W/cm 2, Cu disk 3x10 16 W/cm 2, liquid Ga 20 Hz, 80 mj, 35 fs, 10 18 W/cm 2, Cu wire 10 Hz, 60 mj, 80 fs, 5x10 17 W/cm 2, Si 10 Hz, 200 mj, 42 fs, 3x10 17 W/cm 2, 4th shot, Cu 10 Hz, 240 mj, 60 fs, 10 17 W/cm 2, Co 1st shot 10 7 0.0016 Hz, 900 mj, 300 fs, 4x10 18 W/cm 2, Ta 1 khz, 0.5 mj, 100 fs liquid jet Cu(NO) 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Laser peak power (W)

Comparison of x-ray sources X-ray absorption spectrometer with Repetition rate [khz] Pulse length [ps] Average x-ray flux [ph / s] Peak x-ray flux [ph / s ps] 12 kw rotating anode tube c.w. 6 x 10 9 6 x 10-3 APS, sector 7ID, @ 1kHz pump laser rep. rate, special-timing-mode 1 80 unfocused: 2x10 9 unfocused: 2 x 10 7 KB-focused: 5x10 7 KB-focused: 5 x 10 5 APS, sector 11ID-D, @ 1kHz pump laser rep. rate, special-timing-mode At sample 1 80 10 8 10 6 Tabletop ultrafast x-ray sources (8-15 W) 4 0.1 At detector Old Source: 10 6 New Source: 10 8 + crystal optics: 10 10 Old Source: 100 New Source: 10 4 + crystal optics: 10 6 Old Source: 10 7 New Source: 10 9 + crystal optics: 10 11 Old Source: 1000 New Source: 10 5 + crystal optics: 10 7

Prospective ERL parameters

The I 2 -reflectron B. Kohler, J.L. Krause, F. Ráksi, C. Rose-Petruck, R.M. Whitnell, K.R. Wilson, V.V. Yakovlev, Y. Yan, S. Mukamel, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 12602 (1993)

I-I distance probability distributions 250 300 optimal chirp 20 I-I distance [pm] 350 400 450 250 300 positive chirp 15 10 5 350 400 0 Ψ Ψ* 450 200 600 1000 1400 1800 time delay [fs]

Simulated diffraction pattern for Cu-K α x-ray pulses 20 optimal chirp diffraction angle [degree] 50 80 110 140 170 20 50 80 110 positive chirp 500 400 300 200 100 0 counts 140 170 200 600 1000 1400 1800 time delay [fs]

Funding National Science Foundation, Chemistry Department of Energy, BES Army Medical Res. and Material Command Argonne National Laboratory Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Research Corporation www.rosepetruck.chem.brown.edu

Nuclear motions and ultrafast x-ray diffraction off I 2 diffraction angle [degree] I-I distance [pm] 250 300 350 400 450 20 50 80 110 140 170 optimal chirp 200 600 1000 1400 1800 200 600 1000 1400 1800 time delay [fs]

8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.49 8.50 8.51 8.52 8.53 8.54 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.59 8.60 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Calculated XAFS spectrum of NiCO 4 X-ray photon energy [kev] Norm. Absorption [a.u.]

S/N calculation for EXAFS of solute at ultrafast Cornell ERL-II Liquid beam parameters Results for sample excitation Beam thickness [um] 500 # of pump photons / pulse 1.34E+11 Pumped beam width (time axis) [mm] 0.01 Transmitted pulse energy [mj] 1.78E-05 Pumped beam height (wavelength axis) [mm] 0.01 Absorbed pulse energy [mj] 8.22E-05 Pumped beam height restriction factor (for measuring a restricted wavelength range with increased pump laser fluence) [%] 100.00% Transmittance 17.78% Beam area [mm²] 0.0001 Absorbance 82.22% Solute number in "Solutes" Worksheet 4 # of absorbed pump photons 1.11E+11 Solute concentration [mol / L] 0.030 Pumped beam volume [mm^3] 0.00005 Solute name Ni(CO)4 Concentration of exited molecules [mol / L] 3.67E-03 Molar absorption coefficient [L / (mol cm)] 500 Concentration of unexcited molecules [mol / L] 2.63E-02 Pump wavelength [nm] 267 Excitation fraction [%] 12.23% Pump pulse energy [mj] 1.E-04 Pump repetition rate [khz] 1000 Average laser power [W] 100 Pump pulse fluence [mj / cm²] 100.0 Pump pulselength [fs] 100 Pump pulse intensity [W / cm²] 1.0E+12 Solvent parameters Results for transmission detection X-ray transmission by solvent [%] 45.8% X-ray transmission by solvent [%] 45.83% Solute parameters X-ray absorbance by excited molecules [%] 0.35% X-ray absorbance by unexcited molecules [%] 2.50% Edge type Ni-K Total x-ray absorbance due to solute molecules [%] 2.85% Post-edge x-ray mass absorption coefficient [cm² / g] 328.6 Total x-ray transmittance due to solute molecules [%] 97.15% Pre-edge x-ray mass absorption coefficient [cm² / g] 44.24 Transmission modulation due to exited molecules 0.35% Molar mass of x-ray absorbing solute atom [g / mol] 58.693 Total x-ray transmittance due to solute and solvent [%] 44.52% EXAFS modulation depth [%] 5.00% Required accuracy of measurement 8.72E-06 Accuracy of measurement for excited solutes [%] 5.00% Min. S/N of x-ray measurement 114663.90 X-ray fluorescence efficiency [%] 30.00% Min. required # of x-ray ph. on sample / wave-time step 5.91E+10 Min. required # of x-ray ph. on sample / (all times full spectral range) 5.91E+15 X-ray spectrometer parameters Total data acquisition time (all times 1000eV) [s] 16846.479 Detection efficiency for transmission detection [%] 50.00% Total data acquisition time (all times 1000eV) [min] 280.77 Detection efficiency for fluorescence detection [%] 10.00% Number of wave-channels measured simultaneously for full spectral range 1 # of x-ray photons on sample [1 / ev s] 7.65E+11 Number of time-channels measured simultaneously 1 Desired spectral resolution (i.e. wave step) [ev] 1 Total data acquisition time [h : m : s] 4:40:46 Numer of desired time-steps 100 Spectral range over which the measurements are done [ev] 1000

Acknowledgments: Dr. Christian Reich Dr. Chris Laperle Dr. Taewoo Lee Dr. Yan Jiang Xiaodi Li Brian Ahr Joshua Lessing Emma Welch Margaret Grant Frank Benesch Dr. Claude Bailat Dr. Guohua Cao Prof. Gerald Diebold Theron Hamilton Dr. Philip Wintermeyer, M.D., Dr. Stephan Gehring, M.D., Liver Research Center, Brown Medical School Prof. Jack R. Wands, M.D., Liver Research Center, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital