1 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Dr Burns NVC Outline Introduction Class organization, exams, grading Levels of Organization Energy Characteristics of life. Evolution How do we organize the biological world How do we study biology? What is the scientific method, how do we set up an experiment. Copyright 2014 Pearson 2009 Education, Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. Course Overview The Path to Success Biol 120 is a general biology class for science majors This class will focus on the cellular and molecular aspects of biology After this class you will take Zoology and/or Botany. The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry 120. You will need a good understanding of basic chemistry including metric system, molarity, atoms, and bonding Lecture attendance is critical for success in this course, most of the material that you are required to master is given in lecture. Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned chapter before lecture. Do the homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website. Review material after each class, focus on the important concepts. Make study notes. Study daily, don t cram for exams. Come to office hours Exams There are four lecture exams and one final exam. The final will be comprehensive There will be two lab practical exams. There may be pop quizzes given in class and lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of time. They are given at the start or end of class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop quizzes (Come to class/lab on time) There will be homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website Exams will cover: The lectures and reading Early Exams If you need to take the exam early, contact me as soon as possible. Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases. 1
Late Exams If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me before the exam. If you have a documented medical excuse, you may make up the exam. But you must contact me before the scheduled exam. If you don t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam. There will be no make up exams for the final, you will receive zero points if you miss the final. There are no make ups for the lab practicals Exams If you miss an exam and don t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam. You may leave a message for me on my phone, or the biology dept phone number or email me. All make-up exams are given during the last week of lecture (the week before finals). Cheating Cheating will not be tolerated If you cheat you will receive a zero for the exam and your name will be given to the VP of student services. A second incident will result in a zero in course. During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes, jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the class. If you have notes or a cell phone with you at your desk during an exam you will receive a zero for the exam. Cheating If you copy answers from another student you will be given a zero for the exam/homework. Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy information from the internet, books, friends, etc and use it as your own work in a report, you will receive zero points. If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP of Student Services. Course Points Lab Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total) Final Exam = 200 pts Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total) Quizzes = 5-10 points each Lab Participation= 28 points Homework = 5-20 Mastering Biology = 50 points In general the course will be graded on a straight 90, 80, 70, 60% There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory, covering the material in laboratory. Read the lab assignment prior to the lab. 2
Lab How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there? Occasionally laboratory time may be used to cover material that will be covered in the lecture exam. I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab period therefore to get the points for the lab you need to be present at the beginning and the end of each lab 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four Is the final comprehensive? Can you take an exam early? 1. Yes 2. No 1. Yes 2. No 3. Possibly, if you contact me early, and have permission 33% 33% 33% Yes No Possibly, if you contact me... Can you take an exam late? Can you make up missed quizzes 1. Sure no problem 1. Yes 2. No possible way 33% 33% 33% 2. No 33% 33% 33% 3. Yes, if you contact me before the scheduled exam, and have a documented medical excuse 3. Yes, with a medical excuse Sure no problem No possible way Yes, if you contact m... Yes No Yes, with a medical... 3
Figure 1.4 The biosphere Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Tissues Molecules and Atoms Atoms Communities Organelles Cells Molecules Chlorophyll molecule Populations Organisms Atoms Molecules Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together, atoms are the smallest unit of an element. Organelles Cell Chloroplast 1 m Organelles Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment in cells for specialized functions The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled organism Tissues Organs Tissues are organized collections of cells that function together in a specialized function Organs are a combination of tissues that function together for a particular function. 4
Multi-celled Organism Population Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of interdependent cells typically organized in tissues, organs, and organ 2014 Pearson system Education, Inc. A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living together in the same area Communities Ecosystem Communities are populations of all species living together in the same area An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts. Biosphere All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline Park describes a/an: 1. Ecosystem 2. Biosphere 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 3. Community 4. Population Biosphere: All regions of the Earth s crust, water, and atmosphere with all the living species. 1 2 3 4 5 5
Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter The input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible Figure 1.9 ENERGY FLOW Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants. When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat Light energy Chemical energy Heat As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat Plants take up chemicals from the soil and air. Chemicals Decomposers return chemicals to the soil. Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment Every organism interacts with its environment, including nonliving factors and other organisms Figure 1.5 Leaves absorb light energy from the sun. Sunlight CO 2 Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. Both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them O 2 For example, a tree takes up water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air Leaves fall to the ground and are decomposed by organisms that return minerals to the soil. Cycling of chemical nutrients Water and minerals in the soil are taken up by the tree through its roots. Animals eat leaves and fruit from the tree. Figure 1.6 Structure and Function Are Correlated at All Levels of Biological Organization: Form Fits Function. Sunlight Producers absorb light energy and transform it into chemical energy. Chemical energy Chemical energy in food is transferred from plants to consumers. (a) Energy flow from sunlight to producers to consumers An animal s muscle cells convert chemical energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. (b) Using energy to do work Heat When energy is used to do work, some energy is converted to thermal energy, which is lost as heat. A plant s cells use chemical energy to do work such as growing new leaves. Structure and function of living organisms are closely related For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the capture of light by chloroplasts For example, the structure of a bird s wing is adapted to flight 2011 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. 6
Figure 1.7 Is it alive? Sounds like an easy question to answer. (a) Wings (b) Wing bones Usually we can look at something and know if it alive. Is it alive? Looking closer you see signs of life But sometimes it is not as easy to tell Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 1. Contain biological molecules including: Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 2. Cellular Cells are the smallest unit of life Some organisms are composed of only one cells (unicellular) Other organisms are composed of many cells (multicellular) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cell Is an Organism s Basic Unit of Structure and Function Cells The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life All cells Are enclosed by a membrane Use DNA as their genetic information A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles 2011 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Eukaryotic cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus (membraneenclosed) Membraneenclosed organelles Prokaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane DNA (throughout nucleus) 1 m Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 3. Reproduce Simple one celled animals may reproduce asexually by dividing in half producing two identical cells More complex multi-celled organisms may reproduce sexually, when genetic material is combined to produce a unique individual organism 8
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a living organism Energy is taken in and used to perform work Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 5. Growth and Development 6. Respond to environment Through metabolism, organisms obtain energy from nutrients and use this energy to grow and development Living organisms detect stimuli and respond to it. This can include movement Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems 7. Maintain Homeostasis Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to self-regulate Homeostasis is the relatively constant and selfcorrecting internal environment of living organisms Negative feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced Positive feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced 9
Animation: Negative Feedback Animation: Positive Feedback Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 8. Populations of living organisms evolve and have adaptive traits Adaptive traits are those traits that help you survive and reproduce Which of the following is not necessarily a characteristic of life? 1. respond to environmental changes 25% 25% 25% 25% 2. metabolism 3. multicellular 4. reproduction Members of the population that have adaptive traits survive better than members that lack those traits respond to environmental c... metabolism multicellular reproduction What is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life? Classifying the Diversity of Life 1. organelle 2. cell 3. tissue 4. organ system 5. organism 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million 1. organelle 2. cell 3. tissue 4. organ system 5. organism 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 10
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms Taxonomy Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest units of classification 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. Three Domains (a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea Three domains: Bacteria (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus) Archaea prokaryotic (no nucleus) Eukarya Eukaryotic, have a nucleus (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 m Kingdom Plantae Protists Kingdom Fungi Figure 1.15a Figure 1.15b (a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea 11
Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya: Protist most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold Plantae multicellular, produce their own food using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 m Fungi do not photosynthesize, absorb nutrients through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell walls Animalia multicellular, ingest other organisms for food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Protists Ursus americanus (American black bear) Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Binomial system Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Binomial system of nomenclature Names and classifies organisms Basic unit is a species Closely related species are grouped together in a genus (plural = genera) Each species assigned a two-part name: Name = genus and species (in italics) Eukarya Example Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology Gray wolf = Canis lupus (C. lupus) Red wolf = Canis rufus (C. rufus) Coyote = Canis latrans (C. latrans) All of these are members of the Canis genus Organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity in living organisms Similar traits among organisms are explained by descent from common ancestors Differences among organisms are explained by the accumulation of heritable changes 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 12
Unity in the Diversity of Life A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example 15 m 5 m DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms Unity is evident in many features of cell structure Cilia of Paramecium 0.1 m Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Cilia of windpipe cells 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection Figure 1.16 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Darwin made two main points Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors Natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification Darwin s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity Darwin s Observations Population Dynamics 1. There is variation between individuals in a species 2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive Malthus proposed that populations increase geometrically but human food supplies increase arithmetically. 3. Organisms compete for resources, those with adaptive traits are better able to survive 13
POPULATION FOOD SUPPLY 1 Population with 2 Elimination of 3 Reproduction of 4 Increasing varied inherited traits individuals with certain traits survivors frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success Natural Selection Evolution In other words, the environment selects for the propagation of beneficial traits Darwin called this process natural selection Evolution is a genetically based change in a population over successive generations Natural Selection Fig. 1.6 Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or more descendent species For example, the finch species of the Galápagos Islands are descended from a common ancestor Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their descendants 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 14
COMMON ANCESTOR Warbler finches Tree finches Ground finches Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Seed-eaters Seed-eater Bud-eater Cactus-flowereaters Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Evolution Population = A group of individuals of the same species, living together in the same area A species is one kind of similar organisms whose members can interbreed with each other, and are reproductively isolated from other groups. Populations can evolve (change over time) and adapt to its environment Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Evolution The Tree of Life There are differences between organisms in a population Adaptations = characteristics that give an organism an advantage increasing its chance to survive and reproduce. Unity in diversity arises from descent with modification For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and horse and the whale flipper all share a common skeletal architecture Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. Evidence for Evolution Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection Fossil Record Age of the Earth 4.5 billion years old Life on Earth 3.5 billion years old Fossils and other evidence document the evolution of life on Earth over billions of years Genetics Comparative anatomy Molecular evidence DNA, proteins 2014 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 15
Important concepts Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2 Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture What are the characteristics of living organisms Know the definition of evolution and natural selection, the observations Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence for evolution Understand taxonomic classification (domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system. Characteristics of the domains and kingdom Important concepts Know the definition of evolution and natural selection, the observations and inferences Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence for evolution Understand taxonomic classification (domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system. Characteristics of the domains and kingdoms 16