MSIP TEAM KAPPA
SCIENCE QUESTION How can crater diameter and rampart diameter ratios of rampart craters be used to find different amounts of ice present in the Northern and Southern parts of Mars?
HYPOTHESES Main: Rampart Crater ratios will be larger in the Northern part of Mars. Alternate: Rampart Crater ratios will not change in the Northern and Southern areas of Mars.
QUESTION IMPORTANCE It is important to find ice if the idea of humans on Mars would ever become a possibility.
DEFINITIONS Rampart crater- A specific type of Martian impact crater which are accompanied by distinctive fluidized ejecta features, have evidence of ice or liquid water beneath the surface. Chryse - A smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region, located at 320, 28. Solis Lacus Albedo- A dark feature know as "The Eye of Mars located at 270, -27 Alba Mons- A volcano in the Northern region located at 250, 40 Utopia - A large impact basin on Mars located at 118, 49 Malea Patera- Located Southwest of Hellas at 312, 63 Pityusa Rupes- Located Southwest of Hellas at 64, 29 Acidalia - A plain located between the Tharsis volcanic province and Arabia Terra to the north of Valles Marineris, centered at 46, 42 CTX image- A picture from the context camera found on the space craft named The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Themis image- A picture from the Themis camera found on the space craft named The Odyssey.
Black arrow: Crater Red arrow: Rampart CONTROL IMAGES Chryse Themis Camera V14056013 Solis Lacus Albedo Context camera (CTX) B05_011544_1508_XI_29S87W
CONTROL IMAGES Pityusa Rupes B02_010406_XI_61S332W Acidalia V27059026
Black arrow: Crater Red arrow: Rampart CONTROL IMAGE Utopia V27803007
MARS/EARTH COMPARISON Mars Earth Haughton Crater www.marsonearth.org V38464006
Black arrow: Crater Red arrow: Rampart CONTROL IMAGES B19_016925_2431_XN_63N127W Alba Mons G03_019438_1223_XN_57S318W Malea Patera
RESEARCH Ages of rampart craters in equatorial regions on Mars: Implications for the past and present distribution of ground ice: D. Reiss, S. Gasselt, E. Hauber, G. Michael, R. Jaumann, G. Neukum(2006) Scientist are testing the theory that rampart craters may have formed a significant time ago, which would mean that the minimum diameter of the crater would only reflect the ice depth at that certain time. The tests showed that a rampart crater will form within or shortly after water activity can cause a lowering of ground ice tables which is indicated by the increase of the crater diameter. www.mendeley.com
CTX Image ID# Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region P12_005545_1515_XI_28S093W -28.185 266.602E 7.31 14.35 14.35:7.31 Solis Lacus Albedo P18_008050_1500_XI_28S093W -30.203 270.316E 16.5 52.6 52.6:16.5 Solis Lacus Albedo B01_009843_1525_XI_27S087W -27.667 272.283E 10.72 27.2 27.2:10.72 Solis Lacus Albedo B01_009922_1530 XI_27S085W -27.031 275.188E 8.8 22.2 22.2:8.8 Solis Lacus Albedo P11_005426_1530_XN_27S084W -27.531 275.188E 8.8 22.2 22.2:8.8 Solis Lacus Albedo P11_005426_1530_XN_27S084W -28.531 275.812E 11.1 21.9 21.9:11.1 Solis Lacus Albedo P19_008498_1529_XI_27S084-28.531 275.812E 11.1 21.9 21.9:11.1 Solis Lacus Albedo B16_015984_1508_XN_29S081W -28.938 279.078E 10.5 26.9 26.9:10.5 Solis Lacus Albedo P13_006138_1555_XN_24S084W -23.906 275.844E 10.33 22.96 22.96:10.33 Solis Lacus Albedo B05_011557_1512_XI_28S082W -28.967 277.773E 8.95 20.26 20.26:8.95 Solis Lacus Albedo B22_018058_XN_24S087W -24.044 272.801E 6.17 12.08 12.08:6.17 Solis Lacus Albedo P18_008050_1500_XN_30S089W -30.035 270.344E 17.8 53.4 53.4:17.8 Solis Lacus Albedo P17_007483_1484_XI_31S086W -31.455 273.301E 8.6 28.9 28.8:8.6 Solis Lacus Albedo B18_016832_1514_XN_28S094W -29.254 265.428E 6.34 12.28 12.28:6.34 Solis Lacus Albedo
CTX Image ID # Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region B05_011544_1508_XI_29S 087W -28.219 271.914E 9.0 19.4 19.4:9 Solis Lacus Albedo P18_007958_1514_XN_28 S098W P21_009355_1493_XI_30S 084W P20_008722_1542_XN_25 S081W B09_013113_1580_XI_22S 083W P10_004925_1592_XI_20S 087W P11_005347_1596_XN_20 S088W P22_009487_1527_XI_27S 088W B03_010819_1561_XN_23 S094W -28.365 261.72E 8.5 20.9 20.9:8.5 Solis Lacus Albedo -29.746 275.574E 8.5 17.8 17.8:8.4 Solis Lacus Albedo -24.656 278.406E 9.6 23.5 23.5:9.6 Solis Lacus Albedo -21.758 276.455E 5.01 11.10 11.10:5.01 Solis Lacus Albedo -22.008 272.797 4.8 12.2 12.1:4.8 Solis Lacus Albedo -18.186 271.137E 12.53 29.41 29.41:12.53 Solis Lacus Albedo -27.627 271.912E 5.22 11.51 11.51:5.22 Solis Lacus Albedo -23.842 265.213E 6.5 15.53 15.53:6.5 Solis Lacus Albedo
CTX Image ID# Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region B17_016379_1208_XN_59S322W -58.927 37.38E 18.7 56.5 18.7:56.5 Pityusa Rupes B16_015944_1222_XN_57S327W -56.306 32.389E 4.80 13.49 4.80:13.49 Pityusa Rupes B16_015944_1222_XN_57S032W -56.183 32.704E 5.76 19.68 5.76:19.68 Pityusa Rupes B02_010406_XI_61S332W -61.034 27.527E 13.7 35.3 13.7:35.3 Pityusa Rupes P04_002508_1108_XI_69S330W -69.613 29.438 6.41 14.55 6.41:14.55 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_XI_71S329W -70.33 30.789E 3.24 6.05 3.24:6.05 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_XI_1089_71S329W -70.402 30.635 2.32 6.77 2.32:6.77 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_71S329W -70.151 31.057E 0.698 1.495 0.698:1.495 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_71S329W -69.829 30.071E 2.02 5.43 2.02:5.43 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_71S329W -69.23 30.517E 2.87 5.25 2.87:5.25 Pityusa Rupes B04_011369_1110_XN_69S341W -71.219 19.711E 8.66 16.89 8.66:16.89 Pityusa Rupes
CTX Image ID # Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region P16_007399_1182_X N_61S307W -63.968 52.416E 11.1 34.3 11.1:34.3 Malea Patera B17_016379_1208_X N_59S322W P15_007004_1222_X N_57S323W P15_007004_1222_X N_57S323W G03_019438_1223_X N_57S318W G03_019491_1207_X N_59S325W P05_001782_1194_XI _60S314W P16_007399_1182_X N_61S307W -58.557 37.361E 19.5 58.2 19.5:58.2 Malea Patera -57.55 36.266E 12.7 41.8 12.7:41.8 Malea Patera -57.183 35.98E 2.93 9.71 2.93:9.71 Malea Patera -57.449 41.621E 15.3 44.4 15.3:44.4 Malea Patera -59.251 35.186E 8.71 22.69 8.71:22 Malea Patera -60.569 45.613E 6.65 13.85 6.65:13.85 Malea Patera -64.003 52.538 11.2 37.5 11.2:37.5 Malea Patera
Image ID# Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region V11934016 328.949E 25.504 66 120.9 120.9:66 Chryse V05631016 328.566E 23.859 65.7 78.7 78.7:65.7 Chryse V28207014 330.547E 23.141 33.1 52 52:33.1 Chryse V14056013 316.266E 29.53 15.1 40 40:15.1 Chryse V28083011 314.621E 29.53 4.23 7.39 7.39:4.23 Chryse V29256011 315.631E 30.24 9 16.7 16.7:9 Chryse V27147025 318.785E 35.562 34 45.6 45.6:34 Chryse V26423017 325.68E 34.375 4.07 11.17 11.17: 4.07 Chryse V37316016 316.754E 24.27 16.97 25.32 25.32:16.97 Chryse V19343516 308.973E 48.488 16.87 24.21 24.21:16.87 Chryse
V12321006 325.797 29.75 6.46 13.06 13.06:6.46 Chryse V02685008 325.188E 28.578 13.2 20.6 20.6:13.2 Chryse V14056013 316.188E 29.937 15.1 32.2 32.2:15.1 Chryse V09688006 318.914E 30.016 24.4 28.1 28.1: 24.4 Chryse V13806009 328.602E 33.5 26.6 41.7 41.7: 26.6 Chryse V00975003 321.445E 26.766 29.5 50.4 50.4: 29.5 Chryse V17962011 319.891E 27.102 11.3 29.8 29.8: 11.3 Chryse V1244604 321.664E 28.508 15.8 42.3 42.3: 15.8 Chryse V38464006 318.914E 32.148 14.1 26.01 26.01:14.1 Chryse V28682018 313.375E 26.125 67.5 106.7 106.7: 67.5 Chryse V22629010 331.612 26.423 13.2 26.4 26.4 : 13.2 Chryse
Region Latitude Longitude (E) VIS ID# Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia 48.92 119.14 V10656009 27.9 40.9 40.9 : 27.9 49.35 115.94 V27803007 15.4 40.4 40.4 : 15.4 48.26 113.51 V05651017 7.0 26.3 26.3 : 7 48.01 115.33 V04490006 5.6 12.93 12.93 :5.6 48.99 118.391 V03641003 27.6 49.7 49.7 : 27.6 50.21 117.67 V28639008 13.9 29.5 29.5 : 13.9 51.56 113.17 V09870026 26.8 56.5 56.5 : 26.8
Region Latitude Longitude VIS ID# Crater Rampart Ratio (E) Diameter (KM) Diameter (KM) Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia 52.21 101.53 V29825008 16.0 32.9 32.9 : 16 52.92 104.34 V2834011 8.0 22.4 22.4 :8 48.85 119.15 V11567005 27.1 65.2 65.2 : 27.1 50.12 117.14 V28352003 12.3 24.6 24.6 : 12.3 49.47 116.10 V27803007 15.8 29.5 29.5 : 15.8 47.02 117.14 V19292009 14.35 25.24 25.24 : 14.35 47.85 115.03 V05626017 7.57 30.61 30.61 : 7.57
Region Latitude Longitude (E) VIS ID # Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter ( KM) Ratio Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia 42.65 328.57 V19060009 22.8 47.0 47:22.8 41.61 66 V09825017 42.1 66.0 66:42.1 42.92 332.44 V26897020 4.6 24.0 24:4.6 43.14 333.25 V28619017 4.6 23.23 23.23:4.6 43.14 333.25 V28619017 2.8 16.0 16:2.8 43.69 334.25 V28881009 11.2 38.3 38.3 :11.2 42.92 332.44 V26897020 5.9 24.3 24.3 : 5.9
Region Latitude Longitude (E) VIS ID# Crater Diameter (km) Rampart Diameter (km) Ratio Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia 44.68 35.73 V13394006 7.3 35.7 35.7: 7.3 44.31 31.43 V21743009 12.4 31.4 31.4:12.4 43.50 338.89 V27059026 7.5 36.9 36.9 : 7.5 45.39 341.67 V20345004 7.2 19.4 19.4 : 7.2 45.39 342.67 V20345004 6.8 14.7 14.7 : 6.8 44.25 344.26 V26959019 6.9 21.23 21.23: 6.9 42.39 344.82 V11347008 24.9 71.53 71.53:24.9
Crater Diameter (km) Rampart Diameter (km) Ra,o CTX image # La,tude Longitude Region B20_017399_2 459_XN_65N10 9W 64 250 13.7 44.444.4:13.7 Alba Mons P18_008116_2 474_XN_67N10 8W 67 252 5.9 15.615.6:5.9 Alba Mons B19_016925_2 431_XN_63N12 7W 62 232 10.5 26.126.1: 10.5 Alba Mons P18_008117_2 431_XN_63N13 3W 62 226 12.6 35.535.5:12.6 Alba Mons B16_015910_2 355_XN_55N13 5W 55 225 7.2 19.819.8:7.2 Alba Mons B21_017901_2 376_XN_57N13 4W 57 225 11.1 32.232.2:11.1 Alba Mons B20_017479_2 343_XI_54N13 1W 54 230 16.3 82.282.2:16.3 Alba Mons P16_00739_23 09_XN_50N125 W 50 235 16.2 37 37:16.2 Alba Mons
B19_016991_23 36_XN_53N127 W 53 232 7.9 20.620.6:7.9 Alba Mons B18-016556_23 28_XI_52N129 W 52 230 6.5 25.925.9:6.5 Alba Mons P15_006970_23 98_XN_59N133 W 59 227 14.5 54.454.4:14.5 Alba Mons B19_016854_24 27_XN_62N125 W 62 234 3.9 12.912.9:3.9 Alba Mons B19_016854_24 27_XN_62N125 W 62 234 1.7 4.94.9:1.7 Alba Mons B17_016292_23 14_XN_51N123 W 51 236 9.9 35.435.4:9.9 Alba Mons B20_017307_23 69_XI_56N115 W 56 242 11.1 43.143.1:11.1 Alba Mons B20_017307_23 69_XI_56N115 W 56 242 5.1 21.221.2:5.1 Alba Mons B16_015883_23 41_54N117W 54 242 8.3 31.931.9:8.3 Alba Mons
B20_01749_24 10_XN_61N101 W 61 259 22.6 71.871.8:22.6 Alba Mons P19_008511_2 443_XI_64N09 2W` 64 267 1.4 4.14.1:1.4 Alba Mons P21_009091_2 420_XN_62N09 0W 62 269 9.1 23.323.3:9.1 Alba Mons P21_009091_2 420_XN_62N09 0W 62 269 7.8 27 27:7.8 Alba Mons B16_015922_2 386_XN_ 58N103W 58 256 19 52.152.1:19 Alba Mons B18_016832_2 356_XN_55N10 6W 55 253 11.6 32.532.5:11.6 Alba Mons B19_016977_2 393_XN_59N10 6W 59 254 11.7 42.742.7:11.7 Alba Mons B19_016977_2 393_XN_59N10 6W 59 254 4.9 13.713.7:4.9 Alba mons
CTX Image ID # Longitude Latitude Crater Diameter (km) Rampart Diameter (km) Ratio Region B16_016006_2298_XI_49N235W 124.734E 49.516N 9.6 20 9.6:20 Utopia B17_016178_2254_XN_45N249W 110.387E 44.37N 5.8 14 5.8:14 Utopia P15_006882_2241_XN_44N248W 112.088E 112.088E 1.45 3.7 1.45:3.7 Utopia B03_010666_2263_XN_46N_246W 113.378E 46.180N 5.6 15.7 5.6:15.7 Utopia B17_016191_2286_XN_48N245W 114.320E 47.942N 7.2 24.5 7.2:24.5 Utopia B19_017206_2290_XN_49N236W 124.115E 48.586N 3.8 20 3.8:20 Utopia B19_017008_2350_XI_55N237W 127.793E 53.840N 9 19.1 9:19.1 Utopia B19_017008_2350_XI_55N237W 124.223E 54.566N 6.1 20.1 6.1:20.1 Utopia B19_017008_2350_XI_55N237W 123.172E 55.977N 6.8 15.1 6.8:15.1 Utopia P15_006842_2310_XN_51N236W 123.887E 50.746N 10.9 28 28:10.9 Utopia
G01_018749_2369_ XN_56N243W B20_017338_2283_ XN_48N241W P15_007027_2319_ XN_51N247W P16_007238_2331_ XN_53N249W B16_015901_2285_ XN_48N248W B18_016758_XN _47N244W B18_016837_2289_ XN_48N241W B20_017338_2283_ XN_48N241W B19_016969_2363_ XI_56N247W B20_017246_2366_ XI_56N249W 116.350E 55.439N 6.2 14.2 6.2:14.2 Utopia 118.820E 48.898N 26 62 26:62 Utopia 112.813E 51.633N 25 60 25:60 Utopia 111.363E 50.447N 6.9 17.5 6.9:17.5 Utopia 111.922E 50.447N 8.7 19.9 8.7:19.9 Utopia 115.270E 47.965N 7.5 38 7.5:38 Utopia 118.023E 50.227N 14 33.7 14:33.7 Utopia 118.88E 48.94N 23.5 63 23.5:63 Utopia 112.387E 56.645N 5.9 16 5.9:16 Utopia 110.789E 56.195N 7.3 17.6 7.3:17.6 Utopia
PLOTS ON MOLA MAP Utopia Alba Mons Acadilia Chryse Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera
1. Download Jmars on your computer 2. Go to Google and type in Jmars and click enter 3. When the results come up, click on the first link PROCEDURES 4. Scroll down the page and find the box that says JMARS Public Downloads and click on JMARS crossplatform WebStart installer 5. When link is clicked, a pop up window will come up, click on RUN to download Jmars. 6. Let Jmars download, this usually takes about 5 minutes to download. 7. When the download is complete, another pop up window will come up asking for a username and password, ignore that and click OK 8. Once you ve clicked OK Jmars is done downloading and a Layer Manager and a view of Mars will come up in 2 separate windows. 9. To find the region Solis Lacus Albedo go to New Layer on the Layer Manager window, scroll down and click on Nomenclature 10. At the top of the Layer Manager, click on the Nomenclature Tab. 11. Go to the Selected Landmark Types list and click the first landmark type Albedo. 12. Go to Navigation and on the Landmark list, scroll down and click on Solis Lacus. 13. Once the region if found click on Goto on the bottom of the window. 14. Now, Solis Lacus Albedo will be in your view, go to the Main tab and go to New Layer, Stamps, and click on Projected CTX Stamps 15. A window will pop up and click on Set Lon/Lat to bounds of MainView then click on OK
PROCEDURES CONTINUED 16. When clicked OK, the CTX stamps will come up and will look like long, blue rectangles. 17. In the images, find one that has a rampart crater in it. 18. Once an image is found, click on it, the blue box will be yellow now, and right click, scroll down to Render Selected Projected _CTX Stamps and click on Render Selected as PROJECTED_CTX 19. The image will now look realistic and to zoom in on the image, right click and click on Zoom & recenter and choose how far to zoom in. 20. On Layer Manager go to New Layer Mas by Instrument Mola MOLA 128ppd Elevation and click on Plot Numeric Data. 21. This layer allows you to measure the crater diameter and rampart diameter, to do this go to 1 rim and click, go across the middle to the other rim and DOUBLE CLICK. At the bottom of the screen, it will tell you how long the diameter is in KM, write the crater diameter in the data table. 22. To measure the rampart diameter, go from the edge of the ejecta, click and go across the middle to the other end of the ejecta and DOUBLE CLICK. Write the rampart diameter in the data table. 23. To find the ratio of the crater and rampart diameters, reduce if possible, and put the rampart diameter first, then the colon, and then the crater diameter. 24. Now put the image ID#, latitude, longitude, and region into the data table. 25. Repeat steps 17-24 until 30-50 images are found. 26. Go back to Nomenclature tab and change region to Chryse. 27. On CTX layer, delete that, and go to New Layer Stamps and click on Themis 28. A pop up window will come up like the CTX Stamps, and click on Set Lat/Lon to bounds of MainView and click OK 29. Repeat steps 17-25 with new region and stamp.
PROCEDURES CONTINUED 30. Once all images are found in Chryse, go back to Nomenclature tab, and find Utopia. 31. Delete the Themis Stamp for Chryse and create a new Themis stamp for Utopia. 32. Repeat steps 17-25. 33. Delete the Themis stamp and make a new stamp for Utopia using the CTX stamps. 34. Repeat steps 17-25 35. Now, go back to the Nomenclature tab and find the region Pityusa Rupes. 36. Delete the CTX stamp for Utopia, and set up a CTX stamp for Pityusa Rupes. 37. Repeat steps 17-25. 38. Once done in Pityusa, go to Nomenclature and find Malea Patera 39. Delete CTX stamp for Pityusa, and create a new CTX stamp for Malea. 40. Repeat steps 17-25 41. When done with Malea Patera, go back to Nomenclature and find Acidalia. 42. Delete the CTX stamp in Malea, and set up a Themis stamp for the new region 43. Repeat steps 17-25 44. Once finished in Acidalia, go to Nomenclature and find Alba Mons. 45. Delete the Themis stamp in Acidalia and create a CTX stamp in Alba Mons/
GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS Utopia Alba Mons Chryse Acidalia Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera
LAYERS AND WEBSITES Nomenclature- Used to locate regions. CTX Stamps- Used to find rampart craters in Solis Lacus, Alba, Utopia, Pityusa, and Malea. THEMIS Stamps- Used to find rampart craters in Chryse and in Acidalia. MOLA 128ppd Elevation- This later was used to measure the crater and rampart diameters. Crater Counting Layer- Used to show where all images were found. MOLA Shaded Relief/Colorized Elevation-This layer was used to show the elevation differences between the 7 regions. Lat/Long Grid- This layer was used to find precise locations when images were found. Mola Shaded Relief (NE)- This layer showed the view Mars. HEND Epithermal (counts/second)- This layer allowed us to see where water was located on Mars. Mars on Earth.org- This website was used to compare rampart craters on Mars and on Earth. Jmars.com- This website was used to find the control image and used to find the geographic image. Mendeley.com- Used to find scientific research for presentation.
LAYER LIMITATIONS Nomenclature- This layer was good to use to find the regions, but when zoomed in to far, Mars is blurry and no images cannot be found. CTX Stamps- These stamps were great to use, but the images were long and there were a lot of repeat images found. THEMIS Stamps- This layer had a lot of images found within regions and poor image quality in the southern part of Mars. MOLA 128ppd Elevation- Good to measure the features, but if zoomed to far in the image, measuring was not accurate. Crater Counting Layer- Helpful, but can t do much with it but show were all images were found. MOLA Shaded Relief/Colorized Elevation- Doesn t show raised or sunken features and shadows, only elevation. Lat/Long Grid- Hard to get an exact lat/long points. Mola Shaded Relief (NE)- Doesn t give the realistic image of Mars and when zoomed in to far, the view of Mars is blurry and hard to find exact images. HEND Epithermal (counts/second)- This layer was very blurry and it s hard to see anything.
IMAGES We used 50 Themis images and 87 CTX images. Giving us a total of 137 images used. The data and images obtained is substantial enough to support our hypothesis and scientific question.
We are going to measure: MEASUREMENTS Crater diameter using the layer MOLA elevation 128ppd in JMARS by clicking one side of the crater rim with a yellow line and continuing it across the crater diameter to the other side s rim and double click to turn the yellow line red. The measurement is then displayed at the bottom of the screen in kilometers. Rampart diameter also using the MOLA elevation 128ppd in JMARS, clicking one side of the rampart s rim with a yellow line continuing it across the rampart diameter all the way to the other side of the rampart s rim and double click turning the yellow line red. The measurement is shown at the bottom of the screen in kilometers.
MEASUREMENTS Red line: measurement of the rampart diameter Yellow line: measurements of the crater diameter.
Solis Lacus Albedo: Correlation: 0.954 Slope: 3.32 Chryse : Correlation: 0.923 Slope : 1.37 Pityusa Rupes: Correlation: 0.980 Slope: 2.09 Malea Patera: Correlation: 0.979 Slope: 3.14 GRAPHICAL DATA Acidalia : Correlation: 0.877 Slope: 1.38 Utopia : Correlation: 0.800 Slope: 1.37 Alba Mons: Correlation: 0.899 Slope: 3.26 Utopia : Correlation: 0.948 Slope: 2.31
PLOTS ON MOLA MAP Utopia Alba Mons Acadilia Chryse Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera
GRS/HEND EPITHERMAL Utopia Alba Mons Acidalia Chryse Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera
Solis Lacus Albedo: 3.32 Alba Mons: 3.26 Malea Patera: 3.14 Utopia : 2.31 Pityusa Rupes: 2.09 Acidalia : 1.38 Chryse : 1.37 Utopia : 1.37 RESULTS
CONCLUSION Restated question: How can crater diameter and rampart diameter ratios of rampart craters be used to find different amounts of ice present in the Northern and Southern parts of Mars? Restated Hypothesis: Rampart Crater ratios will be larger in the Northern part of Mars. Restated importance: It is important to find ice if the idea of humans on Mars would ever become a possibility.
REFERENCES Jmars Images: Christensen, Philip R., E. Engle, S. Anwar, S. Dickenshied, D. Noss, N. Gorelick, and M. Weiss-Malik. "JMARS - A Planetary GIS." Jmars.asu.edu. Mars Space Flight Facility, Arizona State University, Dec. 2009. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. <Mars Space Flight Facility, Arizona State University>. PowerPoint Images: Lee, Pascal. Http://www.marsonearth.org/. Digital image. Marsonearth.org. SETI Institute, Mars Institute, Canadian Space Agency, NASA, 2008. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. <http:// www.marsonearth.org/>. Scientific research: Reiss D., S. Gasselt, E. Hauber, G. Michael, R. Jaumann, and G. Neukum. "Ages of Rampart Craters in Equatorial Regions on Mars: Implications for the past and Present Distribution of Ground Ice." Medeley 41.10 (2006): 1437-452. Web. 29 Mar. 2012. <http://www.mendeley.com/research/ages-rampart-craters-equatorialregions-mars-implications-past-present-distribution-ground-ice/>.
REFERENCES CONTINUED Themis: Christensen, P.R., N.S. Gorelick, G.L. Mehall, and K.C. Murray, THEMIS Public Data Releases, Planetary Data System node, Arizona State University, <http://themis-data.asu.edu>. CTX: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona