Ground Water Assessment Program Information Pamphlet 8 WATER LEVELS IN THE UPPER WEST BENCH ALLUVIAL AQUIFER, RED LODGE, MONTANA Camela Carstarphen, Thomas Patton, and John I. LaFave View of Remington Ranch, a development on the Upper West Bench, from the south, looking north. Ground Water Assessment Program: Carbon Stillwater Study Area
Carstarphen, Patton, and LaFave The community of Red Lodge, Montana, 63 miles south of Billings, is a gateway into the Beartooth Wilderness and Yellowstone National Park. Residential development around Red Lodge that relies on wells and individual septic systems has raised concern about the impact to groundwater quantity and quality. As part of the Carbon Stillwater Ground Water Characterization Program, the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology MBMG) measured groundwater levels and water-quality parameters in 25 wells to assess groundwater conditions of the Upper West Bench alluvial aquifer, between October 04 and November 05. B' 104684 104676 12 104689 Y2 196858 216176 WIl low Cr Rock Cr 104719 HW West Bench Y7 8 E 7S Beartooth Up and Plate lift au Upper West Bench 8S West r ock C Fork R each dot represents one well Red Lodge 164281 HW Roberts Watershed Boundary Monitoring sites wells completed in alluvial aquifer wells completed in Fort Union aquifer wells sampled; all completed in alluvial aquifer Lines indicate cross sections shown in figure 5 216758 170571 176387 A 4552 149925 176388 2193 219341 211973 197262 18 182773 165328 219737 138852 A' 191002 B 4265 154738 Figure 1. The West Bench is an alluvial terrace that stretches from Red Lodge to Roberts Lopez, 01, mapped this surface as Qat2). The Upper West Bench study area air photo) is the part of the bench adjacent to Red Lodge; most of the groundwater development, as indicated by the number of wells, has occurred in this area. The West Bench is surrounded and underlain by the Tertiary Fort Union Formation. For this study, data were collected from 25 wells. 2
Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Information Pamphlet 8 The Study Area The West Bench is a prominent terrace that fl anks Rock Creek near the town of Red Lodge, Montana and extends northward from the West Fork of Rock Creek about 15 miles to Roberts fi g. 1). It consists of glacio-fl uvial sand and gravel up to 150 feet thick. The bench deposits overlie south-dipping beds of the Tongue River member of the Fort Union Formation this relationship is best illustrated by outcrops on the exposed cut of the east bench, fi g. 2). The edge of the bench is defi ned by the Willow Creek drainage to the west and Rock Creek to the east. The upper part of the West Bench covers about 5 square miles south of State Highway 78, just west of Red Lodge, where development density is the greatest Township 7 S., Range E., sections 15,16, 21, 22, 27, 28, and 34, and Township 8 S., Range E., the northern half of sections 3 and 4). The West Bench is as much as 150 feet above the current Rock Creek fl oodplain. Residential development on the upper part of the bench has raised concern about impacts to groundwater quantity and quality. The number of wells on the Upper West Bench has more than tripled between 1995 and 05 from 61 to 191). According to records from the MBMG s Ground Water Information Center GWIC), the number of wells on the Upper West Bench as of 13 is approximately 3, or roughly wells per square mile fi g. 3). Seventy percent of these are domestic wells, most with an associated individual septic system. Figure 2. Looking east from the Upper West Bench, south-dipping beds of the Fort Union Formation are overlain by alluvium forming the gently sloping East Bench surface. Dashed line identifi es southern dip and dip angle of Fort Union. 500 Wells drilled on the West Bench 1980 13 Total number of wells 0 300 0 100 0 1/1/1980 1/1/1990 1/1/00 1/1/10 Date of drilling Figure 3. Groundwater development rate, as indicated by the number of wells drilled, increased around 01. Most of the wells are located on the upper part of the West Bench. 3
Carstarphen, Patton, and LaFave Climate and Geology The climate is semi-arid, and the landscape is open grassland with the exception of aspen-grove stringers that line drainages. Average annual precipitation for 1971 00 was 23.77 inches NOAA, 00). Almost half the annual precipitation falls within the months of April, May, and June NOAA, 00). Elevations in the Upper West Bench study area range from about 6,000 feet at its southern end to about 5,5 feet near Highway 78 fi g. 4). Lopez 01, 05) and Ritter 1967) mapped fi ve separate terraces in the Rock Creek drainage near Red Lodge. The West Bench is one of the younger terraces in the area and mantles south-dipping beds of the Fort Union Formation fi g. 4). The Upper West Bench deposits cover the Tongue River and Linley Conglomerate members of the Fort Union Formation. The Upper West Bench alluvial aquifer is unconfi ned and recharged by infi ltration from precipitation, irrigation, and canal seepage. Groundwater is discharged by pumpage, spring discharge along the terrace edges fi g. 5), and stream basefl ow. The aquifer is productive; reported well yields range up to 500 gallons per minute gpm), with a median yield of 35 gpm. west A Data To understand the seasonal dynamics of groundwater recharge and storage, water levels were measured monthly in 25 wells between October 04 and November 05 across the Upper West Bench; 21 of those wells were completed in the Upper West Bench alluvial aquifer. Groundwater temperature, ph, and specifi c conductivity were measured in 18 wells; 5 wells were sampled for major cations, anions, trace metals, and nitrate. A' east 5900 57 Linley Conglomerate 5500 Willow Creek Upper West Bench terrace deposits Dipping beds of the Fort Union Formation Rock Creek 5500 south 00 B West Fork Rock Creek head of bench B' 5790 Upper West Bench terrace deposits; thicknesses vary 25 98 feet Linley Conglomerate Dipping sandstone, shale, siltstone and coalbeds of the Tongue River member to south, southeast 10 25 degrees Lopez, 01) north 50 55 Figure 4. Schematic cross sections depict relationship between terrace gravels and underlying Tongue River and Linley Conglomerate members of the Fort Union Formation. These terrace gravels have been mapped by Lopez 01) as Qat2. See fi gure 2 for lines of cross sections. 4
Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Information Pamphlet 8 Figure 5. The contact between the underlying Fort Union and the capping alluvial deposits is marked by springs and associated vegetation. Water Levels The volume of water in storage varies with changes in groundwater level. Seasonal water-level fluctuations range from 5 to 30 ft residual contours in fig. 6). Across the upper bench there are distinct seasonal water-level patterns that highlight the different sources of groundwater recharge. Irrigation-influenced wells fig. 7a) typically have small seasonal fluctuation and an elevated water level from April through September. Towards the upper end of the bench, where the alluvial aquifer is its thickest, peak water levels are of short duration and coincide with peak run-off discharge fig. 7b). Water levels decline quickly after the peak run-off passes. In addition to these two patterns, some wells show a peak water level associated with irrigation, and though the water level does not stay elevated, it does dissipate slowly throughout the summer. These profiles are referred to in the hydrographs as leaky irrigation fig. 7c). Even though annual fluctuations can be dynamic, no long-term declining water-level trends were observed during the 9-year record for well 170571 fig. 8). Figure 6. Based on March and July water-level measurements, the northward groundwater flow shows little change in direction between pre-irrigation and irrigation conditions. Seasonal water-level changes show that the glacio-fluvial deposits receive recharge at the head of the bench during high flows from the West Fork of Rock Creek just south of the map extent), and from irrigation canals throughout the upper bench. Residual contours July s altitude minus March s altitude) illustrate the mounding of recharge that occurs near the head of the bench. 5
Carstarphen, Patton, and LaFave a Altitude of water feet) 5680 5675 5670 5665 Well 216176: "irrigation" profile 56 Altitude of water feet) 5550 5545 55 5535 Well 104676: "irrigation" profile 5530 Figure 7a. Wells with this profi le have water levels that rise and stay suspended through summer. b Altitude of water feet) 5950 59 5930 59 5910 Well 154738: "run-off" profile 5900 Altitude of water feet) 5790 5785 5780 5775 Well 165328: "run- off" profile 5770 Figure 7b. Wells with this profi le have water levels that rise to a point with the snow melt discharge. c Altitude of water feet) Well 104719: "leaky irrigation" profile 5612 5610 58 56 54 52 Altitude of water feet) Well 18: "leaky irrigation" profile 5770 57 5750 57 5730 57 Figure 7c. Wells with this profi le have water levels that rise to a point but fall slowly, suggesting some irrigation input. Water-level fluctuations with time compared to precipitation values Precipitation: departure from yearly average 7 in 0 00 05 10 15 5678-7 in -2 5673 3 Water-level elevation feet) 5668 8 Depth to water; feet below ground 5658 13 5648 18 5653 23 6 5648 00 05 10 15 28 Year Figure 8. Hydrograph for state-wide monitoring network well GWIC ID 170571 shows no decline over time.
Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Information Pamphlet 8 Water Quality Water quality in the West Bench alluvial aquifer is very good, with low total dissolved solids TDS). Field conductivity measurements from 22 wells ranged between 70 and 480 mhos estimated TDS 288 mg/l). Water-quality samples from fi ve wells GWIC IDs 104689, 170571, 176387, 154738, and 104684) ranged from 52 to 144 mg/l TDS, with an average of 81 mg/l. The water is a calcium-bicarbonate type, with minor amounts of sulfate fi g. 9). Nitrate concentrations were low; results from the fi ve sampled wells were less than 1.0 mg/l or not-detected. Field tests from 15 additional wells detected nitrate at concentrations less than 1.0 mg/l in 4 wells and non-detect in the other 11. Well 104689 sampled in 02) had an elevated chloride level. A resample in March 07 had a chloride concentration similar to other samples collected in the area fi g. 9). Only one of the fi ve samples 176387) was analyzed for tritium and contained 11.3 ± TUs. This value is consistent with water that has been recharged within the past 5 years LaFave, 02), and supports local recharge for the glacio-fl uvial deposits. Individual Value Plot of Cl mg/l) Anomalous chloride value Cl + SO4=> 80 80 104689 8/02) <=Ca + Mg Dat a 50 30 02 sample 154738 80 Mg 104684 104689 3/07) 176387 170571 SO4 80 10 0 Cl mg/l) 154738 104689 8/02) 170571 104684 104689 3/07) 176387 154738 170571 176387 104689 3/07) 104684 104689 8/02) 80 Ca Na HCO3 Cl 80 Figure 9. The alluvial aquifer has very good water quality, low in dissolved solids. Well 104689 was sampled twice because of a high chloride value in the fi rst sample. Second sample results were back in the normal range see inset plot of individual chloride concentrations). 7
Carstarphen, Patton, and LaFave Summary At the time of sampling, water quality in the alluvial aquifer is very good, despite the dense development on the Upper West Bench. TDS and nitrate concentrations are low. The aquifer is dependent upon canal leakage for a large part of its recharge also a finding of Waren, 00). While there were no signs of aquifer-wide depletion, the Ground Water Assessment Program retained well 170571 as a state-wide monitoring network well. Based on data from this well, there are no indications of long-term water-level decline fig. 9). References LaFave, J.L., 02, Tracing ground-water flow in the Missoula Valley aquifer, southwest Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Ground-Water Open-File Report 17, 16 p. Lopez, D.A., 01, Preliminary geologic map of the Red Lodge 30' x ' quadrangle,south-central Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 423. Lopez, D.A., 05, Geologic map of the Red Lodge Area, Carbon County, Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 524, 15 p., 1 sheet, 1:48,000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 00, Monthly station normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days 1971 00. Climatography of the United States No. 81, 24 Montana, p. 51. Ritter, D.F., 1967, Terrace development along the Front of the Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 467 484. Waren, K., 00, Groundwater levels at the south end of the Red Lodge Bench near Red Lodge, Montana, inhouse report developed for the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. Available at http://dnrc.mt.gov/wrd/water_mgmt/groundwaterstudies/pdfs/groundwaterlevels_redlodge.pdf [Accessed April 3, 14]. Photo, by Camela Carstarphen, captures late winter light illuminating an outcrop of the Sliderock Mountain Formation just outside of Nye, Montana. A typical landscape for the Carbon-Stillwater study area: arid grassland, aspen stringers, and great geologic exposures. 8