Unit 5 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS A function with a variable in the denominator Parent function 1 x Graph is a hyperbola
A direct variation is a relationship between two variables x and y that can be written in the form y = kx, where k 0. In this relationship, k is the constant of variation. We say y varies directly as x. y = kx is a linear function with a y intercept of 0. k is the slope. A joint variation is a relationship among three variables that can be written in the form y = kxz, where k is the constant of variation. For the equation y = kxz, y varies jointly as x and z.
The perimeter P of a regular dodecagon varies directly as the side length s, and P = 18 in. when s = 1.5 in. Find s when P = 75 in. 6.25 s The volume V of a cone varies jointly as the area of the base B and the height h, and V = 12 ft 3 when B = 9 ft 3 and h = 4 ft. Find b when V = 24 ft 3 and h = 9 ft. The base is 8 ft 2.
A third type of variation describes a situation in which one quantity increases and the other decreases. For example, the table shows that the time needed to drive 600 miles decreases as speed increases. This type of variation is an inverse variation. An inverse variation is a relationship between two variables x and y that can be written in the form y = k x, where k 0. For the equation y = k x, y varies inversely as x.
The time t needed to complete a certain race varies inversely as the runner s average speed s. If a runner with an average speed of 8.82 mi/h completes the race in 2.97 h, what is the average speed of a runner who completes the race in 3.5 h? s 7.48
You can use algebra to rewrite variation functions in terms of k. Notice that in direct variation, the ratio of the two quantities is constant. In inverse variation, the product of the two quantities is constant.
Determine whether each data set represents a direct variation, an inverse variation, or neither. A. B. x 6.5 13 104 y 8 4 0.5 x 5 8 12 y 30 48 72 In each case xy = 52. The product is constant, so this represents an inverse variation. In each case y = 6. The x ratio is constant, so this represents a direct variation.
A combined variation is a relationship that contains both direct and inverse variation. Quantities that vary directly appear in the numerator, and quantities that vary inversely appear in the denominator. The change in temperature of an aluminum wire varies inversely as its mass m and directly as the amount of heat energy E transferred. The temperature of an aluminum wire with a mass of 0.1 kg rises 5 C when 450 joules (J) of heat energy are transferred to it. How much heat energy must be transferred to an aluminum wire with a mass of 0.2 kg raise its temperature 20 C? The amount of heat energy that must be transferred is 3600 joules (J).
5-1 Practice A and Problem Solving
OPERATIONS WITH RATIONAL FUNCTIONS Simplify Multiply Divide Add / Subtract
Because rational expressions are ratios of polynomials, you can simplify them the same way as you simplify fractions. Recall that to write a fraction in simplest form, you can divide out common factors in the numerator and denominator.
Simplify. Identify any x-values for which the expression is undefined. 10x 8 6x 4 x 2 + x 2 x 2 + 2x 3 16x 11 8x 2 3x + 4 3x 2 + x 4 6x 2 + 7x + 2 6x 2 5x 5 4x x 2 x 2 2x 8 10 2x x 5 x 2 + 3x 2x 2 7x + 3
Multiply 3x 5 y 3 2x 3 y 7 10x 3 y 4 x 3 9x 2 y 5 4x + 20 x + 5 x 2 9
x 15 x 7 20 10x 40 2x x 4 x 2 6x + 8 x + 3 5x + 15
You can also divide rational expressions. Recall that to divide by a fraction, you multiply by its reciprocal. 1 2 3 = 1 4 2 4 3 2 = 2 3 5x 4 8x 2 y 15 x 4 9x 2 2 8y 5 x 2 4x + 3 x 4 + 2x 3 8x 2 x 2 16 x 2 4 x 4 y 12y 2
2x 2 7x 4 x 2 9 4x 2 1 8x 2 28x +12 4x 2 9 2x + 3 = 5 x 2 3x 10 x 2 = 7
What about these? 4x 2 9 2x + 3 = 5 x 2 3x 10 x 2 = 7
5-2 Practice A and Problem Solving
Adding and subtracting rational expressions is similar to adding and subtracting fractions. To add or subtract rational expressions with like denominators, add or subtract the numerators and use the same denominator.
Add or subtract. Identify any x-values for which the expression is undefined. x 3 x + 4 + x 2 x + 4 3x 4 x 2 + 1 6x + 1 x 2 + 1 3x 2 5 3x 1 2x 2 3x 2 3x 1 6x + 5 x 2 3 + 3x 1 x 2 3
To add or subtract rational expressions with unlike denominators, first find the least common denominator (LCD). The LCD is the least common multiple of the polynomials in the denominators.
Find the least common multiple for each pair. A. 4x 2 y 3 and 6x 4 y 5 4x 2 y 3 = 2 2 x 2 y 3 6x 4 y 5 = 3 2 x 4 y 5 The LCM is 2 2 3 x 4 y 5, or 12x 4 y 5. B. x 2 2x 3 and x 2 x 6 x 2 2x 3 = (x 3)(x + 1) x 2 x 6 = (x 3)(x + 2) The LCM is (x 3)(x + 1)(x + 2).
Find the least common multiple for each pair. a. 4x 3 y 7 and 3x 5 y 4 b. x 2 4 and x 2 + 5x + 6
To add rational expressions with unlike denominators, rewrite both expressions with the LCD. This process is similar to adding fractions.
Add. Identify any x-values for which the expression is undefined. x 3 x 2 + 3x 4 + 2x x + 4 x x + 2 + 8 x 2 4 3x 2x 2 + 3x 3x 2 3 x x + 3 + 2x + 6 x 2 + 6x + 9
2x 2 30 x 2 9 - x +5 x + 3 3x 2 2x + 5-2 5x - 2 2x 2 + 64 x 2 64 - x - 4 x + 8
Some rational expressions are complex fractions. A complex fraction contains one or more fractions in its numerator, its denominator, or both. Examples of complex fractions are shown below.
Simplify. Assume that all expressions are defined. x + 2 x 1 x 3 x + 5 3 + x x 2 x 1 x x + 1 x 2 1 x x 1 20 x 1 6 3x 3 1 + 1 x 2x x + 4 x 2
A hiker averages 1.4 mi/h when walking downhill on a mountain trail and 0.8 mi/h on the return trip when walking uphill. What is the hiker s average speed for the entire trip? Round to the nearest tenth. Average Speed = TOTAL DISTANCE TOTAL TIME Distance = Rate * Time Time = Distance Rate Average Speed = TOTAL DISTANCE d r + d r The hiker s average speed is 1.0 mi/h. FOLDABLE
Justin s average speed on his way to school is 40 mi/h, and his average speed on the way home is 45 mi/h. What is Justin s average speed for the entire trip? Round to the nearest tenth. Justin s average speed is 42.4 mi/h.
5-3 Practice A and Problem Solving
Solve the equation Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities x 18 x = 3. 10 3 = 4 x + 2 6 + 5 = 7 x 4 4 x = 6 x - 1
An extraneous solution is a solution of an equation derived from an original equation that is not a solution of the original equation. When you solve a rational equation, it is possible to get extraneous solutions. These values should be eliminated from the solution set. Always check your solutions by substituting them into the original equation.
Solve each equation. 5x x 2 = 3x + 4 x 2 2x 5 x 8 + x 2 = 11 x 8 The solution x = 2 is extraneous because it makes the denominators of the original equation equal to 0. Therefore, the equation has no solution. The solution x = 8 us extraneous because it makes the denominator of the original equation equal to 0. The only solution is x = 4.
16 x 2 16 = 2 1 x x 4 x 1 = + x x 1 6 The solution x = 4 is extraneous because it makes the denominators of the original equation equal to 0. Therefore, the equation has no solution. The solution x = 1 us extraneous because it makes the denominator of the original equation equal to 0. The only solution is x = 6.
A jet travels 3950 mi from Chicago, Illinois, to London, England, and 3950 mi on the return trip. The total flying time is 16.5 h. The return trip takes longer due to winds that generally blow from west to east. If the jet s average speed with no wind is 485 mi/h, what is the average speed of the wind during the round-trip flight? Round to the nearest mile per hour. The answer will be the average speed of the wind. List the important information: The jet spent 16.5 h on the round-trip. It went 3950 mi east and 3950 mi west. Its average speed with no wind is 485 mi/h.
Let w represent the speed of the wind. When the jet is going east, its speed is equal to its speed with no wind plus w. When the jet is going west, its speed is equal to its speed with no wind minus w. Distance (mi) Average Speed (mi/h) East 3950 485 + w West 3950 485 w Time (h) 3950 485 + w 3950 485 w total time = time east + time west 16.5 = 3950 485 + w + 3950 485 w The speed of the wind cannot be negative. Therefore, the average speed of the wind is 55 mi/h.
On a river, a kayaker travels 2 mi upstream and 2 mi downstream in a total of 5 h. In still water, the kayaker can travel at an average speed of 2 mi/h. Based on this information, what is the average speed of the current of this river? Round to the nearest tenth. The speed of the current cannot be negative. Therefore, the average speed of the current is about 1.5 mi/h.
Do you remember work problems? 1 R + 1 R = 1 T Natalie can finish a 500-piece puzzle in about 8 hours. When Natalie and Renzo work together, they can finish a 500-piece puzzle in about 4.5 hours. About how long will it take Renzo to finish a 500-piece puzzle if he works by himself? It will take Renzo about 10.3 hours, or 10 hours 17 minutes to complete a 500-piece puzzle working by himself.
Julien can mulch a garden in 20 minutes. Together Julien and Remy can mulch the same garden in 11 minutes. How long will it take Remy to mulch the garden when working alone? It will take Remy about 24 minutes to mulch the garden working by himself.
Rational Inequalities You can also solve rational inequalities algebraically. You start by multiplying each term by the least common denominator (LCD) of all the expressions in the inequality. However, you must consider two cases: the LCD is positive or the LCD is negative. Look at the graph of 1, it has 2 branches, where x is negative x and where x is positive
Solve 6 x 8 3 algebraically. Case 1 LCD is positive. Step 1 Solve for x. 6 x 8 6 3x 24 (x 8) 3(x 8) Step 2 Consider the sign of the LCD. x 8 > 0 x > 8 30 3x 10 x x 10 For Case 1, the solution must satisfy x 10 and x > 8, which simplifies to x 10.
Case 2 LCD is negative. Step 1 Solve for x. 6 x 8 (x 8) 3(x 8) 6 3x 24 30 3x 10 x x 10 Step 2 Consider the sign of the LCD. x 8 < 0 x < 8 For Case 2, the solution must satisfy x 10 and x < 8, which simplifies to x < 8. The solution set of the original inequality is the union of the solutions to both Case 1 and Case 2. The solution to the inequality is x < 8 or x 10, or {x x < 8 x 10}.
Solve 9 x+3 < 6 algebraically. x < 3 or x > 3 2, or {x x> 3 2 x < 3}.
5-5 Practice A and Problem Solving
WARM UP
Like logarithmic and exponential functions, rational functions may have asymptotes. The function f(x) = 1 x has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.
The rational function f(x) = 1 can be transformed by using x methods similar to those used to transform other types of functions.
Using the graph of f(x) = 1 x as a guide, describe the transformation and graph each function. g(x) = 1 x+2 Because h = 2, translate f 2 units left. g(x) = 1 x - 3 Because k = 3, translate f 3 units down.
The values of h and k affect the locations of the asymptotes, the domain, and the range of rational functions whose graphs are hyperbolas.
Identify the asymptotes, domain, and range of the function g(x) = Vertical asymptote: x = 3 Domain: {x x 3} Horizontal asymptote: y = 2 Range: {y y 2} 1 x+3 2. h = 3, k = 2. Check Graph the function on a graphing calculator. The graph suggests that the function has asymptotes at x = 3 and y = 2.
Identify the asymptotes, domain, and range of the function g(x) = Vertical asymptote: x = -3 Domain: {x x -3} Horizontal asymptote: y = 5 Range: {y y 5} 1 x+3 5 h = 3, k = 5. Check Graph the function on a graphing calculator. The graph suggests that the function has asymptotes at x = 3 and y = 5.
A discontinuous function is a function whose graph has one or more gaps or breaks. The hyperbola graphed in Example 2 and many other rational functions are discontinuous functions. A continuous function is a function whose graph has no gaps or breaks. The functions you have studied before this, including linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, and logarithmic functions, are continuous functions.
On Core Exploration
The graphs of some rational functions are not hyperbolas. Consider the rational function f(x) = (x 3)(x+2) and its graph. (x+1) The numerator of this function is 0 when x = 3 or x = 2. Therefore, the function has x-intercepts at 2 and 3. The denominator of this function is 0 when x = 1. So there is a vertical asymptote at the line x = 1.
Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of f(x) = x2 +3x 4 x+3. Factor the numerator. Zeros: 4 and 1 (x + 4)(x 1) x + 3 Vertical asymptote: x = 3 Graph the function. Plot the zeros and draw the asymptote. Then make a table of values to fill in missing points. Vertical asymptote: x = 3 x 8 4 3.5 2.5 0 1 4 y 7.2 0 4.5 10.5 1.3 0 3.4
Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of f(x) = x2 +7x+6 x+3. Zeros: 6 and 1 Vertical asymptote: x = 3
Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the function. Then graph. f(x) = x2 3x 4 x Zeros: 4 and 1 Vertical asymptote: x = 0 Horizontal asymptote: none
Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the function. Then graph. f(x) = x 2 x 2 1 Zero: 2 Vertical asymptote: x = 1, x = 1 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Identify holes in the graph of f(x) = x2 9 x 3 Hole at x = 3 There is a hole in the graph at x = 3. You won t see this in the graph in your calculator but what will you see in your table??
Process for finding key characteristics: x intercepts: Set the numerator = 0 and solve Vertical asymptotes: set the denominator = 0 and solve Horizontal asymptotes: - if degree on top>degree on bottom none - if degree on top < degree on bottom y = 0 - if degree on top = degree on bottom LC top LC bottom Domain: all real numbers x vertical asymptotes Range: all real numbers y horizontal asymptotes Holes: in factored form, set cancelled factor = 0 FOLDABLE
Rational Function Scavenger Hunt
5-4 Practice A and Problem Solving