Chapter 1- An Orientation to the Human Body NOTES Overview of Anatomy and Physiology: -Anatomy- of body parts and their relationships to one another. -Gross or Macroscopic= large and easily observable -Microscopic= very small -Derived from the Greek Words= cut (tomy) apart (ana) -Physiology- the study of the function of the body and its part. Levels of Structural Organization: - Chemical: combined to form molecules (simplest level) - Cellular: Cells are made of and are the smallest units of all living things. - Tissue: Consists of similar types of cells - Organ: Made up of 2 or more tissue types. - Organ System: Consists of different organs that. - Organismal: Made up of the (highest level). Necessary Life Functions: - - the internal environment remains distinct from the external. - Cellular Level- accomplished by plasma membranes - Organismal Level- accomplished by the skin - - locomotion, peristalsis, and contractility - - ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them. - Digestion- breakdown of ingested foods. - - all the chemical reactions that occur in the body - - removal of wastes from the body - - cellular and organismal levels (cell divides, sperm & egg unite) - - increase in size of a body art or of the organism. Survival Needs: - - chemical substances used for energy and cell building - - needed for metabolic reactions. - - provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions.
- - necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates. - - required for proper berating and gas exchange in the lungs. Homeostasis - - The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium - Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis. Body Systems For the following 11 body systems, know the main function(s) and structures (parts) that make up each. Stop Day 1 Notes
Anatomical Position- -Body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing, thumbs point from the body. Directional Terms: - Superior and Inferior- toward and away from the head. - Anterior and Posterior- toward the front and back of the body. - Medial, Lateral and Intermediate- toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure. Directional Terms: -Proximal and Distal- closer to and further from the of the body. -Superficial and Deep- Toward and away from the surface. Body Planes: -Sagittal or Medial- Divides the body into and parts. -Frontal or Coronal- Divides the body into and parts. -Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)- Divides the body into and parts. -Oblique Section- Cuts made.
* Label the following Body Planes: Label The Following Diagrams: Body Cavities: - cavity: Protects the nervous system, and is divided into 2 subdivisions: -Cranial Cavity is within the skull and encases the brain. -Vertebral Cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord. -Ventral Cavity houses the internal organs (viscera) and is divided into 2 subdivisions: -Thoracic -Abdominopelvic -Thoracic Cavity is subdivide into pleural cavities, mediastinum and the pericardial cavity. -Pleural cavities: Each house a lung -Mediastinum: Contains the pericardial cavity and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs. -Pericardial: Encloses the heart.
Body Cavities Continued: -The Abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome shaped. -It is composed of two subdivisions: -Abdominal Cavity- Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver & other organs. -Pelvic Cavity- Lies within the pelvis & contains the bladder, reproductive organs and rectum Label the Following Diagram
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes - serosa covering the body walls. - serosa covering the internal organs. -Serous fluid separates the serosae. Abdominopelvic Regions Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants