SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
What IS Science?
What IS Science? a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: the mathematical sciences. systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. systematized knowledge in general. knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study.
Aaaaand What IS a Revolution?
Aaaaand What IS a Revolution? an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. a radical and pervasive change in society and the social structure, especially one made suddenly and often accompanied by violence. a sudden, complete or marked change in something: the present revolution in church architecture.
So... What is the Scientific Revolution?
The BIG Ideas! The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind s place in the universe.
Scientific Method logical way to approach problems in science Gravity force or attraction that draws things to the center of the earth
Observations noticing or watching something or someone Heliocentric the idea that the sun is in the center of the universe
Germ Theory theory that infectious disease is due to viruses and bacteria Geocentric the idea that the earth is the center of the universe
Rationalism a belief in accepting reason or logic as the supreme authority Sphere A round figure or shape, like a basketball or planet
Philosopher person who offers theories on questions in ethics, metaphysics, logic, and other related fields. Logic the system or principles of reasoning applicable to any branch of knowledge or study.
Scientific Revolution QAR (Question-Answer-Relationship) Of all the changes that swept Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the most widely influential was the Scientific Revolution. We often associate this revolution with the various scientific and technological changes made during this time. However, the Scientific Revolution was also about the changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their worlds. What change was most influential in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries? (Right There) What areas are normally linked with the Scientific Revolution? (Think and Search) What effect will this revolution have Europe and the rest of the world? (The Author and You) What predictions do you have regarding the impact of the Scientific Revolution? (Own My Own)
The Scientific Revolution New Technologies: The development of new technology and scientific theories became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind s place in the universe.
Causes of the Scientific Revolution By mastering Greek, European humanists were able to read newly discovered works by the philosophers Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato. New technology such as the telescope and microscope enabled individuals to make new scientific discoveries. The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily. Advances in mathematics made calculations easier and played a key role in scientific achievements. Advances in algebra, trigonometry, and geometry allowed scientists to demonstrate proofs for their theories. Ptolemy (from a book published 1200+ years after his death)
The Scientific Revolution Discoveries in Science: Scientific discoveries expanded knowledge about the universe and the human body. The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind s place in the universe.
Scientific Breakthroughs Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Astronomers of the Middle Ages constructed a model of the universe called the Ptolemaic system after the astronomer Ptolemy. The Ptolemaic system is geocentric b/c it places Earth at the center of the universe. During the Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus offered the heliocentric theory, which put the sun at the center of the universe.
Scientific Breakthroughs Kepler & Galileo Johannes Kepler added to the heliocentric theory by confirming the central position of the sun and adding information about the elliptical orbits of the planets. Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe mountains on the moon, sun spots, and new moons in the heavens. His ideas were revolutionary and brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church. Kepler's Platonic solid model of the Solar system from Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596)
Scientific Breakthroughs Sir Isaac Newton Isaac Newton explained how the planets continually orbit the sun. Central to his argument was the universal law of gravitation. Newton s ideas created a new picture of the universe. He is often considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution.
Scientific Breakthroughs Medicine & Chemistry Breakthroughs in medicine occurred as scientists learned about human anatomy from dissections. New ideas about organs and blood flow replaced older false understandings. In chemistry, Robert Boyle conducted controlled experiments on the properties of gases. Antoine Lavoisier invented a system for naming chemical elements that is still used today. Several of Boyle s inventions
The Scientific Revolution Philosophy & Reason: Scientists came to believe that reason is the chief source of knowledge. The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind s place in the universe.
Philosophy & Reason Sir Isaac Newton René Descartes was a French philosopher who is known as the father of rationalism. Rationalism is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge. An English philosopher named Francis Bacon developed the scientific method. Bacon believed that scientists should not rely on the ideas of ancient authorities, but rather reach conclusions by using inductive reasoning.
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Enlightenment & Revolution
The Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of MODERN SCIENCE. Several of Boyle s inventions
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Copernicus When: 1473-1543 Accomplishments: Heliocentric Impact: Allowed other scientists to accurately study the universe and its inner workings
Johannesburg Kepler When: 1571-1630 Accomplishments: Accurate diagram of how the solar system looks (egg shaped orbits) Impact: Allowed other scientists to accurately research the universe and solar system
Galileo Galilei When: 1564-1642 Accomplishments: Discovered mountains on Earth's moons. Moons around Jupiter and was the first to use a telescope for observations. He also discovered stars were composed of matter Impact: helped many scientist understand more about the universe
Isaac Newton When: 1642-1727 Accomplishments: Newton defined three laws - First Law (Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest Second Law states that an applied force, on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, with time Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Impact: laid the groundwork for future work in Physics, while paved the way for many inventions we use daily
Warm-Up What are the risks of embracing a different idea? What are some risks of always refusing to embrace new ideas?
Getting the story: Cornell Style You have a reading on the Scientific Revolution from at your table. For the remaining portion of class you will read these pages and pull-out the most important information, using Cornell note-taking format. Notes are to be Interactive Notebook item #23 Your expected product at the end of class is notes from pages 623-626 (stop when you get to the section entitled Newton Explains the Law of Gravity)
Getting the story: Cornell Style Again, your notes are Interactive NB item #23 Your expected product at the end of class is notes from pages 623-626 (stop when you get to the section entitled Newton Explains the Law of Gravity) We will begin together, taking notes from the sections Setting the Stage and The Roots of Modern Science - A Medieval View