Chapter 18, Section 2 The Scientific Revolution (Pages 670 679) Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did the Scientific Revolution change life in the 1600s? What is the scientific method and how did it change ideas about society? As you read pages 671 675 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the similarities and differences in the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Ptolemy Both Copernicus 352 Chapter 18, Section 2
The Scientific Revolution (pages 671 673) What factors led to the growth of scientific knowledge in Europe? As you read, list the factors in the chart below. Scientific Knowledge Grows in Europe Define or describe the following term from this lesson. theory Use each of these terms that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the term s meaning. acupuncture (Chapter 7, Section 3) theology (Chapter 17, Section 3) Describe scientific knowledge during the Middle Ages. Chapter 18, Section 2 353
A Revolution in Astronomy (pages 673 675) As you read the passage, take notes on Galileo s experiments. Think about what you have read so far about the Catholic Church. Then answer this question: Why did the Catholic Church force Galileo to withdraw many of his statements? Explain why this person is important. Kepler Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson. revolution Use each of these terms that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the term s meaning. pope (Chapter 10, Section 2) heresy (Chapter 17, Section 4) 354 Chapter 18, Section 2
How did Galileo prove Copernicus s theory? New Scientific Discoveries (pages 675 676) As you read, complete the chart below to identify the major discoveries in the Scientific Revolution. Use your notes to review later. Scientist Discovery Chapter 18, Section 2 355
Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. element contribute According to Newton, what force held the planets in orbit? The Triumph of Reason (pages 678 679) Write the steps of the scientific method in the proper order in the diagram below. 356 Chapter 18, Section 2
Define or describe the following terms from this lesson. rationalism scientific method hypothesis Explain why this person is important. Descartes Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. obvious principle What is the scientific method? Chapter 18, Section 2 357
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did the Scientific Revolution change life in the 1600s? What is the scientific method and how did it change ideas about society? 358 Chapter 18, Section 2
Name Date Class VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 18-2 The Scientific Revolution: Words to Know Directions: Select a term or name to answer each question below. Write the term or name in the blank next to each question. Copernicus Descartes hypothesis rationalism Ptolemy scientific method 1. What mathematician wrote a book in which he disagreed with Ptolemy s theory about the universe? 2. What term refers to an explanation of facts that must be tested through experimentation? 3. Who summarized the fact of his own existence by the phrase, I think, therefore I am? 4. What astronomer believed that the sun and the planets moved around the earth? 5. What is the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge? 6. What is the term for an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence? Building Academic Vocabulary Directions: Read the sentence below and note how the boldfaced word is used in the sentence. Next write your own sentence that has a meaning similar to the one with the boldfaced word. You may use a dictionary if you need help. Marie Lavoisier contributed to her husband s work. SECTION 18-2 7. 89
SECTION 18-2 Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 18-2 The Scientific Revolution Directions: Filling in the Blanks Reading the section and completing the sentences below will help you learn more about important advances in science. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. Early civilizations used (1) to solve problems in their every day lives. The ancient Greeks studied (2) to develop their (3) about how and why things happen. Because they did not (4), or test, their ideas, they often drew false conclusions. For example, (5) and the planets revolved around the (6) believed the sun, and most astronomers accepted his theory for a long time. (7) was the first science affected by the Scientific Revolution. (8) theory that the (9) Another astronomer, (10) planets move in (11) developed his own was the center of the universe., discovered that, or oval paths. (12) believed that new knowledge would come from experiments. He also improved instruments like the (13), which helped to prove others theories about the sun and planets. An English mathematician, (14), came up with the idea of gravity. Similar breakthroughs occurred in medicine and chemistry. European thinkers began to apply science to society. One of the most influential people in this area was (15) founded modern (16). Another scholar,, who (17) developed the (18), which was an organized way to collect and analyze data. 94
Name Date Class PEOPLE TO MEET ACTIVITY 18 The Lavoisiers Scientists Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier met when Antoine worked as a tax collector with Marie-Anne s father. Science fascinated Antoine. He used the money he made as a tax collector to finance his studies. Marie-Anne married Antoine in 1771. After their marriage, she studied chemistry and art. She also learned to read English and Latin. Eventually, she drew all of the sketches in her and Antoine s scientific publications. She also translated scientific essays into French so that Antoine could read them. At that time women were not recognized as scientists. However, Antoine included Marie-Anne s name on their works. The Oxygen Theory The Lavoisiers developed a theory about how substances burn called the oxygen theory. They combined their work with the discoveries and theories of other scientists. Combining theories this way needed a new way of thinking about chemical elements, which led to the development of modern chemistry. Directions: Answer the questions below in the spaces provided. 1. Why did Antoine include Marie-Anne s name on their works? 2. Why were the Lavoisiers important? 3. Writing The Lavoisiers worked as a scientific team. Have you ever worked as part of a team? Write a paragraph explaining what qualities you think make good team members. Marie-Anne and Antoine Lavoisier Their studies came to an abrupt end during the French Revolution. All of the tax collectors were arrested by those who had revolted against the government. Even though Antoine had treated his tax district well, he was beheaded in 1794. Marie-Anne remained an active part of the scientific community. Antoine Lavoisier is now known as the Father of Modern Chemistry. CHAPTER 18 73
Name Date Class TIME LINE ACTIVITY 18 The Scientific Revolution (A.D. 1543 1777) Directions: Use your textbook and the information in the time line to answer the questions in the spaces provided. 1543 Copernicus writes about heavenly spheres 1543 Vesalius publishes On the Structure of the Human Body 1609 Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion 1632 Galileo publishes his work supporting Copernicus 1687 Newton publishes his laws about the motion of objects 1777 Lavoisier proves that materials need oxygen to burn 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1665 Hooke publishes a book about cells 1593 Galileo invents a water thermometer 1628 Harvey publishes a book on heart and blood 1662 Boyle s Law about the pressure of gases is published Background During the 1500s, Europeans began to break with the old scientific ideas. They began to observe, experiment, and reason to find new knowledge. This new way of thinking led to a revolution in the way Europeans understood science and the search for knowledge. 1. Which scientists studied the motion, or movements, of planets? 2. Who discovered cells? 3. Which scientists studied human anatomy? 4. Which scientists studied gases? CHAPTER 18 75