The Scientific Revolution & The Age of Enlightenment Unit 8
Unit 8 Standards 7.59 Describe the roots of the Scientific Revolution based upon Christian and Muslim influences. 7.60 Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources explaining the significance of new scientific theories, the accomplishments of leading figures including Sir Frances Bacon, Nicolaus Copernicus, Rene Descartes, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Sir Isaac Newton, and new inventions, including the telescope, microscope, thermometer, and barometer. 7.61 Trace how the main ideas of the Enlightenment can be traced back to such movements and epochs as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Greeks, the Romans, and Christianity. 7.62 Describe the accomplishments of major Enlightenment thinkers, including Locke and Charles- Louis Montesquieu. 7.63 Explain the origins of modern capitalism, the influence of mercantilism, and the cottage industry; the elements and importance of a market economy in 17th century Europe; the changing international trading and marketing patterns; including their locations on a world map; and the influence of explorers and mapmakers.
Bellwork use textbook pages 347 to help you INB 172: create a Frayer model for the term GEOCENTRIC GEOCENTRIC
Mastery Objective: I can explain how science changed over time from the thinkers of the Ancient world through the Middle Ages & into the Renaissance. What are today s State Standards? 7.59 Describe the roots of the Scientific Revolution based upon Christian and Muslim influences. Strategies/Tasks: Frayer model vocabulary study Guided reading Early Science Writing practice How does science change over time? END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed frayer model of the term geocentric along with a completed guided reading and closure.
The First Scientists - INB 173 come pick up the handout from the make-up work box The people of ancient civilizations developed science to solve problems. They used mathematics to keep records. People who studied the movement of the stars developed astronomy. This science helped people keep time and decide when to plant crops. The ancient Greeks developed a large amount of scientific information. They believed that reason was a way to analyze nature. Their studies helped them develop theories. A theory is an explanation for how or why something happens. Theories are based on what people can observe about a thing or event. A theory may be incorrect, but it seems to explain the facts. The ancient Greeks and Romans made many scientific advances. The Greek philosopher Aristotle, for example, gathered facts about plants and animals. He then classified living things by arranging them into groups based on their similarities and differences. However, classical thinkers did not conduct scientific experiments. That means they did not test new ideas to find out whether they were true. Instead, they based their conclusions on "common sense," which led to many false beliefs. For instance, during Roman times, the Egyptian-born astronomer Ptolemy stated that the sun and the planets moved around the Earth. His geocentric, or Earth-centered, theory was accepted in Europe for more than 1,400 years.
Medieval Science During the Middle Ages, most Europeans were interested in religious ideas. Few people were interested in studying nature. Their ideas about science were based mostly on ancient classical writings. They did not think it was necessary to research the facts and draw their own conclusions. Many of the classical writings were poorly preserved. As people wrote out copies of the old texts, they sometimes made errors that changed the information. At the same time, Arabs and Jews in the Islamic empire preserved Greek and Roman science. They copied many Greek and Roman works into Arabic. They also came into contact with the Indian system of numbers that is used today. This system of numbers is now called Indian-Arabic. Arab and Jewish scientists made their own advances in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Even with these achievements, scientists in the Islamic world did not conduct experiments. During the 12th and 13th centuries, European thinkers began to have more contact with Islamic peoples due to increased trade and the Crusades. As a result, they gained a renewed interest in science. Europeans began to read copies of Islamic works in Latin. After the Indian-Arabic system of numbers reached Europe, people adopted it in place of Roman numerals. Thomas Aquinas and other Christian thinkers showed that Christianity and reason could work together. Also, Europeans began building new universities. In these schools, teachers and students helped the growth of science. Beginning in the 1400s, voyages of exploration added to scientific knowledge in Europe. Europeans began to create better charts and maps. These tools helped explorers reach different parts of the world. As more of the world was explored, people learned new information about the size of oceans and continents. Scientists gathered data about diseases, animals, and plants and organized the new information.
Closure INB 172 underneath your Bellwork Write down the prompt you see below and respond to it in paragraph form. (5-7 sentences and a strong topic sentence) Explain how science in the Ancient World and the Medieval World was different?
Bellwork INB 174 use textbook pages 348-350 to help you Identify the following: who were they and what did each accomplish? Copernicus Ptolemy Kepler Galileo
Mastery Objective: I can explain how the way people viewed the universe changed during the Scientific Revolution. What are today s State Standards? 7.60 - Explain the significance of new scientific theories, the accomplishments of leading figures including Sir Frances Bacon, Nicolaus Copernicus, Rene Descartes, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Sir Isaac Newton, and new inventions, including the telescope, microscope, thermometer, and barometer. Strategies/Tasks: Key figures Identifications Guided reading New Ideas About the Universe Writing practice Explain how peoples view of the universe changed during the Scientific Revolution END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have 2 completed written responses to our essential questions and a completed guided reading on New Ideas About the Universe.
The Scientific Revolution INB 175 come pick up the handout from the make-up work box In the 1500s, Europeans began to think differently about science. They began to realize that scientists had to use mathematics and experiments to make advances. This new way of thinking led to the Scientific Revolution. This revolution changed how Europeans understood science and how they searched for knowledge. The Scientific Revolution first affected astronomy, the science that studies the planets and stars of the universe. New discoveries in this field began to change European thinking about the universe. They challenged the traditional idea that God had made the Earth as the center of the universe.
Copernicus & Ptolemy Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. In 1491, he began his career at a university in Poland. A year later, Columbus reached the Americas. Like Columbus, Copernicus challenged old beliefs held by Europeans. In 1543, Copernicus wrote a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He disagreed with Ptolemy's theory that the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus developed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe. Copernicus believed that the sun was the center of the universe. Earth and the other planets followed a circular path around the sun. Copernicus's theory disagreed with church teachings. As a result, publication of his book was delayed. He reportedly did not receive the first copy until he was dying.
Kepler s Ideas About Planets A German astronomer named Johannes Kepler made more advances. He used mathematics to support Copernicus's theory that the planets revolve around the sun. His findings also made corrections to the theory. Kepler added the idea that the planets move in oval paths called ellipses instead of the circular paths in Copernicus's theory. Also, Kepler stated that planets do not always travel at the same speed. Instead, they move faster as they approach the sun and slower as they move away from it. Kepler's theory provided a simpler explanation for the movements of the planets. In addition, it marked the beginning of modern astronomy.
Galileo Galilei An Italian scientist named Galileo Galilei made the next great discovery in the Scientific Revolution. He believed that conducting experiments was the correct way to achieve new scientific knowledge. His studies caused him to disagree with some long-held ideas. For example, Aristotle had thought that heavy objects fall to the ground faster than objects that weigh less. Galileo's experiments proved that was not correct. Objects fall at the same speed no matter what they weigh. Galileo also believed that scientific instruments could help people better explore the natural world. He heard about an early telescope and designed one of his own. With the telescope, Galileo found evidence that supported Copernicus's theory that Earth revolves around the sun. Galileo also improved the making of clocks. One day, Galileo was watching an overhead lamp swing back and forth from a cathedral ceiling. He timed each swing and discovered that all of the swings took the same amount of time. Galileo used this idea to make a clock that had a swinging pendulum. The pendulum made the clock more accurate. Galileo also developed new scientific instruments. In 1593, he invented a water thermometer. People could now measure changes in temperature. An assistant of Galileo then built the first barometer, an instrument that measures air pressure.
Newton's Universe Isaac Newton was an English mathematician. According to tradition, Newton was sitting in his garden one day when he saw an apple fall to the ground. The apple's fall led him to the idea of gravity. Gravity is the pull of the Earth or other bodies in space on objects that are on or near them. In 1687, Newton published a book called Principia Mathematica. This was one of the most important books in the history of modern science. In Principia, Newton gave his laws, or well-tested theories, about the motion of objects on Earth and in space. The most important was the law of gravitation. It states that the force of gravity holds the solar system together. It does this by keeping the sun and the planets in their orbits. Newton's ideas greatly influenced the thinking of other scientists.
Closure INB 174 underneath your Bellwork How did views of the universe change over the course of the 15/1600s? (use the following guiding questions to help you organize your writing) How did people in the Ancient & Medieval worlds think about the universe? How did this change in the Scientific Revolution? How did theories about the universe change from Ptolemy to Copernicus to Kepler?
Record the following prompt respond in list form: Bellwork INB 176 "What do you think are the top three inventions of ALL TIME? (include a brief explanation for each)
Mastery Objective: I can identify the major thinkers of the Scientific Revolution and describe their accomplishments. What are today s State Standards? 7.60 - Explain the significance of new scientific theories, the accomplishments of leading figures including Sir Frances Bacon, Nicolaus Copernicus, Rene Descartes, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Sir Isaac Newton, and new inventions, including the telescope, microscope, thermometer, and barometer. Strategies/Tasks: Brainstorming Graphic Organizer New Scientific Advances Writing practice Whose invention from today s lesson is the most important and why? END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have completed Bellwork and closure along with a completed organizer detailing the major thinkers of the Scientific Revolution and their accomplishments.
Classwork New Scientific Advances INB 177 Use textbook pages 350 353 to complete the chart. Be sure to include key details about WHO each person was and what they DID to contribute to the Scientific Revolution.
https://mrswraysworldhistory.wordpress.com/ Today you will investigate the scientists and thinkers you need to know on your own you will locate and record the following information for each individual using Google and the video links provided on the class blog. WHO each person was (nationality and profession) WHAT each person is best known for doing or creating Any BOOKS the individual was known for writing If you are found using ANY site/application/program I have not explicitily TOLD you to use about TODAY S content you will be required to complete the assignment using your book ONLY and I will lower your possible grade by 10% and assign improper use of technology points in DOJO
Closure INB 176 underneath your bellwork Of today s inventions or discoveries choose the ONE you think has had the greatest influence on OUR lives. Write a 4-6 sentence response explaining why you made the choice you did. Begin: I think the invention or thinker from today s lesson that is the MOST important to our lives is.