EOC - Unit 7 Review - Classification Part A: Benchmark Standard SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. Benchmark Clarification Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes. Content Limits Items will assess the function of plant tissues and organs in the context of physiological processes. Items will not assess specific functions of structures within organs and tissues in isolation. Items assessing plant organs are limited to roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones. Items referring to physiological processes are limited to photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, growth, and reproduction. Items assessing plant tissues are limited to meristematic, ground, dermal, and vascular tissues. Items referring to plant structures are limited to cambium, guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root ap, seed, stomata, xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal, filament, anther, style, and stigma. Items will not address or assess mitosis or meiosis. Part A: Sample Questions 1) When Mr. Williams was mowing the yard, he accidentally hit a young tree with the mower and scraped off a large section of bark all the way down to the wood. Within a few days, leaves on several of the branches began to die. What is the most likely cause of the leaves dying? A. The leaves were diseased already, and they died coincidentally when the bark was injured. B. The wood was weakened by the injury and could no longer support the weight of the branches above it. C. The bark contained the xylem and phloem tubes and, once they were damaged, they could not feed the leaves. D. The vascular tissue under the bark was damaged and could no longer transport water and nutrients to the leaves. 2) Meristem cells in plants are most similar to which type of animal cells? A. embryonic stem cells B. macrophage cells C. motor neuron cells D. red blood cells 3) A plant, which sprouted from a seed, has a genetic mutation that keeps it from producing stomata. Is it likely that this plant will live and grow? A. Yes, because it will absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis through its roots. B. Yes, because it only needs stomata to decrease water loss in very hot weather. C. No, because it will not be able to move sugars to its roots without stomata. D. No, because it will not be able to carry out photosynthesis without stomata. 4) Which of the following is responsible for the exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere during photosynthesis? A. primary and secondary meristems B. xylem and phloem C. guard cells and stomata D. cambium and epidermis 5) In some flowers, the ovary is hidden deep within the base of the flower while the pollen is held up in the air, often near a source of nectar. How is this general design helpful to the plant? A. It keeps the pollen dry by exposing it to air while keeping the ovary moist. B. It makes it possible for seeds to develop both in the ovary and in the pollen grains. C. It encourages animals to carry pollen for cross-fertilization while leaving the ovary alone. D. It allows the plant to self-fertilize more easily since the pollen can drop into the ovary. 6) Which of the following would be most likely to encourage side branches to begin growing along the main stem of a plant? A. Pinching off the top bud to remove the apical meristem. B. Watering the plant heavily to increase the rate of photosynthesis. C. Adding root hormone to encourage root growth and nutrient absorption. D. Removing all the leaves along the main stem to give the side branches more light. 7) When grass is cut with a lawn mower, it gives off a distinct aroma. Why does newly-mowed grass smell a little bit sweet? A. Sugars are produced when the cut leaves of grass begin to decay in sunlight. B. Sugars stored in the roots are sent to repair the damage to the grass leaves. C. When the grass leaves are damaged, some of the sugar produced in the leaves escapes. D. When grass leaves are cut, a small amount of sugar is produced at the site of injury to plug the phloem. 8) Many plants have leaves that are quite thin in cross-section. For instance, a live oak leaf might be 6 centimeters (cm) long and 3 cm wide, but only 2 or 3 millimeters thick. How does having thin leaves benefit plants? A. The thin leaves allow light to reach the photosynthetic cells within the leaf. B. Thick leaves are more likely to droop, making photosynthesis more difficult. C. Thin, flexible leaves are less likely to be damaged by high winds than thick leaves. D. Water can be absorbed from the air more easily through thin leaves than thick leaves. 9) In plants, water can escape through the leaves by the process of transpiration. Which of the following structures are involved in transpiration? A. xylem, phloem, stomata B. root hairs, xylem, stomata C. phloem, root hairs, xylem D. stomata, phloem, root hairs 10) Some plants produce fruit which contains their seeds. How does producing fruit benefit the plant? A. The fruit keeps the seeds from being damaged when they fall from the plant. B. Animals often carry the seeds away from the parent plant when they eat the fruit. C. Fewer seeds get eaten by animals if they are hidden inside the fruit, where they can't be seen. D. Seeds contained in fruit need the extra nutrients from the surrounding fruit to start growing.
11) Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. A single stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes that occur in the plant? A. Water enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for transpiration. B. Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf. C. Energy for cellular reproduction is absorbed through the surface of the leaf. D. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for cellular respiration. Part B: Benchmark Standard SC.912.L.15.6 - Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. Also Assesses: SC.912.L.15.4 Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. SC.912.N.1.3 Recognize that the strength or usefulness of a scientific claim is evaluated through scientific argumentation, which depends on critical and logical thinking, and the active consideration of alternative scientific explanations to explain the data presented. SC.912.N.1.6 Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from the content being studied. Benchmark Clarifications Students will - classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms. - identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships. - identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. - identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g., through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations). - identify examples of scientific inferences made from observations. Content Limits Items referring to distinguishing characteristics of living organisms are limited to the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya and the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Items will not require specific knowledge of organisms classified in any domain or kingdom; items should describe the characteristics of an organism and assess its classification. Items may refer to prokaryotic, eukaryotic, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms, autotrophs, and/or heterotrophs, but they will not assess the definition of those terms. Items referring to changes in classification systems should be conceptual and will not require specific knowledge of those changes. Items may address evolutionary classification, phylogeny, and the use of cladograms, but they may not assess the definition of those terms. Items assessing a scientific claim are limited to the classification of organisms. Part B: Sample Questions 1) All prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while many eukaryotes can reproduce sexually. Given this information, which statement best explains why the Eukarya domain includes more complex living things than the Archaea or Bacteria domains? A. All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular. B. Prokaryotes can live in more extreme conditions than eukaryotes. C. Eukaryotes have a greater variety of genetic material than prokaryotes. D. There are more eukaryotic organisms than prokaryotic organisms in the world. 2) For a long time, algae were considered a part of the plant kingdom. Which statement best explains why most algae are now considered protists and not plants? A. Some algae are motile. B. Some algae are unicellular. C. Algae obtain energy through photosynthesis. D. Algae do not have organs or specialized tissue 3) Some organisms are multicellular, sessile (non-moving), and able to create their own food. What biological kingdom do these organisms belong to? A. animal B. bacteria C. fungi D. plant 4) Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on their defining characteristics. Which of the following statements correctly compares the animal and plant kingdoms? A. Animal cells have chromosomes; plant cells do not. B. Animal cells are eukaryotic; plant cells are prokaryotic. C. Animal cells lack a cell wall; plant cells have a cell wall. D. Animals give off oxygen; plants give off carbon dioxide. 5) Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are all bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is NOT true? A. Both protists and bacteria can be motile. B. Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms. C. Protists are eukaryotes, while bacteria are prokaryotes. D. Protists may be photosynthetic, but bacteria cannot be photosynthetic. 6) Animals are heterotrophic, meaning that they participate in food chains and get energy from consuming organic compounds. Which other biological kingdom is made up entirely of heterotrophic organisms? A. bacteria B. fungi C. plants D. protists 7) Organisms classified as fungi have unique characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is found only in organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi? A. single cells without a nucleus B. multicellular with chloroplasts C. multicellular filaments that absorb nutrients D. colonies of single, photosynthetic cells that reproduce asexually
8) All Archaea and bacteria are microscopic, prokaryotic organisms. However, Archaea and bacteria differ in significant ways. Which of the following is the MOST important reason that Archaea and bacteria belong to separate biological domains? A. Archaea is less likely to inhabit the bodies of animals than bacteria. B. Archaea has a very different sensitivity to antibiotics than bacteria and most are more resistant. C. Archaea transfer genes similar to a eukaryote, and they have a different genetic history than bacteria. D. Though they are found in many environments, Archaea may live in more extreme conditions than bacteria. 9) Some prokaryotes can use inorganic (carbonless) compounds as an energy source for growth. Eukaryotes must use a compound containing carbon for energy. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic organism gaining energy from an inorganic compound? A. Antibiotics prevent bacteria from growing. B. Green algae undergo photosynthesis to grow. C. Iron bacteria cause iron in water wells to rust. D. Green algae undergo photosynthesis to grow. 10) Which of the following statements best explains why viruses do not belong to a biological domain or kingdom? A. Viruses lack cell walls of their own. B. Viruses possess genes and can evolve. C. Viruses can attack bacteria, animals, or plants. D. Viruses can only reproduce by using another organism. 11) Plants and fungi are in different biological kingdoms for several reasons. Which of the following does NOT correctly describe a difference between plants and fungi? A. Plants create biomass; fungi consume biomass. C. Plant cell walls are made of chitin; fungi cell walls are made of cellulose. B. Plants have seeds and pollen; fungi have spores. D. Plants can make their own food; fungi obtain their food from other sources. Part C: Additional Sample Questions 1. A group of organisms at any particular level in a classification system is called a: A. species B. genus C. taxon D. Phylums 2. Species is a group of organisms characterized by all of the following except they: A. do not normally interbreed with other species in nature B. can be distinguished from other species C. are incapable of hybridization with other species D. remain relatively constant 3. Prokaryotic organisms make up the: A. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, & Protists B. Archaebacteria & Protists C. Protists & Eubacteria D. Eubacteria & Archaebacteria 4. Of the six kingdoms now recognized, ---- A. two are plants and four are animals B. four are eukaryotes and two are prokaryotes C. four are macroscopic and two are microscopic D. two are eukaryotes and four are prokaryotes 5. In printed scientific names, only the ----- is capitalized. A. family B. class C. species D. genus 6. In the early 1700's, the classification system used was: A. polynomial B. pentanomial C. binomial D. tetranomial E. Trinomial 7.The oldest level of taxonomic classification is: A. class B. family C. genus D. phylum E. Species 8. Multicellular organisms and unicellular yeasts are contained in: A. Animalia B. Plantae C. Protista D. Fungi E. Eubacteria 9.The taxon consisting of the most closely related species is called a(n): A. family B. order C. genus D. phylum 10.The binomial system of classification was developed by: A. Darwin B. Wallace C. Linnaeus D. Malthus 11.Which one of the following sequences shows the correct hierarchy of classification, going from the most inclusive to the least inclusive? A. Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species B. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species C. Genus, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family D. Species, Genus, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom E. Domain, Phylum, Kingdom, Genus, Species, Family, Order, Class 12. Escherichia coli is the scientific name for a bacterium. Escherichia denotes: A. phylum B. species C. genus D. order 13. The system for naming species in which two words are used to name an organism is A. dichotomous keying B. cladistic C. binomial nomenclature D. fan diagramming 14. Which term includes the other three? A. genus B. family C. subfamily D. order 15.Two organisms are placed in the same species if they: A. are able to share similar environments B. are able to mate and produce fertile offspring C. both require the same food materials D. Both have structures for aerobic respiration 16. Which domain has peptidoglycan as part of its cell wall structure? A. Eubacteria B. Archaea C. Eukarya D. Animalia 17. Which domain is NOT prokaryotic? A. Eubacteria B. Archaea C. Eukarya D. Animalia 18. Which of the following lists the terms in order from the group with the most species to the group with the least? A. order, phylum, family, genus B. phylum, class, order, family C. family, genus, order, phylum D. genus, family, order, phylum 19. Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom: A. Animalia. B. Monera. C. Fungi. D. Eukarya. 20. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms: A. are going extinct. B. are too much alike. C. are very numerous and diverse. D. share too many derived characters.
21. Based on their names, the baboons Papio & Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same: A. class. B. genus. C. family. D. species. 22. Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or chloroplasts are members of the kingdom: A. Animalia B. Plantae C. Protista D. Fungi 23. The three main kinds of living things Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya have been labeled as: A. Species B. Kingdoms C. Domains D. Families 24. When scientists want to identify an organism they use a series of paired statements or questions called A. questionnaire B. dichotomous key C. binomial nomenclature D. cladogram 25.The scientific name for the woodchuck is Marmota monax, and the scientific name for the long-tailed marmot is Marmota caudata. Which of the following statements describes the taxonomic relationship between the woodchuck and the long-tailed marmot? A. They belong to different phyla. B. They belong to the same genus. C. They belong to the same species. D. They belong to different families. 26. An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a: A. family tree based on external appearance. B. family tree based on DNA structure. C. cladogram. D. traditional classification system. 27.Characteristics that have arisen as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be: A. analogous B. homogenous C. heterogamous D. Homologous 28. Classifying organisms using a cladogram depends on identifying: A. external and internal structural similarities B. characteristics that have been present in the group for the longest time C. individual variations within the group D. new characteristics that have appeared most recently as lineages evolve 29.What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms? A. the relative importance of each derived character B. the order in which derived characters evolved C. the general fitness of the organisms analyzed D. all traits of each organism analyzed 30. The green pigment contained in plants is: A. carotene B. chlorophyll C. chloroplast D. sunlight 31. Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert: A. sugar and sunlight into oxygen B. sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and energy C. carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen D. Water to gas 32. Water travels through the stem of a plant by: A. transpiration B. evaporation C. capillary action D. translocation 33. The loss of water through the leaves of a plant is called: A. inspiration B. expiration C. transpiration D. translocation 34. Food made by the leaves of the plant moves to other parts of the plant: A. through the leaves by transpiration B. through the xylem by osmosis C. through the phloem by translocation D. through the leaves by photosynthesis 35. The cuticle is a waxy layer on the surface of a leaf. Its function is to: A. reduce water loss B. protect plants from viruses C. take in gases needed for photosynthesis D. to attract insects 36. The stomata are the pores in the leaf. Their function is to take in: A. carbon dioxide for photosynthesis B. oxygen for photosynthesis C. carbon dioxide for respiration D. water for plant processes 37. Plants respire: A. only in sunlight B. only at night C. all the time D. Never 38. The movement of water through the plant is triggered by: A. transpiration B. photosynthesis C. respiration D. reproduction 39. The opening and closing of the stomata is regulated by: A. the leaves B. guard cells C. xylem D. phloem 40. Which kingdoms have photosynthetic organisms? A. fungi and plants B. fungi and protists C. protists and plants D. plants and animals 41. If the xylem in a young tree is damaged, which process is first affected? A. performing photosynthesis B. transporting sugar to the roots C. transporting water to the leaves D. absorbing water from the soil 42. What kingdoms did Carolus Linnaeus originally use for his classification system? A. Fungi and Protista B. Fungi and Animalia C. Plantae and Protista D. Plantae and Animalia 43. What is the main function of leaves? A. Leaves provide support for growth and a place to store food. B. Leaves provide a place for photosynthesis to occur. C. Leaves absorb water and minerals and transport nutrients to the stem. D. Leaves create a barrier from prevents water from the plant from evaporating 44. Euglena are one-celled organisms containing chlorophyll. A culture of Euglena is placed into a beaker in a dark room with a flashlight shining on one side, as shown in the diagram. The Euglena gather on one side of the beaker. What can be inferred about Euglena from this experiment? A. Euglena show a positive response to light. B. Euglena show a positive response to darkness. C. Euglena show a negative response to light. D. Euglena do not react to light. 45. Flagella in bacteria are important to the essential functions within a sponge because flagella A. protect the organism from predators. B. digest food particles trapped within the organism. C. help move water through the organism s body. D. produce toxins that make them poisonous to predators 46. The amount of water a plant has in its tissues is determined primarily by the balance of which of the following processes? A. runoff and root absorption B. respiration and photosynthesis C. precipitation and photosynthesis D. root absorption and transpiration
47. In seed plants, what is an important difference between gymnosperms and most angiosperms? A. Gymnosperms rely on animals to carry pollen from the female gametophyte to the male gametophyte, while angiosperms rely on wind. B. Gymnosperms require water for sperm to travel from the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte, while angiosperms do not rely on water for fertilization. C. In gymnosperms, male gametophytes and female gametophytes are produced in different structures, while in angiosperms they are usually produced in the same structure D. Both gymnosperms & angiosperms produce seed d on the scales of cones but angiosperms have flowers. 48. Which property of water is important in transportation and capillary action within green plants A. Solvent B. adhesion C. Cohesion D. all of the above 49. The waterproof strip found in cells of root in the endodermis is called A. epidermis B. Caspian strip C. root hairs D. stomata 50. Stomata open and close in response to water pressure within the ------. A. roots B. cell-wall C guard cells D. xylem