Introduction to Plant Transport The algal ancestors of plants were completely immersed in water and dissolved minerals. The adaptation to land involved the differentiation of the plant body into roots, which absorb water and minerals from the soil, and stems which are exposed to light and atmospheric CO 2. This morphological solution created a new problem: the need to transport materials between roots and shoots. Roots and shoots are bridged by vascular tissues that transport water and sap throughout the plant body.
Items referring to physiological processes are limited to photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, growth, and reproduction.
Transport in plants occurs on three levels: (1) the uptake and loss of water and solutes by individual cells (2) short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues or organs (3) long-distance transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant. Fig. 36.1
Know these for the EOC Roots, stems, leaves Flowers, fruits, cones Meristem, cambium, ground, dermal, vascular, xylem, phloem Stomata, guard cells, seeds
7. Bulk flow functions in long-distance transport Diffusion in a solution is fairly efficient for transport over distances of cellular dimensions (less than 100 microns). However, diffusion is much too slow for longdistance transport within a plant - for example, the movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves.
Introduction to Absorption by Roots Water and mineral salts from soil enter the plant through the epidermis (dermal tissue) of roots, cross the root cortex, pass into the stele, and then flow up xylem vessels to the shoot system.
In most land plants, the epidermis of leaves and other aerial parts is coated with a cuticle of polyesters and waxes. The cuticle protects the plant from microbial attack. The wax acts as waterproofing to prevent excessive water loss. Fig. 29.10
Fig. 36.7
Introduction to Xylem Transport Xylem sap flows upward to veins that branch throughout each leaf, providing each with water. Plants lose an astonishing amount of water by transpiration, the loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant. An average-sized maple tree losses more than 200 L of water per hour during the summer. The flow of water transported up from the xylem replaces the water lost in transpiration and also carries minerals to the shoot system.
The water lost via the stomata is replaced by water pulled out of the leaf xylem. watch
The transpirational pull on xylem sap is transmitted all the way from the leaves to the root tips and even into the soil solution. Cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding makes it possible to pull a column of sap from above without the water separating. Helping to fight gravity is the strong adhesion of water molecules to the hydrophilic walls of the xylem cells. The very small diameter of the tracheids and vessel elements exposes a large proportion of the water to the hydrophilic walls.
Fig. 36.11
The plant expends none its own metabolic energy to lift xylem sap up to the leaves by bulk flow. The absorption of sunlight drives transpiration by causing water to evaporate from the moist walls of mesophyll cells and by maintaining a high humidity in the air spaces within a leaf. Thus, the ascent of xylem sap is ultimately solar powered.
1. Guard cell mediate the photosynthesistranspiration compromise A leaf may transpire more than its weight in water each day. Let s watch To keep the leaf from wilting, flows in xylem vessels may reach 75 cm/min. Guard cells, by controlling the size of stomata, help balance the plant s need to conserve water with its requirements for photosynthesis. Fig. 36.12
Fig. 36.13a
Introduction to the Transport of Sugars This is NOT on the EOC, but here goes The phloem transports the organic products of photosynthesis throughout the plant via a process called translocation. Let s watch In angiosperms, the specialized cells of the phloem that function in translocation are the sieve-tube members. These are arranged end to end to form long sieve tubes with porous cross-walls between cells along the tube. Phloem sap is an aqueous solution in which sugar, primarily the disaccharide sucrose in most plants, is the most prevalent solute. It may also contain minerals, amino acids, and hormones.
How would these affect transpiration? Heat. Wind. Light Humidity Let s graph
1. Phloem translocates its sap from sugar sources to sugar sinks In contrast to the unidirectional flow of xylem sap from roots to leaves, the direction that phloem sap travels is variable. In general, sieve tubes carry food from a sugar source to a sugar sink. A sugar source is a plant organ (especially mature leaves) in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch. A sugar sink is an organ (such as growing roots, shoots, or fruit) that is a net consumer or storer of sugar.
2. Pressure flow is the mechanism of translocation in angiosperms Phloem sap flows from source to sink at rates as great as 1 m/hr, faster than can be accounted for by either diffusion or cytoplasmic streaming. Phloem sap moves by bulk flow driven by pressure. Higher levels of sugar at the source lowers the water potential and causes water to flow into the tube. Removal of sugar at the sink increases the water potential and causes water to flow out of the tube. The difference in hydrostatic pressure drives phloem sap from the source to the sink
Fig. 36.17
Which of the structures in the diagram below identifies this cell as a plant cell rather than an animal cell?
Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a large central vacuole. How does a vacuole support plant structures? A. It fills with liquid, creating pressure that helps to support the cell. B. It releases materials into the air that decrease the weight of the cell. C. It contains genetic information that controls the activities of the plant. D. It forms a rigid substance called cellulose that supports the plant.
A sedge is a grasslike plant with fibrous roots, which are small, shallow roots that branch out from the base of the plant. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the roots helps the plant? A. The plant gets its support from the roots, which serve as a kind of anchor. B. The roots transport water between the stems and leaves of the plant. C. The plant uses its roots to capture water that is close to the surface of the soil. D. The roots allow for the exchange of gases the plant needs for photosynthesis.
Plants are composed of different organs, tissues and cells. Which are found only in vascular plants? A. Gametes and leaves B. Xylem and phloem C. Stomata and guard cells D. Flowers and spores
The drawing below shows a cross section of a plant leaf. How does the component marked x contribute to the survival of the plant? A. It allows the intake of minerals needed for plant growth. B. It allows the intake of gases needed for photosynthesis. C. It allows the intake of sunlight needed for ATP production D. It allows the intake of sugars needed for plant reproduction
The drawing below shows a cross section of a plant leaf. How does the component marked x contribute to the survival of the plant? A. It allows the intake of minerals needed for plant growth. B. It allows the intake of gases needed for photosynthesis. C. It allows the intake of sunlight needed for ATP production D. It allows the intake of sugars needed for plant reproduction
Which of these structures is responsible for transporting water from plant roots to the rest of the plant? A. Chloroplast B. Phloem C. Stoma D. Xylem