Experimental Studies of Instabilities and Confinement of Energetic Particles on JET and on MAST S.E.Sharapov, B.Alper, F.Andersson 1, Yu.F.Baranov, H.L.Berk 2, L.Bertalot 3, D.Borba, C.Boswell 5, B.N.Breizman 2, R.Buttery, C.D.Challis, M.de Baar 6, P.de Vries, L.-G.Eriksson 7, A.Fasoli 8, R.Galvao 9,, V.Goloborod ko 1,11, M.P.Gryaznevich, R.J.Hastie, N.C.Hawkes, P.Helander, V.G.Kiptily, G.Kramer 12, P.J.Lomas, J.Mailloux, M.Mantsinen 13, R.Martin, F.Nabais, F. Nave, R.Nazikian 12, J-M.Noterdaeme 1, M.S.Pekker 2, S.D.Pinches 1, T.Pinfold, S.Popovichev, P.Sandquist 1, D.Stork, D.Testa 8, A.Tuccillo 3, I.Voitsekhovich, V.Yavorskij 1,11, N.P.Young, F.Zonca 3, JET- EFDA Contributors * and the MAST Team. Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Culham Science Centre, UK 1. Euratom/VR Fusion Assoc., Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 2. IFS, University of Texas at Austin, USA 3. Assoc. Euratom/ENEA/CNR Fusione, Italy. Euratom/IST Fusion Assoc., Centro de Fusao Nuclear, Portugal 5. PSFC, Massachussets Institite of Technology, USA 6. Assoc. Euratom-FOM Inst. Plasmaphys. Rijnhuizen, The Netherlands 7. Assoc. Euratom/CEA, Cadarache, France * See Annex of J Pamela et al., this conference, paper OV/1-X 8. CRPP/EPFL, Assoc. Euratom-Conf. Suisse, Switzerland 9. Inst. Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil 1. Assoc. Euratom-OEAW, University of Innsbruck, Austria 11. Institute Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine 12. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, USA 13. Helsinki University of Technology, Assoc. Euratom-Tekes, Finland 1. Max Planck Institute Plasmaphysik, Euratom Assoc., Germany S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Fast ions in burning plasma 1) ITER: P α /P in = 2 for Q=1 different fast ions of comparable energy content: Fusion-born α s with T 1 MeV Deuterium NB injected at 1 MeV ICRH-accelerated ions of H, 3 He, Diagnostics measuring simultaneously several groups of fast ions are required 2) For assessing fast ion effects on Alfvén Eigenmodes (AEs), fishbones, sawteeth etc. measurements of fast ion profiles are desirable with time resolution of at least t 1/ν eff (time for establishing the fast ion distribution) 3) The diagnostics must be compatible with DT operation. ) Good theory/modeling and experimental data base must exist for identifying all the crucial fast ion problems. What can we achieve on existing facilities? S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Alpha Simulation Experiment in JET Helium Plasma Studies complimentary to T-trace Exp. (paper by D.Stork OV/-1), but performed at very low neutron rates in not-activating environment S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
He acceleration with 3ω( He) ICRF heating of He NBI (22) PICRF (MW) PNBI (MW) WDIA (MJ) 8 2 1 2.5 1.5 Pulse No: 516 Pulse No: 5165 ω = 3ω( He) 2.2T/2.2MA 51MHz dipole phasing 12keV 7keV He plasma + 8 MW of ICRH at 3ω( He) + 12 kev He beam of power 1.5 MW H-mode with MeV energy He ions: T Hot = 1.1 ±. MeV, n Hot / n e ( W DIA /W DIA )*(T e /T Hot ) 1-3 M.Mantsinen et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 88 (22)152 RNT (1 13 s -1 ) ne (1 19 m -3 ) Te (kev) 8 3 2 2 2 22 2 26 Time (s) JG1.121/c Fast ion parameters are close to these in record DT discharge #2976: T Hot 1MeV, n Hot / n e 1-3, but achieved at four orders lower neutron rates NO ACTIVATION Very good scenario for developing and testing α-diagnostics! S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
He acceleration technique in reversed shear plasmas (2) T, MA 1 6 (W) 8 6 2 -.5-1. -1.5-2. -2.5-3. LHCD 2 6 8 1 Time (s) B ICRH I 2 6 8 1 Time (s) S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2 NBI B= 2.2 T, ω ICRH = 51 MHz, I = 1.5 2 MA JG.52-1c Alfvén Cascades excited by He ions e in JET reversed-shear discharge #6338.
Simultaneous Measurement of He (E>1.7 MeV) and D (E>.5 MeV) Energy windows for ALL Gamma Camera channels.9 Spectrum counts versus Energy I > 2. MeV (total) II 2.5-3.5 MeV (D+C) III spare IV. - 5. MeV ( He+Be) (x1 3 ).8.7.6..2 2 6 8 1 Energy (kev) JG.528-8c S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Gamma-ray Images of He (E>1.7 MeV) and D (E>.5 MeV) in Reversed and Positive Shear JET Plasmas x111m-3 s-1 gap 631 5. 2. x111m-3 s-1 gah 631 7. 2. 5.. 1. 2. 1. 1.5 Z (m) 6. Z (m) 3. Z (m) 2. 8. 1.. x112m-3 s-1 gad 631 7. 1.. 2. 1....5 1. 2. -1. 2.5 3. 3.5 2. 2.5 R (m) 3. 3.5 2. He in reversed-shear discharge He in monotonic q(r)-plasma.6.6... Z, (m).6 Z, (m).8.2 2.6 2.8 1.9MeV -.2 3 3.2 R, (m) 3. 3.6.2 1.9MeV 3.5 D in monotonic q(r)-discharge.8.2 3. R (m).8 -.2 2.5 R (m) Z, (m). LCI. LCI. 2. -1. LCI -1. 2.6 2.8 1MeV 1.5MeV 2MeV -.2 3 3.2 R, (m) 3. 3.6 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3. 3.6 R, (m) S.E.Sharapov et al, 2th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1st-6th November 2
Effect of Alfven Eigenmodes on ICRH-accelerated protons in q=1 plasmas This data supports previously published results from JT-6U (Saigusa et al., PPCF (1998) 167) TFTR (Bernabei et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 (2) 1212) DIII-D (Heidbrink et al., Nuclear Fusion 39 (1999) 1369) S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Gamma-ray intensity from 5MeV protons decreases.5 1 sec before sawtooth crashes 22 2 8 18 16 1 6 12 1 1 3 ev 8 6 2 8 9 1 11 12 13 1 15 Time (s) γ-rays from reactions 12 C(p, p γ) 12 C JG.52-c 2 8 1 12 1 Time (s) T e at different radii show sawteeth at t=11., t=13 s occuring after decreases of γ- intensity JG.52-5c S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
The Gamma-ray Decrease Happens when TAEs within q<1 (tornado modes) and TAEs outside q=1 coexist Frequency (khz) Pulse No: 6195, Probe H32: mode amplitude 275 27 265 26 255 25 25 2 log( δb(t) ) 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency (khz) 265 26 255 25 25 Pulse No: 6195, Probe H32: Mode Amplitude Log( δb(t) ) 2 9 5 6 7 8 235 23 1.8 1.9 11. 11.1 Time (s) 11.2 TAEs & tornadoes during first shaded time interval 11.3 JG.52-6c 1 235 23 12.2 12. 12.6 12.8 Time (s) 13. TAEs & tornadoes during second shaded time interval JG.52-7c 1 S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
The Gamma-ray Decrease Happens when TAEs within q<1 (tornado modes) and TAEs outside q=1 coexist.2 2 1 #6195 5MeV protons red -r=. blue-r=.5 V r (a.u.) -.2 -. -.6 n = 3 n = n = 5 q = 1 n = 6 -.8.2..6.8 1. s = (ψ p / ψ edge p ) 1/2 TAEs with n=3, within the q=1 radius (tornado), and n=5,6 TAEs outside the q=1 JG.52-8c -1-2 2. 2.5 3. 3.5 Orbits of 5 MeV protons Prompt losses of protons with E>5 MeV (orbit width f /a.5) enhanced by the TAEs are considered as a primary channel of proton losses. S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
ICRF acceleration of 3 He: a step towards time resolved profiles of fast ions S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Why Fast 3 He in He Plasma? 3 He with E>5 kev generates lots of gamma-rays when it collides with C and Be: Counts 7 6 5 3 1.6 MeV 2.31 MeV 2.79 MeV 12 C( 3 He,pγ) 1 N 3. MeV 3.89 MeV.91 MeV 5.1 MeV 5.83 MeV 5.69 MeV 6. MeV 6.2 MeV 7.3 MeV Gamma-ray spectra Pulse No: 5239, t = 8.1-1.1s GAMMOD <T eff > = 65keV 2 1 5 1 Channel number 15 JG1.32-1c 2 For given n e,t i V A / V Ti is higher in He plasma smaller AE damping on thermal ions Low neutron yield in He plasma excellent conditions for gammas S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Profile of Fast Ions (Top) Measured Simultaneously with AEs (Bottom) Notches of ICRH power (5 MW 1MW) show modes most sensitive to 3 He ions S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Linear and Nonlinear Characteristics of AEs Assessed from Measured Profiles of Fast Ions Nonlinear pitchfork splitting of ICRH-driven TAE as dβ fast /dr increases by % Tens of AEs were excited, but no degradation of fast 3 He observed in these I=2.3 MA discharges with orbit width of 3 He ions f /a <<1. S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Alfvén Eigenmodes in High-β Spherical Tokamaks See also papers G.F.Counsell (OV/2-) and H.L.Berk (TH/5-3) S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Alfvén Instabilities Driven by Passing Super-Alfvénic Ions on MAST JET: AEs driven by trapped ions, MAST: AEs driven by passing ions (more relevant for α-driven AEs) Wide variety of AEs on MAST: - TAEs and EAEs; - frequency-sweeping chirping modes; - fishbones; - modes above the AE frequency range. Larger range of β fast / β thermal and β thermal () 1 on MAST Some of AEs observed on MAST are also obtained on larger-scale machines, but with sophisticated techniques, e.g. with NNBI on JT-6U or at low B on JET MAST is a perfect test-bed for studying AEs. S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Strong Non-linear Effects Are Observed on MAST Nonlinear wave-particle effects observed for AEs on MAST: Pitchfork splitting Up-down sweeping TAE modes (BGK-type modes, or holes and clumps, also see H.Berk, this conference, TH/5-2Ra). Power, a.u. 1..5 pitchfork splitting. 1 2 3 5 f, khz (b) f, 1 khz 12 1 8 6 66 68 7 72 t, ms S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Non-Perturbative Chirping Modes Are Common f, khz 2 1 NBI 1 11 12 13 t,ms MAST #919, 1.2 MW of kev NBI at I P flat-top, β 3% Profiles of fast ions resolved with t 1 ms are needed for analysing these. S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
Suppression of AEs in Higher-β Plasmas TAEs are suppressed by high-pressure effect at <β> 5% Chirping modes are suppressed by high-β due to thermal ion Landau damping (both MAST and START data) 8 START.1 δb θ /B θ, a.u. 2 6 β T, % mode ampl., a.u..5. 5 1 15 β t, % On START, chirping mode amplitude decreases as beta increases above %. MAST: dependence on β of maximum amplitude of chirping modes. S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2
2th IAEA fusion energy conference 1st.-6th. Nov., Vilamoura, Portugal JT-6U Energetic ion transport by Alfvén eigenmode induced by Negative-ion-based Neutral Beam Injection in JT-6U Reverse Shear and Weak Shear Plasmas M. Ishikawa, M. Takechi, K. Shinohara,Y. Kusama, C. Z. Cheng 3, G. Matsunaga, Y.Todo 2, N. N. Gorelenkov 3, R. Nazikian 3, G. J. Kramer 3, A.Fukuyama 1 Naka Fusion Research Establishment of JAERI 1 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, USA 2 National Institute for Fusion Science, Japan 3 Kyoto University, Japan
Introduction to Alfvén Eigenmode Study in JT-6U JT-6U Alfvén Eigenmode (AE) experiments have been performed by using Negative-ion-based Neutral Beam (E NNB >36keV, P NNB >MW) - in Weak shear plasma Abrupt Large-amplitude Events (ALEs), Fast Frequency Sweeping modes (K. Shinohara, et al.,nucl. Fusion 1(21) p63) (18th. IAEA Fusion Energy Conference) - in Reversed shear plasma Reversed-Shear induced Alfvén Eigenmode (RSAE), its transition to TAE (19th. IAEA Fusion Energy Conference) Reduction of Total Neutron Emission Rate due to AEs has been observed beam-thermal reaction is dominant energetic ion transport due to AEs However, It is not understood how energetic ions transport - neutron emission profile - detailed energy distribution of neutral particle fluxes have been newly measured in order to investigate energetic ion transport
Diagnostics for investigation of energetic ion transport 6 channel Neutron Profile Monitor JT-6U CX-Neutral Particle Analyzer (Natural Diamond Detector) N-NBI T-NBI T-NBI P-NBI P-NBI JT-6U Neutron Profile Monitor Objectives : -Measure radial profile of neutron emission rate P-NBI P-NBI P-NBI Neutral Particle Analyzer (NDD) Objectives : -Measure fast neutral particle fluxes and energy distribution investigate energetic ion transport from change in neutron emission profile and enhanced neutral particle fluxes
I P [MA] frequency (khz) ~ B [a.u.] Bursting AE(Abrupt Large-amplitude Event, ALE) in Weak Shear Plasmas 8 6 2 8 E31, I P =.6MA, B T =1.2T P NNB ~.8MW, E NNB ~387keV <β h > ~.6%, v b// /v A ~1.3.8 1.6..2 3.5.5 5 magnetic probe mode amplitude time [s] time [s] ALE 6 2 PNNB [MW] ω/ω A.6.5.,3.2.1 safety factor Alfvén continuum.2..6.8 1 r/a 5 3 2 1 Safety factor JT-6U - Bursting modes called ALEs are observed in the frequency range of TAE during NNB injection. - mode amplitude of ALEs reaches ~ B θ /B θ ~1 - at the first wall - Alfvén gap exist at r/a ~.2-. It is considered that modes is localized in core region Alfvén continuum and safety factor
E31 <Neutron Emission> NNB ~ B (a.u.) line-integrated neutron rate (1 13 m -2 s -1 ) (1 15 s -1 ) Change in neutron emission profile and energetic Ion density profile due to ALE 8 1. 1.2 Mode amplitude 1.8 neutron pfofile ch.1 (r/a~.8). 3.6 1.6 1. total neutron rate neutron profile ch.5 (r/a~.62) 1.2.6.7.8.9 time (s) ALE inner channels ---- decrease outer channels ---- increase Change in neutral emission profile neutron emission rate 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 before ALE (t=.63s) after ALE (t=.656s).2..6.8 1 r/a energetic ion density [1 18 m -3 ] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 JT-6U Change in energetic ion profile inferred from change in neutron emission profile taking into account fast neutral particle measurements. <Neutron emission profile> <energetic ion profile> before ALE after ALE.2..6.8 1 Energetic ion reduced in central region (r/a < ~.6), while slightly increased in peripheral region. The total energetic ion population integrated over the volume is reduced by % ALEs expel a significant energetic ion population from core to the outer region (redistribution and loss ) r/a
Change in energy distribution of neutral particle fluxes JT-6U Detail of energy distribution of neutral particle fluxes has been measured. The energetic ions are neutralized through a charge exchange reaction with D or C 5+ in outer region F n (a.u.) F n / F n N 1 1 1 2 1.6 1. 1.2 1.8 Resonance condition N=(f/f c )q-nq+m frequency -65 khz q =1.3-1.5.6 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 Enegy [kev] befor ALE after ALE ENNB Enhance of neutral particle fluxes in limited energy range (1~37 kev) has been observed for the first time. [ Resonance condition with the mode ] ( R. B. White et.al. Phys. Fluids 26 (1983) 2958 ) N= (f / f c ) q - nq + m = integer f = mode frequency ( - 65 khz) q = safety factor ( 1.3-1.5) n, m = troidal, poloidal mode number (1, 2) F c = troidal transition frequency of energetic ions Resonant energy range => 8 ~ 35 kev Energy region of enhanced neutral particle fluxes has agreed with that predicted form the resonant interaction between energetic ions and modes
Summary α-simulation experiment: fast He measured in shear-reversed and monotonic-q(r) plasmas. He losses - when orbit size f comparable to a. Simultaneous measurements of He with E>1.7 MeV and D with E>5 kev Decrease of γ-rays from 5 MeV protons during tornado and TAE activity is interpreted as TAE-enhanced loss of protons with f a Time-resolved profile of 3 He ions (E>5 kev) measured simultaneously with AEs study with measured fast ion profiles becomes possible. No losses. A wide variety of AEs on MAST including hole+clumps and nonperturbative chirping modes. High-β suppresses TAEs and chirping modes. On JT-6U, Abrupt Large-amplitude Events (ALEs) excited by NNBI with E>36 kev (V /V A 1.3) cause radial redistribution of fast ion profile in limited energy region (1 37 kev), with % losses. S.E.Sharapov et al, 2 th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, 1 st -6 th November 2