General Biology I BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1 Connect Due Date: 9/15/2011 11:59PM Instructions Complete this homework assignment as the material is covered in class. You may refer to any of the course resources including the text, lecture notes, and Connect. In order to receive credit for this homework assignment you must enter and submit your final answers online through Connect before the due date. Multiple Choice Portion 1.Experiments are carried out to test the hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including a(n) condition in which the variable is unaltered. a. experimental b. altered c. control d. stable 2.The area of science that studies life and its processes is called a. biology. b. astronomy. c. geology. d. archeology. e. anthropology. 1
3.Which of the following characteristics are not necessary to being "alive"? a. order b. sensitivity c. growth, development, and reproduction d. regulation e. movement 4.A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further observations is a(n) a. experiment. b. generality. c. hypothesis. d. scientific principle. e. theory. 5.The scientific process involves a. the acceptance of all hypotheses. b. rejection of hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental results. c. the acceptance of only data consistent with the hypothesis. d. the acceptance of hypothesis as a fact even after subsequent non-confirmation with experimental results. e. the formulation of theories without experimentation or obtaining proof. 6.Darwin described which of the following as "those individuals that possess superior physical, behavioral, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed," and thus more likely to pass their traits to the next generation? a. biological diversity b. geometric progression c. natural selection d. superior beings e. survival of modifications 2
7.A key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by a. Charles Lyell. b. Thomas Malthus. c. Karl Popper. d. Peter Raven. e. Russel Wallace. 8.Modern pieces of evidence that corroborate Darwin's theory of evolution include all of the following except a. new measurements of the age of the earth. b. an understanding of the mechanism of heredity. c. comparative studies of animal structures. d. similarities in DNA of related species. e. human population growth. 9.The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called a. analogous. b. uniform. c. homologous. d. inherited. e. evolutionary modifications. 10.A critical requirement of Darwin's theory is a. an uncontrolled growth in all species. b. that the earth is relatively young. c. all individuals of any given species be identical. d. genetic variation is possible in nature. e. all species are made at the same time. 3
11.Structures that have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins are called a. homologous. b. analogous. c. inherited. d. uniform. e. evolutionary modifications. 12.A medical scientist is designing an experiment to test the results of a new drug that she hypothesizes will greatly reduce and possibly eliminate the side effects of a new cancer treatment. If this experiment is to be set up correctly, she must a. divide the patients into two groups and give each group the same amount of the new drug. b. divide the patients into two groups and give one group the new drug and give the other group nothing. c. divide the patients into two groups and give one group the new drug and the other group a drug that has no effect (for example, a tablet that only contains sugar). d. divide the patients into two groups and give one group the new drug for one week and the other group a different drug for one week. e. divide the patients into two groups and give one group one-half of the dosage of the new drug and the other group nothing. 13.Hierarchical organization in living organisms goes from lowest to highest in which of the following statements. a. molecule; cell; organ; population; community b. organelle, organism; community; population c. atoms; cell; organism; ecosystem; species d. ecosystem; population; organism; cell e. cell; organ; tissue; species 14.The cell theory is one of the foundations of biology. Which of the following statements is not consistent with this theory? a. All organisms are made up of more than one cell. b. Cells arise from other cells through the process of cell division. c. Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division. d. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells. 4
15.You are interested in studying the function of GABAA receptors and how certain deficits in GABAA receptor signaling result in anxiety-related behaviors in humans. Since many of the experiments you want to do cannot be performed on humans, you choose to study these processes in mice. In this case, mice can be considered what type of experimental organism? a. a variable b. a control c. an applied d. a model 16.While you are riding the ski lift up to the top of the mountain on a very cold day you start to shiver involuntarily. You know that the shivering is your body s attempt to help regulate your body temperature and is an example of what type of mechanism? a. energy utilization b. sensitivity c. homeostasis d. evolutionary adaptation 17.You are interested in studying the function of GABAA receptors and how certain deficits in GABAA receptor signaling result in anxiety-related behaviors in humans. Since many of the experiments you want to do cannot be performed on humans, you choose to study these processes in mice. In this case, mice can be considered what type of experimental organism? a. a variable b. a control c. an applied d. a model 18.The number of protons in a given atom is equal to its number. a. atomic b. mass c. hydrogen d. molecular 5
19.There are 92 naturally occurring, each made up of atoms which contain a specific number of protons and a different arrangement of electrons. a. minerals b. elements c. metals d. molecules 20.The of water molecules determines its chemistry and thus the chemistry of life. a. closeness b. cohesiveness c. wetness d. polarity 21. is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution. a. ph b. water c. temperature d. solubility 22.A substance that acts as a reservoir for H + ions, opposing any increase or decrease in concentration, is a(n). a. buffer b. acid c. base d. antacid 23.Carbon-12, Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 are examples of. a. radioactivity b. isotopes c. isomers d. molecules 6
24.Elements that have atoms with the same atomic numbers but different number of neutrons are called a. polymers. b. ions. c. molecules. d. radioactive. e. isotopes. 25.In chemical reactions, the gain of an electron is called a. oxidation. b. reduction. c. polymerization. d. ionization. e. covalent bonding. 26.When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged. They are known as a. molecules. b. isotopes. c. ions. d. radioactive. e. unstable atoms. 27.When two atoms share a pair of electrons, the bonding is referred to as a. ionic. b. covalent. c. unstable. d. hydrogen. e. polar. 7
28.Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. Such opposite charges make water molecules attract each other through bonds called a. ionic bonds. b. covalent bonds. c. hydrogen bonds. d. unstable bonds. e. radioactive bonds. 29.The area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found is called a. electrical space. b. energy level. c. polar space. d. radioactive field. e. orbital. 30.Sodium has 11 electrons arranged in three energy levels. The outer level has only one electron. In order to become stable, the atom loses an electron thus exposing the previous level with 8 electrons and subsequently becomes an ion with a. 1 negative charge. b. no charge. c. 8 negative charges. d. 1 positive charge. e. 8 positive charges. 31.In the crystal matrix of ordinary salt, the sodium and chlorine are held together by a. atomic bonds. b. covalent bonds. c. ionic bonds. d. hydrogen bonds. e. nonpolar bonds. 8
32.Two carbon atoms might be joined to each other by the sharing of two pairs of electrons, forming a(n) a. single bond. b. ionic bond. c. carbon bond. d. double bond. e. quadruple (4 point) bond. 33.Water is extremely important in living things for all of the following reasons except a. it adheres to substances (wets them) because it is polar. b. it is an excellent buffer. c. it has high specific heat and resists temperature change. d. it is a good solvent; most things dissolve in it. e. it has high heat of vaporization and low density of ice. 34.Nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate in water because they are forced to come into close proximity with each other due to a. ionizing interactions. b. hydrophilic interactions. c. hydrophobic interactions. d. dissolving interactions. e. sticky interactions. 35.When water ionizes, it produces equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, which can reassociate with each other. Water is thus a(n) a. acid. b. base. c. alkali. d. base and an acid. e. buffer. 9
36.Compared with a ph of 7, a solution of ph 5 has a. 1/100 of the hydrogen concentration. b. 5/7 of the hydrogen concentration. c. very nearly the same concentration. d. 2 times the hydrogen concentration. e. 100 times the hydrogen concentration. 37.A biological researcher is conducting a chemical experiment. He is having trouble with the reaction because too much product is produced and this causes the reaction to slow down. You can see that there is plenty of catalyst in the reaction container. Which solution would you propose to keep the reaction moving along quickly? a. Increase the temperature. b. Decrease the temperature. c. Add more reactants. d. Remove some of the reactants and add more catalyst. e. Increase the temperature and remove some of the reactants. 38.One mole of a substance contains 6.02 x 10 23 molecules. The atomic number of Li is 3 and the atomic mass is approximately 7. If you have three moles of Li, how many grams does it weigh? a. 9 b. 21 c. 1.806 x 10 24 d. cannot determine from the information provided 39.On the first day of organic chemistry class the person sitting next to you exclaims that he is excited about the class because he is very interested in organic farming practices. You tell him that in the context of this class, organic refers to a. agricultural farming practices. b. trace elements such as zinc and iodine. c. the 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth. d. carbon-containing compounds. 10
40.Consider the following electronegativity values: Boron (B) = 1.8 Carbon (C) = 2.5 Chlorine (Cl) = 3.2 Selenium (Se) = 2.6 Which of the following bonds is the most polar? a. B Cl b. C Cl c. Se Cl d. cannot determine from the information provided 41.The reaction (H2 + F2 2HF) is an example of a redox reaction. In reality, two half reactions are occurring. The half reaction (H2 2H + + 2e - ) is a(n). a. reduction reaction b. oxidation reaction c. redox reaction d. potential energy reaction 42.You have recently discovered a new element, and find that this particular element has seven electrons in its outer energy level. What does this information tell you about the reactivity of this element? a. The element is non-reactive. b. The element is mildly reactive. c. The element is highly reactive. d. You cannot determine reactivity from the information provided. 11
43.Salt is often used to melt ice on roads during the winter because it lowers the freezing/melting point of water. Based on what you have learned about the nature of chemical bonds and the properties of water, how does salt exert this effect? a. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na + and Cl - ions break away from the salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are broken, and the salt ions interfere with interactions between H and O. As a result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form ice. b. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na + and Cl - ions break away from the salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are formed, and the salt ions bond with H and O. As a result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form ice. c. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na + and Cl - ions break away from the salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are broken, and the salt ions bond with H and O. As a result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form ice. 44.Organic molecules contain a specific carbon-based core to which specific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties are attached. These groups of atoms are called groups. a. carbon b. extension c. functional d. chemical 45.Three of the four macromolecules present in living systems are which means they are built by linking together small, similar chemical monomers. a. polymers b. functional c. evolved d. carbon-based 46.Proteins that can carry out catalysis in organisms are called. a. catalysts b. reactants c. cofactors d. enzymes 12
47.A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans is known as. a. chitin b. glucose c. protein d. glycogen 48.Non-polarity and insolubility characterize biological compounds known as. a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. nucleic acids 49. are polymers containing up to 20 different kinds of naturally occurring amino acids. a. lipids b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. nucleic acids 50.The covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the removal of a water molecule. A reaction referred to as. a. conjunction b. hydration c. dehydration d. hydrolysis 51.This atom in its unbound state has four valent electrons. These electrons readily form single, double, and even triple bonds among themselves to become stable. This atom is a. carbon. b. hydrogen. c. oxygen. d. nitrogen. e. phosphorus. 13
52.Macromolecules are disassembled in reactions. a. anabolic b. hydrolysis c. radioactive d. denaturation e. dehydration 53.Macromolecules that are used by organisms to store hereditary information are called a. transfer RNA molecules. b. messenger RNA molecules. c. ribosomal RNA molecules. d. amino acids molecules. e. DNA molecules. 54.DNA, RNA, and ATP contain functional units known as a. peptides. b. enzymes. c. amino acids. d. nucleotides. e. fatty acids. 55.Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called a. amino acids. b. fatty acids. c. nucleic acids. d. phosphate groups. e. monosaccharides. 14
56.Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from cellulose because a. cellulose contains very little chemical energy. b. cellulose is not part of a normal diet. c. cellulose digesting enzymes are absent. d. cellulose does not taste good. e. cellulose is present in large quantities in the gut. 57.A common lipid for energy storage is a. phospholipid. b. steroid. c. triglycerides. d. cholesterol. e. wax. 58.Three fatty acids bonded together with a glycerol are found in a(n) a. alcohol. b. enzyme. c. phospholipid. d. chlorophyll pigment. e. triglyceride. 59.Biological membranes contain bilayers of which of the following lipids? a. phospholipids b. oils c. prostaglandins d. triglycerides e. cholesterol 60.The specific amino acid sequence in a protein is its a. zero order structure. b. primary structure. c. secondary structure. d. tertiary structure. e. quaternary structure. 15
61.Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of which level of protein structure? a. zero order b. primary c. secondary d. tertiary e. quaternary 62.Denaturation, a process in which a protein loses its native shape and function, is likely to be caused by all of the following except a. being transported from one cell to another in a living organism. b. ph change. c. temperature change. d. ionic concentration change. e. increase in hydrogen ion concentration. 63.The information storage molecules of cells are called a. fatty acids. b. membrane lipids. c. enzymes. d. hormones. e. nucleic acids. 64.Which of the following is not a component of nucleic acids? a. a five-carbon sugar b. a six-carbon sugar c. a phosphate group d. phosphodiester bonds e. an organic nitrogen containing base 16
65.The nitrogen base not found in DNA is called a. adenine. b. cytosine. c. guanine. d. thymine. e. uracil. 66.Fructose and galactose all have the same six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, just as glucose. A friend of yours says to you, "Since two of those sugars have the same number of atoms, they should all have the same name." You answer, "Yes. They do have the same atoms and the numbers are the same; however, a. they are all polysaccharides and have slightly different functions within organisms and therefore have different names." b. they are named differently because of their quaternary structures, which is very important in carbohydrates, especially glucose." c. they are named differently because when heated above their optimal temperature they become denatured and will not react with their substrates." d. they are named differently because they are involved in different DNA nucleotide formation." e. they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide, glucose." 67.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the following statements is not accurate about their similarities? a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices. c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective nucleotides. d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology. e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides. 17
68.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the following statements is not accurate about their similarities? a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices. c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective nucleotides. d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology. e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides. 69.Proteins are created with a. phosphodiester bonds b. peptide bonds c. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol d. sugar polymers 70.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the following statements is not accurate about their similarities? a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices. c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective nucleotides. d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology. e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides. 71.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the following statements is not accurate about their similarities? a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices. c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective nucleotides. d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology. e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides. 18
72.The oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) by cellular respiration is an example of a dehydration reaction. A simplified version of this reaction can be written as a. 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2. b. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2. c. C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2. d. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2C. 73.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the following statements is not accurate about their similarities? a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices. c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective nucleotides. d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology. e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides. 74.You recently identified a novel protein that contains several membrane-spanning domains. Which of amino acids would you expect to be most common in these domains? a. nonpolar b. polar uncharged c. charged d. aromatic 75.L-lysine is an essential amino acid and must be supplied in the diet. By comparison, the stereoisomer D-lysine is not biologically active. Why can your body only utilize one form? a. Since the L form and D form are enantiomers, they will bind together and inhibit utilization of the D form. b. Since the L form and D form are chiral molecules, they will bind together and inhibit utilization of the D form. c. Antibodies recognize the D form and destroy it before your body can use it for nutritional purposes. d. Enzymes can only recognize a single, specific stereoisomer. 19
76.Which of the following is a DNA sequence capable of pairing with CGATTAGT? a. GCTAATCA b. CGATTAGT c. GCUAAUCA d. CGAUUAGT 77.Margarine is made by hydrogenating vegetable oils so that they take on the consistency of butter. Which of the following is the chemical basis for this change from a liquid to a solid? a. Fats are changed from unsaturated to saturated, allowing them to solidify. b. Fats are changed from saturated to unsaturated, allowing them to solidify. c. Trans-fatty acids are changed from unsaturated to saturated, allowing them to solidify. d. Trans fatty acids are changed from saturated to unsaturated, allowing them to solidify. 78.Nucleic acids are created with a. phosphodiester bonds b. peptide bonds c. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol d. sugar polymers 79.The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses RNA, rather than DNA, to encode genetic information. During infection, however, HIV uses an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase to generate double-stranded DNA. Generally speaking, how would the enzyme generate a double strand of DNA from a single strand of RNA? a. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA complementary to the first one. b. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a RNA copy from the viral DNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of RNA complementary to the first one. c. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of RNA complementary to the first one. 20
80.Nucleic acids are created with a. phosphodiester bonds b. peptide bonds c. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol d. sugar polymers 21