UNIT I Basic concepts and Work & Heat Transfer

SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) Subject with Code: Engineering Thermodynamics (16ME307) Year & Sem: II-B. Tech & II-Sem Course & Branch: B. Tech - ME Regulation: R16 UNIT I Basic concepts and Work & Heat Transfer 1 A) Explain what you understand by thermodynamic equilibrium. B) What is quasi-static process? What is its characteristic feature? 2 A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device in the cylinder as shown in fig. The piston is frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due to the atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kpa. The stirring device is turned 10,000 revolutions with an average torque against the fluid of 1.275 mn. Meanwhile the piston of 0.6 m diameter moves out 0.8 m. Find net work transfer for the system 3 An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m 3 and contains gas at a pressure of 1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which is represented by a straight line on a pressure-volume diagram. The final pressure is 0.15 MPa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the piston if the stroke is 0.30 m. 4 a ) What are the intensive & extensive properties b) What do you understand Macroscopic & Microscopic viewpoints. 5 a) Air undergoes two process: Process 1-2 expansion from P 1 = 300kPa, ῠ 1 =0.019m3/kg to p 2 = 150 kpa during which the p- ῠ relation is given by pῠ =constant. Process 2-3 constant pressure compression to ῠ 3 = ῠ 1. Sketch the processes on a p-ῠ diagram and determine the work done per unit mass b) What do you understand by path function &point function? What are exact & inexact differential. 6 a) If a gas of volume 6000 cm 3 and at pressure of 100 kpa is compressed quasistatically according to pv 2 = constant until the volume becomes 2000 cm 3, determine the final pressure and the work transfer. b) Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion Thermodynamics Page 1

process as shown in Figure. 7 a) What is difference between work transfer & Heat transfer? Why does free 6M expansion have zero work transfer. b) What is a PMM1? Why is it impossible? 4M 8 a) Gas from a bottle of compressed helium is used to inflate an elastic flexible 6M balloon, originally folded completely to a volume of 0.5 m 3. If the barometer reads 760 mm Hg, what is the amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon?. Sketch the system before and after the process. b) An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m3 and contains gas at a pressure of 4M 1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which is represented by a straight line on a pressure-volume diagram. The final pressure is 0.15 Mpa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the piston if the stroke is 0.30 m. 9 A system of volume V contains a mass m of gas at pressure p and temperature T. The macroscopic properties of the system obey the following relationship: Where a, b, and R are constants. Obtain an expression for the displacement work done by the system during a constanttemperature expansion from volume V1 to volume V2. Calculate the work done by a system which contains 10 kg of this gas expanding from 1 m3 to 10 m3 at a temperature of 293 K. Use the values a = 15.7 10 Nm4, b = 1.07 10 2m3, and R = 0.278 kj/kg-k. 10 A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes: (i) Process 1 2: Constant pressure p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W12 = 10.5 kj (ii) Process 2 3: Compression with pv = constant, U3 = U2 (iii) Process 3 1: Constant volume, U1 U3 = 26.4 kj. There are no significant changes in KE and PE. (a) Sketch the cycle on a p V diagram (b) Calculate the net work for the cycle in kj Thermodynamics Page 2

(c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1 2 (d) Show that cycle ΣQ =cycleσw. UNIT II First law of Thermodynamics and Flow process 1 A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m 3 and 0.105 MPa to a final state of 0.5 m 3 and 0.105 MPa, the pressure remaining constant during the process. There is a transfer of 37.6 kj of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the internal energy of gas change? 2 A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric flow rate of 0.05 m 3 /s through a pipe of diameter 18 cm located 100 m above the inlet pipe which has a diameter of 15 cm. the pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar at both the inlet and the exit, and the temperature is nearly constant at 20 0 C throughout. Determine the power required by the pump. Take g=9.81 m/s 2. 3 A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfer is170 kj. The system completes 100 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in kw. Process Q (kj/min) W (kj/min) E (kj/min) a-b 0 2,170 --- b-c 21,000 0 --- c-d -2,100 --- -36,600 d-a --- --- --- 4 A certain water heater operates under steady flow conditions receiving 4.2kg/s of water at 75 0 C temperature, enthalpy 313.93 kj/kg. The water at heated by mixing with steam which is supplied to the heater at temperature 100.2 0 C and enthalpy 2676 kj/kg. The mixture leaves the heater as liquid water at temperature 100 0 C and enthalpy 419 kj/kg. How much steam must be supplied to the heater per hour. 5 Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg, and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 88 kj/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a Thermodynamics Page 3

jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59 W. Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and the inlet and outlet crosssectional areas 6 Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s, 10kPa pressure, and 0.95 m 3 /kg volume, and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kpa, and 0.19 m 3 /kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kj/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58kW.(a) Compute the rate of shaft work inlet to the air in kw, (b) Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to outlet pipe diameter. 7 a) Show that energy is a property of a system b) Define specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure 8 The stream of air and gasoline vapour, in the ratio of 14: 1 by mass, enters a gasoline engine at a temperature of 30 C and leaves as combustion products at a temperature of 790 C. The engine has a specific fuel consumption of 0.3 kg/kwh. The net heat transfer rate from the fuel-air stream to the jacket cooling water and to the surroundings is 35 kw. The shaft power delivered by the engine is 26 kw. Compute the increase in the specific enthalpy of the fuel air stream, assuming the changes in kinetic energy and in elevation to be negligible. 9 a) Write the Steady Flow Energy Equation for single stream entering and single stream 4M leaving a control volume and explain various terms in it b) A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At 6M the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kj/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kj/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. (a) Find the velocity at exists from the nozzle. (b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m 2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m 3 /kg, find the mass flow rate. (c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m 3 /kg, find the exit area of the nozzle 10 A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following state: Pressure 1.2 MPa, temperature 188 C, enthalpy 2785 kj/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: Pressure 20 kpa, enthalpy 2512 kj/kg, velocity 100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kj/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine in kw? Thermodynamics Page 4

UNIT III Second law of Thermodynamics 1 a) What are the limitations of the First law of Thermodynamics? 4M b) It takes 10 kw to keep the interior of a certain house at 20 C when the outside 6M temperature is 0 C. This heat flow is usually obtained directly by burning gas or oil. Calculate the power required if the 10 kw heat flow were supplied by operating a reversible engine with the house as the upper reservoir and the outside surroundings as the lower reservoir, so that the power were used only to perform work needed to operate the engine. 2 a) State and explain second law of thermodynamics. b) A reversible power cycle is used to drive a reversible heat pump cycle. The power cycle takes in Q1 heat units at T1 and rejects Q2 at T2. The heat pump abstracts Q4 from the sink at T4 and discharges Q3 at T3. Develop an expression for the ratio Q4/Q1 in terms of the four temperatures. 3 a) Show the equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin statement of second law b) An inventor claims to have developed an engine that takes in 105 MJ at a temperature of 400 K, rejects 42 MJ at a temperature of 200 K, and delivers 15 kwh of mechanical work. Would you advise investing money to put this engine in the market? 4 A heat pump is to be used to heat a house in winter and then reversed to cool the house in summer. The interior temperature is to be maintained at 20 C. Heat transfer through the walls and roof is estimated to be 0.525 kj/s per degree temperature difference between the inside and outside. (a) If the outside temperature in winter is 5 C, what is the minimum power required to drive the heat pump? (b) If the power output is the same as in part (a), what is the maximum outer temperature for which the inside can be maintained at 20 C? 5 A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5 C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60 C. The heat pump is driven by a reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a reservoir at 840 C and rejects heat to a reservoir Thermodynamics Page 5

at 60 C. The reversible heat engine also drives a machine that absorbs 30 kw. If the heat pump extracts 17 kj/s from the 5 C reservoir, determine (a) The rate of heat supply from the 840 C source (b) The rate of heat rejection to the 60 C sink. 6 An adiabatic vessel contain 2 kg of water at 25 0 C. By peddle wheel work transfer the temperature of water is increase to 30 0 C. If the specific heat of water is assumed constant at 4.187 kj/kgk, Find entropy change of universe 7 Two vessels, A and B, each of volume 3 m 3 may be connected by tube of negligible volume. Vessel A contains air atn0.7 MPa, 95 0 C, while vessel B contains air at 0.35 MPa, 250 0 C. Find the change of entropy when A is connected to B by working from the first principles and assuming the mixing to be completed and adiabatic. 8 A copper rod is of length 1 m and diameter 0.01m. One end of the rod is at 100 0 C, and the other at 0 0 C. The rod is perfectly insulated along its length and the thermal conductivity of copper is 380 W/mK. Calculate the rate of heat transfer along the rod abd the rate of entropy production due to irreversibility of this heat transfer. 9 A block of iron weighing 100 kg an having a temperature of 100 0 C is immersed in 50 kg of water at a temperature of 20 0 C. What will be the change of entropy of the combined system of iron and water? Specify heats of iron and water are 0.45 and 4.18kJ/kg K respectively. 10 Calculate the decrease in exergy when 25 kg of water at 95 0 C mix with 35 kg of water at 35 0 C, the pressure being taken as constant and temperature of the surrounding being 15 0 C (c p of water = 4.2 kj/kg K). UNIT IV IDEAL & REAL GASES 1 a) What is Avogadro s law? b)what is an equation of state? 2 a) Write Vander waals equation of state. How does it differ from the ideal gas equation of state b)state Dalton s law of partial pressures 3 A mass of 0.25 kg of an ideal gas has a pressure of 300 kpa, the temperature of 80 0 C and a volume of 0.07 m 3.The gas undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process Thermodynamics Page 6

to final pressure of 300 kpa and final volume of 0.1 m 3,during which the work done on the gas is 25 kj. Evaluate C P and C v of the gas and increase in the entropy of the gas. 4 Consider a gas mixture of molecular weight 33, 300 k and occupying a volume of 0.1 m 3. The gas undergoes an d expansion to 0.02 m 3 during the pressure volume relation is PV 1.3 = constant. Assume in C V =0.6+2.5x10-4 T.where T is in Kelvin and C V is kj /kg k,and neglecting KE,PE effects.determine (a)the mass of gas (b) The final pressure (C) The final temperature (D) the work and heat transfer 5 A cylinder Tank containing 4 kg of carbon monoxide gas at -500C has internal diameter of 0.2m and length of 1m.Determine the pressure exerted by the gas using (a) The generalize compressibility chart (b) The ideal gas of equation of state (c) Vander Walls equation of state 6 One kg of air in a closed system, initially at 5 C and occupying 0.3m3 volume, undergoes a constant pressure heating process to 100 C. There is no work other than pdv work. Find (a) the work done during the process, (b) the heat transferred, and (c) the entropy change of the gas. 7 If the above process occurs in an open steady flow system, find the final emperature, and per kg of air, the change in internal energy, the heat transferred, and the shaft work. Neglect velocity and elevation changes. 8 Air in a closed stationary system expands in a reversible adiabatic process from 0.5 MPa, 15 C to 0.2 MPa. Find the final temperature, and per kg of air, the change in enthalpy, the heat transferred, and the workdone.. 9 A mass of an ideal gas exists initially at a pressure of 200 kpa, temperature 300 K, and specific volume 0.5 m3 /kg. The value of r is 1.4. (a) Determine the specific heats of the gas. (b) What is the change in entropy when the gas is expanded to pressure 100 kpa according to the law pv1.3 = const? (c) What will be the entropy change if the path is pv1.5 = const. (by the application of a cooling jacket during the process)? (d) What is the inference you can draw from this example? 10 Air contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston is compressed reversibly according to the law pv1.25 = const. The mass of air in the cylinder is 0.1 kg. The initial pressure is 100 kpa and the initial temperature 20 C. The final volume is 1/ 8 of the initial volume. Determine the work and the heat transfer. Thermodynamics Page 7

UNIT V GENERAL THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS & AIR STANDARD CYCLES 1 a) What is Joule- Thomson coefficient? Why he is zero for ideal gas b). Derive the clapeyron equation. 2 Write down first and second Tds equations. And derive the expression for the difference in heat capacities C p and C v. What does the expression signify? 3 Derive the Maxwell s equations 4 An engine working on the otto cycle is supplied with air at 0.1 MPa,35 0 C.the compression ratio is 8.the heat supplied is 2100 kj/kg.calculate the Maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle,the cycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure.(for air C p =1.005kj/kg. k, C v = 0.717 kj/kgk, and R=0.287 kj/kgk) 5 In an air standard diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16, and at the begging of isentropic compression, the temperature is 15 0 C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is added until the temperature at the end of constant pressure process is 1480 0 C. Calculate (a) The Cut-off ratio (b) The heat supplied per kg of air(c) The cycle efficiency (d) the mean effective pressure 6. An Air Standard Dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16, and the compression begins at 1 bar, 50 0 C.The maximum pressure is 70 bar, the heat transferred to air at constant pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate (a)the pressure and temperature at the cardinal points of the cycle(b) The cycle efficiency (c) the mean effective pressure (for air C p =1.005kj/kg. k, C v = 0.717 kj/kgk, and R=0.287 kj/kgk) 7 A diesel Engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cut-off takes place at 6% of the stroke. Find the Air standard efficiency. 8 Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle and draw P-V & T-S diagrams. 9 Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure of an Otto cycle by drawing PV and TS diagrams 10 Derive an expression for thermal efficiency & mean effective pressure of a dual combustion cycle by drawing PV and TS diagrams. Thermodynamics Page 8