wbh vm M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 22 AvM 2011

wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 22 AvM 2011 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk

MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : AvM 2011 cöökvkk mn hvmx m úv`k cö Q` A i web vm I A½m¾v gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212 : AvjZvgvm cvkv : mv R`yi ingvb : gv. AvKivg nv mb : eª vk wcö Uvm 87-88 (cyivzb) 41 (bzzb) e K-wm U½x wkí GjvKv, MvRxcyi 1710 wbh v mi G msl vwu Z wrsk Acywó I nvi f c vm-gi Dci GKwU cöwz e`bmn 2009 mv ji 2wU, 2010 mv ji 6wU Ges 2011 mv ji 2wU evqvbk Z M elyv wi cvu vb c q Q gzvg Zi Rb m úv`k ev cökvkk `vqx bb cöeümg~ n Dc vwcz mkj gzvgz M elk ev jlkm Yi GKvš wbr ^ m úv`bv cwil` m úv`k m`m : nvmvb kixd Avn g` : kwdkzj Bmjvg, evei Kwei, Avbœv wgb&r, BkwZqvK gwndïxb I KvImvi Avdmvbv Nirjash: Summary of selected BRAC research reports of 2009, 2010 & 2011 special report on Zinc fortified rice and a report on recent RED activities. Number 22, August 2011. Published by BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.

m~wpcî m úv`kxq: KwgDwbwU iwwi `vwi`ª we gvp bi j m PZbZv e w Z mnvqk n e 1 mv cöwzk Lei 6 Av_ -mvgvwrk XvKv kn ii fvmgvb Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎv: GKwU AbymÜvbx cöwz e`b 13 wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY 18 mxgvš A j eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m~wpi Kvh KvwiZv g~j vqb 25 eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî: GKwU M elyvg~jk AbymÜvb 29 AwZ`wi`ª Lvbvmg~ n gvz Z Kvjxb ^v mev cvevi mvwe K wpî: GKwU AbymÜvbx cöwz e`b 36 cve Z PÆMÖv gi wewfbœ b Mvôxi AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK wepvi e e vi Ici GKwU ch e Y 43 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k bvix-cyi l ˆelg Ges bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi ^iƒc wbiƒcy 48

^v I cywó welqk bxjdvgvix Rjvi AwfÁZvi Av jv K gvz Z Kvjxb RwUjZv m ú K myweav fvmx `i aviyv Ges Ri wi mev cvevi Î ^v Kg x `i f~wgkv 52 DbœZ cqtwb vk b eª vk Iqvk Kg m~wpi cöfve: ebrjvbb _ K wgwjvbb Rwi ci cwiez bmg~n 55 ^v myi vq MÖvgv ji gwnjv `i mvevb w` q nvz aviqvi cöeyzv e o Q 60 evsjv ` k wrsk Acywó I nvi f c vm Kvh µg 63

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:1-5 m úv`kxq KwgDwbwU iwwi `vwi`ª we gvp bi j m PZbZv e w Z mnvqk n e evsjv ` ki cö vc U iwwi Lye kw³kvjx GKwU RbwcÖq gva g MÖvgv j we`ÿ r myweav ewâz gvby li Kv QI iwwi Lye mn RB cušqv Z c i Q ez gv b gvevbj dv b GdGg iwwi kvbvi myweav _vkvq MÖvgv j iwwiõi RbwcÖqZv Ges e envi Av iv e w c q Q Ab w` K hviv wjl Z wksev co Z Rv bb bv Zv `i Kv Q Z_ cuš Q w` Z iwwiõi f~wgkv AvR Ab ^xkvh mikv ii Dbœqb j mg~n AR b iwwiõi i q Q MŠiegq BwZnvm, hvi avivevwnkzv GL bv Pjgvb evsjv ` ki gyw³hy&&&&, wuemš cöwz iva, g v jwiqv gy³kiy, h²v cöwz iva, cwievi-cwikíbv I BwcAvBmn Ab vb i Z c~y Dbœqb KŠkj AewnZKi Y iwwi weivgnxbfv e Ae`vb i L P j Q evsjv `k mikvi RvwZms Ni mnmªvã Dbœqb j vejx AR b A½xKvive G mkj j gvîv AR b Ges `vwi`ª we gvp b iwwi e env ii KŠkjMZ cwikíbv cöyqb I Zvi myôz ev evqb cö qvrb G Î mikvwi m úªpv ii cvkvcvwk KwgDwbwUwfwËK AjvfRbK m úªpvi e e v i Z c~y f~wgkv ivl Z cv i iwwilv Zi cv_ K KiY iwwi eû ai bi Abyôv bi gva g wewfbœ ai bi kªvzvi Kv Q cuš Q _v K iwwi m úªpvikvix `i g a i q Q: 1. KwgDwbwU m úªpvikvix, 2. evwywr K m úªpvikvix, 3. mikvwi ev RvZxq m úªpvikvix Ges 4. Avš R vwzk m úªpvikvix G Î KwgDwbwUwfwËK kb jv mvaviyz mxwgz cöhyw³ I gvbem ú` wb q GKwU wbw` ó A j Zvi Abyôvb m úªpvi wbh vm 1

m úv`kxq K i _v K KviY G ai bi m úªpv i mvaviyz ^í kw³m úbœ GdGg UªvÝwgUvi e envi Kiv nq, Kbbv GB m cöpv ii cwiwai Kg nq KwgDwbwU iwwi mv úªwzk eqi jv Z Dbœqbkxj we k KwgDwbwU iwwii GKwU EaŸ gylx cöeyzv j Kiv hv Q vbxq ch v qi Pvwn`v I wewfbœ wel q RbM Yi gzcökv ki my hvm K i `Iqvi Î KwgDwbwU iwwiõi f~wgkv `vzv `k jv KZ K ^xk wz cv Q mrb KwgDwbwU iwwi Kvh µg `vzv `i KvQ _ K Znwej mnvqzvi cv Q ez gv b `w Y Avwd«Kvq Pvjy i q Q cövq 120wU KwgDwbwU iwwi KwgDwbwU iwwi MY m úªpvi Kvh µg wn m e KvR K i G iwwi cy iv `ke vcx bv n q wbw` ó AÂjwfwËK n q _v K, A_ vr GKwU wbw` ó KwgDwbwUi Rb KwgDwbwU iwwiõi Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq GKwU KwgDwbwUi wbr ^ m ú` n Q KwgDwbwU iwwi G Î D³ iwwiõi Kvh µ g DwÏó Rb Mvôx ev KwgDwbwUi g bvfve, ixwzbxwz, mvs wzk cwigêj Ges a vbaviyv cöwzdwjz nq wbw` ó KwgDwbwUi Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœq b D³ iwwi AjvfRbKfv e Kvb msmvb ev dvd Ûkb KZ K cwipvwjz nq Avgv `i ` k Ôevsjv `k ezviõ RvZxq ch v q cövq mvz `kk a i Z_, we bv`b I wk vi cvkvcvwk Rb m PZbZv e w Ges m e vcwi RvZxq Dbœq b me ii RbMY K m ú ³ Kivi Myi Z c~y `vwqz cvjb K i Avm Q Aeva Z_ cöev ni hy M eûgvwîk Dc hvwmzvi `vwe guv Z ` k e w³ gvwjkvbvq evwywr K GdGg ezvi K `ª Pvjy i q Q bmi Kw `ªK G mkj P v bj we bv`b Abyôvb m úªpvi K i _v K wkš mgv Ri G Kev i Z Yg~j ch v qi wewfbœ m úà vq I Rb Mvôxi Rb m ú~y fv e wb ew`z Kv bv ezvi GL bv ` k M o D Vwb D j L h, KwgDwbwU iwwi `w Y Gwkqvi wewfbœ `k hgb-fviz, kªxjskv I gvj qwkqvq Pvjy Kiv n q Q G ev ezvi cö vc U evsjv `k mikv ii Z_ gš vyvjq 2008 mv j KwgDwbwU iwwi vcb, m úªpvi I cwipvjbvq bxwzgvjv cöyqb K i wbh vm 2

m úv`kxq evsjv ` ki KwgDwbwU iwwi Avm Q MÖvgxY Rb Mvôxi Kv Q Zv `i cö qvrbxq Z_ cuš Q w` Z evsjv ` k cö_gev ii g Zv KwgDwbwU iwwi Avm Q ` ki wewfbœ GjvKvq cix vg~jkfv e 14wU KwgDwbwU iwwiõi Aby gv`b w` q Q mikvi Gme ezvi K `ª ` ki DcK~jeZ x Ges AbMÖmi AÂj _ K m úªpvi Kvh µg Pvjv e Gme GjvKvi gvby li Rxebgvb Dbœqb I wewfbœ wel q m PZbZv evov bvb n e KwgDwbwU iwwii cöavb j ` ki 13wU emikvwi cöwzôvb I GKwU mikvwi cöwzôvb AjvfRbKfv e K `ª jv cwipvjbv Ki e KwgDwbwU i ivj iwwi ev K wl iwwi bv gi AvgZjx Dc Rjvq vwcz iwwiwu Pvjv e K wl gš Yvjq Avkv Kiv n Q KwgDwbwU iwwi ` ki wcwq q cov A ji gvbyl K m PZb Ki e Ges Dbœq bi MwZ Z ivwš^z Ki e h Kvb `y h vmkvjxb ev Ri wi cwiw wz Z Gme iwwi gvby li ewk Kv R Avm e mikvwi wm vš gvzv ek AjvfRbK cöwzôv bi gva g KwgDwbwU iwwiõi m úªpvi KvR cwipvwjz n e gvwjkvbvq Kv bv e w³ _vk e bv G iwwiõi m úªpvi Abyôvbm~wP Z KwgDwbwU wk v, ^v I mgvr, bvixi AwaKvi, MÖvgxY I GjvKvwfwËK Dbœqb, cwi ek, AvenvIqv I mvs wzk welq Aš f y³ _vk e m cöpv ii Î vbxq Rb Mvôx K cövavb `Iqv n e iwwi cj xké Ñ GdGg 99.20 GwM q Pjvi K_v KwgDwbwU iwwi, gšjfxevrvi ` ki e nëg emikvwi ms v eª vk gšjfxevrvi m`i Dc Rjvi Puv`bxNvU BDwbq b Ô iwwi cj xkéõ bv g GKwU KwgDwbwU iwwi vcb, m cöpvi I cwipvjbvi Aby gv`b c q Q wbh vm 3

m úv`kxq Ô iwwi cj xkéõ-gi D Ïk vejx: Z_ I Ávb Av`vb-cÖ`v bi GKwU UKmB I mnrjf gva g wn m e KvR Kiv, Z Yg~j ch vq _ K vbxq MÖvgxY RbM Yi, we kl K i bvixi KÉ K Zy j aiv, MÖvgxY Dbœqb cªwµqvq vbxq RbM Yi mwµq AskMÖnY e w Kiv, Ges vbxq jvkr ms wz I HwZn K Zy j aiv we bv`b I Z _ i gva g Ô iwwi cj xkéõ MÖvgxY RbM Yi nv Zi bvmv j cuš Q ` e Dbœqb evz v GLv b _vk e K wl, wk v, ^v mev, bvixi gzvqb, `y h v Mi SzuwK n«vm, wkï Kj vy, cwi ek, we bv`b, vbxq evrvi `i, mikvwi I emikvwi mev msµvš wewfbœ Z_ vejx I msev` A_ vr Ô iwwi cj xké-gi gva g MÖvgxY `wi`ª RbM Yi Z_ cövwß hgb mnrjf n e Zgwb Zv mg Ki e vbxq jvkr ms wz I HwZn K Ô iwwi cj xkéõ-gi wewfbœ Kvh µg cwipvwjz n e vbxq RbM Yi AskMÖn Yi gva g Zviv iwwii Abyôvb cwikíbv, ev evqb, cwipvjbv, m cöpvi, g~j vqb I wewfbœ Kv R AskMÖnY Ki e A_ vr, GB Abyôvb ˆZwi n e vbxq RbM Yi Rb, Zv `i Øviv Ges Zv `ib mwµq I ^Ztù~Z AskMÖn Yi gva g g~jz AvÂwjK fvlvq, vbxq MÖvgxY cövwš K I `wi`ª Rb Mvôx, we kl K i bvix I wkïi Dbœqb K K `ª K i m cöpvwiz n e iwwi cj xké-gi Abyôvbgvjv Ô iwwi cj xkéõ-gi Abyôvb kvbv hv e gšjfxevrvi m`i Dc Rjvi iwwi kb _ K Pviw` K Aš Z 17 wk jvwguvi e vmva Ry o hv gšjfxevrvi Rjvi 4wU Dc Rjvi 18wU BDwbq bi cövq 4 jvl RbMY ïb Z cv e BwZg a Z_ gš Yvjq KZ K Ô iwwi cj xkúõ bvgwu Aby gvw`z n q Q GQvovI iwwi k bi Rb zwwi ˆZwi Kiv, UvIqvi wbg vy Ges ikww s-gi hš cvwz mn Avbylw½K Ab vb hš cvwz µq I vcb Kiv wbh vm 4

m úv`kxq n q Q evsjv `k Uwj hvmv hvm wbqš Y Kwgkb (wewuaviwm) Gi Aby gv`b mv c eªwkvw s UªvÝwgUvi I A v Ubv Avg`vwb cöwµqvaxb eªwkvw s UªvÝwgUvi I A v Ubv cöwz vc bi ci Z_ gš Yvj qi Aby gv`b mv c cix vg~jk m cöpv ii KvR AwZmZ i ïi n e AvgivI Kvgbv KiwQ G D ` vm mdj ndk ez gv b, Ô iwwi cj xkéõ-g welqwfwëk hgb- bvix AwaKvi, evj weevn, bvixi ^v I m PZbZv, K wl, wk v, vbxq jvkr ms wz I HwZn, BZ vw` wewfbœ wel qi Dci Abyôvb ˆZwi Kiv n Q AvIZvaxb GjvKvq eª vk-gi cj x mgv Ri m`m, MÖvg msmv bi m`m, wk kvix K ve m`m Ges GjvKvi Ab vb bvix-cyi l, hyek-hyezx, wkï I eq `i wb q gvu 762wU kªvzvk ve MVb Kiv n q Q GQvov, evsjv `k ezvi wm ju-gi mv _ Abyôvb wewbgq I KvwiMix mnvqzvi e vcv i hvmv hvm Kiv n q Q we k i A bk ` kb KwgDwbwU iwwi eûj cöpwjz Ges AZ š RbwcÖq GKwU MYgva g n ji G aviyvwu evsjv ` k G Kev ib bzzb ez gvb mikvi Z _ i Aeva cöev n wek vmx mikv ii ÔwWwRUvj evsjv `kõ Movi ` p cöz qi m ½ KwgDwbwU iwwiõi Kvh µg hy³ Kiv M j cöz š GjvKvi gvbyl wk v, ^v, bvixi AwaKvi, cwi ek, AvenvIqv BZ vw` wel q Zvr wyk Z_ cvevi myweav cv e Avkv Kiv hv Q eª vk, cökvmb I vbxq RbM Yi mwµq f~wgkvi gva g evsjv ` k KwgDwbwU iwwi RbwcÖq n q DV e Ges MYgvby li Z_ AwaKvi ev evq b i Z c~y f~wgkv ivl Z m g n e AvjZvgvm cvkv gv. AvwRRyi ingvb nvmvb kixd Avn g` Kg m~wp e e vck, eª vk mvgvwrk gzvqb Kg m~wp wbh vm 5

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:6-12 mv cöwzk Lei ÔD ` vm I Dbœqb: AwfÁZv Ges bxwzwba viyõ kxl K Avš R vwzk m jb AbywôZ ÔD ` vm I Dbœqb: AwfÁZv, Abykxjb Ges bxwzwba viyõ kxl K Avš R vwzk m j b g~j cöeü Dc vcb K ib IqviDBK wek we` vj qi Aa vck wµ vdvi DWivd g  evg w`k _ K Dcweó Av Qb Avj vi wek we` vj qi Aa vck GmAvi Imgvbx, wmwcww-i www s Bm&W d jv W. `ewcöq fævpvh, jûb zj Ae B Kv bvwgk&m-gi Aa vck iweb evi Rm, mv ek A_ gš x Gg mvb`y¾vgvb Ges eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk W. gvneye nv mb Dbœqb cöwµqvi g~ jb i q Q D ` v³vi D ` vm z`ª D ` vm KL bvev mgv Ri `wi`ªzg Rb Mvôxi Avq evov Z cöavb Dcvq wn m e Dc vwcz nq, Ab w` K e nr ms vmg~ ni ˆewk K evrv i cöwz hvwmzvi Rb ivóªmg~ ni mvg_ I wby vqk wn m e we ewpz nq GB ` wófw½i Av jv K eª vk, B Uvib vkbvj MÖv_ m Uvi (AKª dvw wek we` vjq) Ges B cö wfs Bbw wudkb di cöv cyii MÖv_ (jûb zj Ae B Kv bvwgkm, BD K) Av qvrb K i Q ÔD ` vm I Dbœqb: AwfÁZv, Abykxjb Ges bxwzwba viyõ kxl K `yôw`be vcx GKwU Avš R vwzk m j bi XvKvi eª vk m Uvi Bb wgjbvqz b MZ 27-28 gvp GB m jb AbywôZ nq G m j b `kxwe `kx cöwzôvb I msmv bi gvu 165 Rb wk vwe`, bxwz-wba vik Ges ckvrxex Ask bb wbh vm 6

mv cöwzk Lei evsjv `k mikv ii mv ek A_ gš x Rbve Gg mvb`y¾vgvb D Øvabx Abyôv b mfvcwzz K ib IqviDBK wek we` vj qi Aa vck wµ vdvi DWivd m j b Promoting micro-entrepreneurship in the developing world kxl K g~j cöeü Dc vcb K ib D³ m j bi wewfbœ Awa ek b Av iv AvUwU M elyv wbeü Dc vwcz n q Q eª vk m Uv i AbywôZ GB m j bi cö_g Awa ek b mfvcwzz K ib ZË veavqk mikv ii mv ek Dc `óv Gwe wg¾ v AvwRRyj Bmjvg Rbve Bmjvg e jb, z`ª I AwZ z`ª D ` v³v `i Rb ch vß wewb qvm ev cuywri Afve i q Q Gme D ` v³v `i Rb A_ vqbmn Ab vb wel q mikv ii c _ K A bk wkqy Kivi my hvm i q Q eªªª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk W. gvneye nv mb e jb, ` k Kx cwigvy ỳ ª D ` v³v i q Q Zvi mwvk cwigvy cviqv `y i Kbbv z`ª I AwZ z`ª D ` v³v AvbyôvwbKfv e ˆZwi nq bv mvaviyz cwievi ch v q G e emv ïi nq wzwb Av iv Rvbvb, z`ª I gvsvwi wk íi D ` v³v `i A_ vq bi Ici my `i nvi GL bv A bk ewk my `i nvi Av iv Kgv bv DwPZ ZË veavqk mikv ii mv ek Dc `óv Aa vck Iqvwn` DwÏb gvngỳ mgvcbx Awa ek b mfvcwzz K ib, evsjv `k e vs Ki Mf bi AvwZqyi ingvb G Awa ek b cöavb AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb eª vk Avš R vwzk- Gi Dcwbe vnx cwipvjk W. Bgivb gwzb `yõw`be vcx m j bi mvivsk Dc vcb K ib GB m j b Av jvpbvi K `ª wqj eª v Ki AwZ`wi`ª Kg m~wpi g~j vqb GB Kg m~wpi j n Q AwZ`wi`ª `i g a Drcv`bgyLx m ú `i n vš i Ges m ú` cwipvjbv msµvš ` Zv m wó AwZ`wi`ª Kg m~wpwu evsjv ` k e vck cwim i ev evwqz n Q Ges GwU wewfbœ Dbœqbkxj iv óª ûeû AbyKiYI Kiv n Q GB m j b AwZ`wi`ª Kg m~wp GKwU g Wj wn m e we vwizfv e Av jvwpz n q Q Ab vb ` k GB Kg m~wpi AbyKi Yi mdjzv wb qi Av jvpbv Kiv nq GB m j b z`ª D ` vm K emevb Kivi c _ cöwzeükzv Ges Gi wekv k mikv ii f~wgkv I mnvqk bxwzgvjv wb q wbh vm 7

mv cöwzk Lei we vwiz Av jvpbv nq gvsvix D ` vm I wkí KviLvbvq wewb qv Mi Î ivóªxq ch v qi bxwzgvjvi f~wgkv wb qi m j b we vwiz Av jvpbv nq GWy Kkb IqvP 2009-2010 mv ji cöwz e`b cökvk GWy Kkb IqvP 2009-2010-Gi gvok D b vpb g  evg w`k _ K M elk I GWy Kkb IqvP IqvwK s MÖ c-gi m`m mgxi iäb bv_, wm ju wmwu K c v ik bi gqi e`i DÏxb Avng` Kvgivb, msm` m`m nvwdr Avng` gryg`vi, MYmv izv Awfhvb-Gi wbe vnx cwipvjk Ges ZË veavqk mikv ii mv ek Dc `óv iv k`v K PŠayix, wk vgš x byi j Bmjvg bvwn`, msm` m`m Bgivb Avn g` Ges GdAvBwfwWweÕi wbe vnx cwipvjk hnxb Avng` wm ju kn ii GKwU i vivq MZ 17 GwcÖj ÔGWy Kkb IqvP 2009-2010 - wk v Î AbMªmiZvi KviY AbymÜvb: wm ju wefv Mi Ici GKwU M elyvõ kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i gvok D b vpb Kiv nq GKwU Abvo ^i Abyôv bi gva g MYmv izv Awfhvb Ges emikvwi ms v GdAvBwfwWwe GB Abyôv bi Av qvrb K i D³ Abyôv b cöavb AwZw_ wq jb wk vgš x byi j Bmjvg bvwn` we kl AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb wm ju wmwu K c v ik bi gqi e`i DwÏb Avng` Kvgivb Abyôv b ^vmz fvly `b GdAvBwfwWweÔi wbe vnx cwipvjk hnxb Avng` GWy Kkb IqvP 2009-2010 cöwz e` bi Z_ I bxwzmsµvš mycvwikgvjv Dc vcb K ib eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi wk v BDwb Ui wimvp Kv- AwW bui mgxi iäb bv_ GB M elyv cöwz e` b wm ju wefv Mi wk ve e v m ú K Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q cöwz e` b D j L Kiv nq h, wm j Ui gvu f~wgi 30.2% nvii I Pv-evMvb Ges 12.5% eb-cvnvo wbh vm 8

mv cöwzk Lei Aaÿ wlz f~wg fš MvwjK w`k w` q mybvgm Äi cövq cy ivuvb nvii Ges gšjfxevrv ii cy ivuvb Pv-evMvb Aaÿ wlz Gme AÂ ji wkïiv fš MvwjK Kvi Y Ges cvwievwik Avw_ K Am QjZvi Kvi Y wk v _ K wcwq q co Q GB M elyvq Av iv ejv nq, mviv ` k hlv b 65% wkky Qq eqi eq mb we` vj q hvq, mlv b wm j U GB nvi 52% cöwz e` b wm ju AÂ ji wk v e e vi Dbœq b nvi ii iv vnvu Dbœq bi cvkvcvwk el v gšmy g wk K-wk v_ x `i Rb Ôwe kl IqvUvi evm mvwf mõ Pvjy, AwZ`wi`ª GjvKvq Dce wëi cwigvy e w, Dc RjvwfwËK mgm v K cövavb w` q wk v Dbœqb bxwzgvjv ˆZwi, wk K `i wb R `i evwoi KvQvKvwQ we` vj q wb qvmmn ek wkqy mycvwik Kiv nq D³ Abyôv bi cöavb AwZw_ wk vgš x byi j Bmjvg bvwn` e jb wm ju wk v Î cðvrc` wqj, GL bv Av Q Z e GB AÂj µgk GwM q hv Q wm j U we` vj q fwz i nvi Kg, A_P S i covi nvi ewk nvii AÂ j jlvcov Pvwj q hviqv KwVb, el v gšmy g wk K-wk v_ x `i z j h Z mgm v nq wk vbxwz Z nvii AÂj, Pv-evMvb, cvnvwo AÂj, Avw`evmx I AwZ`wi`ª `i Avjv`v i Z `Iqv n q Q e j gš x Rvbvb msm` m`m myiwäz mb ß e jb, wm j Ui g a mybvgmä G Kev ib cðv`c` ev iv gšmy g nvii GjvKvi zjqvî mn mevb gv V avb KvU Z hvq el v gšmy g bškvi Afv e GK MÖvg _ K Av ik MÖv gi z j h Z wk v_ x `i `y f vm cvnv Z nq ZvB AbMÖmi AÂ j bri`vwi evov Z n e mfvcwzi e³ e ZË veavqk mikv ii mv ek Dc `óv I MYmv izv Awfhv bi wbe vnx cwipvjk iv k`v K PŠayix e jb, ÔhLbB wk v wb q M elyv Kwi, ZLbB wm ju K wcwq q _vk Z `wl G Ae v _ K DËi Yi Rb Z_ `ikviõ D³ Abyôv b Av iv Ask bb kvnrvjvj weávb I cöhyw³ wek we` vj qi DcvPvh gv. mv jn DwÏb, wjwws BDwbfvwm wui DcvPvh Kexi nv mb, wm ju wk v ev W i Pqvig vb GmGg Ave`yj Lv jk, Rjv cöv_wgk wk v Kg KZ v wbh vm 9

mv cöwzk Lei byi j Avwgb PŠayix, MvjvcMÄ Dc Rjv Pqvig vb BKevj Avng` PŠayix, RvgvjMÄ Dc Rjvi fvbm Pqvig vb kvgxgv kvnwiqvi, wm ju e y-evw yj GÛ K j Ri wk K jyrdz bœmv wjwj cögyl Ôevsjv ` k AbycywóRwbZ Acywó gvkvwejvq wrsk mg avbõ kxl K RvZxq Kg kvjv AbywôZ eª vk I evsjv `k avb M elyv BÝwUwUD Ui mn hvwmzvq nvi f c vm Ôevsjv ` k AbycywóRwbZ Acywó gvkvwejvq wrskmg avbõ kxl K GKwU RvZxq Kg kvjvi Av qvrb K i MZ 11-12 g, 2011 Zvwi L XvKvi iƒcmx evsjv nv U j (cöv³b XvKv kivub nv Uj) `yõw`be vcx GB Kg kvjvq cªavb AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb K wlgš x gwzqv PŠayix Abyôv b we kl AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb evsjv `k K wl M elyv KvDwÝ ji wbe vnx Pqvig vb IqvBm Kwei D Øvabx Abyôv b mfvcwzz K ib eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk W. gvneye nv mb GB Kg kvjvq ` ki mikvwi Ges emikvwi ch v qi wîkr bii AwaK K wl weávbx, bxwz-wba vik Ges ckvrxex nvi f c v mi M elyv wb q Av jvpbv K ib Ges wr¼mg GB bzzbrv Zi avb AvbyôvwbKfv e gy³ niqvi ci Kx wbh vm 10

mv cöwzk Lei K i Zv ` k `ª Z m cömviy Kiv hvq mwel q civgk cö`vb K ib I Kg KŠkj wb q wek` Av jvpbv K ib GLv b D j L h, wrsk ev ` v gvbe ` ni Rb GKwU AwZ cö qvrbxq cywó Dcv`vb bvix, cyi l, wkï, e mevi Rb B wrsk cö qvrb ˆ`wbK GKRb cövßeq cyi li cövq 4 wgwjmövg, GKRb cövßeq gwnjvi cövq 3 wgwjmövg, GKRb wkïi cövq 1-3 wgwjmövg I GKRb evoš ev Pvi cövq 3-5 wgwjmövg wrsk cö qvrb Mf ezx Ges cöm~wz gwnjv `i wrsk Gi cö qvrb Av iv ewk GKRb Mf ezx gwnjvi Rb ˆ`wbK cövq 3-6 wgwjmövg Ges cöm~wz gwnjvi Rb ˆ`wbK cövq 6 wgwjmövg wrsk Gi cö qvrb nq A bk Kg L Z nq e j wrsk K Abycywó ejv nq wkš GiB Afv e gvbe ` n gvivz K wz n Z cv i QvU ev Pv Ges wkï `i kix i wrsk Gi Afve n j Zv `i kvixwik e w n«vm cvq d j Zviv wpiw` bi Rb eq mi Zzjbvq Lv Uv n q h Z cv i Av qvwrz Kg kvjvq we kláiv Rvbvb, cövwyr Avwg li Afv e evsjv ` ki `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi kix i wrs Ki Afve cöku wrs Ki Afv e gv I bervz Ki g Zÿ I NU Z cv i Zuviv e j Qb, wrskmg avb D ve bi gva g G mgm vi mgvavb Kiv h Z cv i Abyôv b K wlgš x gwzqv PŠayix bzybrv Zi avb Drcv` b h _ó mveavbzv Aej ^ bi wb ` k `b bzzbrv Zi wrskmg avbwui Drcv`b e q hb K l Ki mv a i g a _v K Ges Gi fvz hb Dcv `q nq, mw` KI j ivlvi civgk `b wzwb evsjv `k K wl M elyv KvDwÝ ji wbe vnx Pqvig vb Iqv qm Kexi e jb, mxwgz Rwgi AwaK e env ii Kvi Y gvwu Z cö qvrbxq Lwb Ri NvUwZ `Lv w` Q ` ki mv o AvU wgwjqb n±i Pvl hvm Rwgi A a Ki ewk Z wrsk cö qvrbxq gvîvi P q Kg weª-i cöavb M elyv Kg KZ v gvt AvjgMxi nv mb e jb, ez gv b wrskmg av bi cix vg~jk Pvl n Q ` ki K qkwu GjvKvq GB av bi wbh vm 11

mv cöwzk Lei exr 2012 mvj bvmv` Pvlvev `i Rb Db y³ K i `Iqv m e n e eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk W. gvneye nv mb e jb, AwaKvsk `wi`ª cwievi cöwzw`b gvq-gvsm L Z cv i bv G cwievi jv Z wrs Ki AfveRwbZ Acywó e vck wkš A c vk Z m vq fvz LvIqv m e e j av b ch vß cwigv Y wrsk _vk j mevb Gi myweav cv e Avš R vwzk D`ivgq M elyv K `ª evsjv ` ki (AvBwmwWwWAvi,we) cywó Kg m~wpi cöavb Zvnwg` Avn g` e jb, ïay ch vß wrsk mieivn Kiv M j eq i 70 nvrvi wkïi cövy i v Kiv m e wrs Ki Afv e evsjv ` ki 43 kzvsk wkï Le vk wz nq `yõw`be vcx GB Kg kvjvq ^vmz e³e iv Lb weª-i gnvcwipvjk gv. Ave`yj gvbœvb I nvi f c vm-gi cövwv± WwjfvwiÕi cöavb n vwi nbwwª wek e vcx GB mgm vwui myjf I jvmmb mgvav bi Rb GwM q G m Q GKwU Avš R vwzk M elyv ms v nvi f c vm nvi f c v mi D Ïk n Q cöavb Lv` k m Abycywói Dcv`vb e w Kiv GB cöwµqvwu msnwuz nq wbe vwpz cªrbb cöwµqvi gva g GwU Kvb wrb cöwz vcb cöwµqv bq GUv K AwfwnZ Kiv nq ev qvdiwuwd Kkb bv g nvi f c vm Avš R vwzk K wl M elyv MÖ c (wmwravbgavi) Gi Aš fy ³ GKwU Avš R vwzk M elyv cökí GwU 2003 mv j vwcz Ges IqvwksUb wwwm Z Aew Z Avš R vwzk Lv` bxwz M elyv cöwzôvb (Bdwi) I Kjw ^qvq Aew Z Avš R vwzk Dò AÂjxq K wl M elyv K `ª (wmqvu) Gi hš_ ZË veav b cwipvwjz we k i Pwj kwu ` ki lvuwu ms vi `yõ kvii ewk weávbx GB cök íi mv _ hy³ i q Qb ez gv b evsjv `kmn bqwu ` k nvi f c vm M elyv Ki Q GB M elyvi AvIZvq evsjv `k avb M elyv BÝwUwUD Ui M elke ` wrskmg GKwU bzyb av bi RvZ Avwe v ii cövq KvQvKvwQ cuš Q M Qb Avkv Kiv hvq h, 2012 mvj bvmv` wrskmg av bi exr Pvlvev `i Rb Db y³ K i `Iqv m e n e GB RvZwU Ab vb Yvejx Z RbwcÖq RvZmg~ ni mg Y m úbœ n e GLv b Av iv D j L h, nvi f c vm evsjv `k mikv ii K wl gš Yvjq, eª vk Ges AvBwmwWwWAvi,we-Gi m ½ hš_fv e KvR Ki Q wbh vm 12

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:13-17 XvKv kn ii fvmgvb Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎv: GKwU AbymÜvbx cöwz e`b ˆmq` gvmy` Avn g`, kvgxg nv mb, Aš iv gvngy` Lvb, KvRx kvdv qzzj Bmjgv I gv. Kvgi ¾vgvb `vwi`ª B g~jz GBme gvbyl K XvKv kn i fvmgvb Ae vq _vk Z eva Ki Q G `i 36% dzucv _ Nygvq, Ab iv ij kb, wwqvg, ew, jâ Uvwg bvj, evm vû ev evrv i Nygvq G `i 22% `k eq iii ewk XvKvi dzucv _ evm Ki Q, 19% cuvp eqi, 38% GK _ K cuvp eqi a i evm Ki Q w`bgrywi, wf ve wë Ges UvKvB-Gi KvR Kiv n Q Zv `i RxweKvi cöavb Dcvq fvmgvb gvbyl `i mvßvwnk Mo Avq n Q 849 UvKv G Î cyi l `i Avq gwnjv `i P q ewk fvmgvb hšbkg x `i mvßvwnk Mo Avq n Q me P q ewk 1,370 UvKv m~pbv evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey ivi msávbymv i fvmgvb gvbyl ej Z Zv `i evsvq huviv iv v, ij kb, c vudg, evm-uvwg bvj, cvk, Db y³ vb, wbg vbvaxb vcbv, Kei v bi Avkcvk Ges Ab vb mikvwi vcbvq ivwîhvcb K i G `i gv_vi Dci Kvb Qv` ev Av Qv`bI _v K bv mvrv K_vq Gme gvbyl n Q fvmgvb I feny i hv `i vqx Kvb _vkvi RvqMv bb XvKv kni Lives and livelihoods on the streets of Dhaka city: Findings from a population based exploratory survey (2010) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 13

XvKv kn ii fvmgvb Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎv Avn g` I Ab vb h nzz ` ki ivravbx Ges Rxeb-RxweKvi wewfbœ my hvm we` gvb ZvB NievwoPz Z gvbyl RxweKvi müv b e vckfv e XvKv kn i Qy U Av m GKwU M elyvq `Lv M Q XvKv kn i eq i cövq 320,000 wqbœg~j gvbyl AbycÖ ek K i eª vk `xn w`b a i Mwie gvby li gzvq bi Rb KvR Ki Q mv cöwzk eqi jv Z eª vk kn ii ew GjvKvq emevmkvix gvbyl KI Zvi Kg m~wpi Aš f y³ K i Q ew evmx `i Rb wk v, ^v I weï cvwb mieivn wbwðz Ki Z wewfbœ Kvh µg cwipvwjz n Q GQvovI kn ii fvmgvb wqbœg~j gvby li Rb h _vchy³ Kg m~wp cöyq bi j eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm m cöwz XvKv kn ii fvmgvb gvby li Dci GKwU Rwic K i GB Rwi c fvmgvb gvby li cö qvrb, Rxeb-RxweKv I Pvwn`v m ú K Z_ vw` msmön Kiv nq hv Z mwvk Z_ -wbf i Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv hvq G M elyvi D Ïk wqj QqwU cö_gz, fvmgvb gvby li mvgvwrk RbwgwZK Ae v Ges c~ e i A_ bwzk Ae v Kx wqj Zv Rvbv; wøzxqz, Zv `i ez gvb Rxebhvcb m ú K Rvbv; Z ZxqZ, Zv `i ez gvb i wr- ivrmvi m ú K Rvbv; PZz_ Z, Zv `i Amy Zv Ges ^v mev cviqvi Dcvq m ú K Rvbv; câgz, c _ evm Kivi SuywK Ges wbivcëv welqk DrKÉv m ú K AewnZ niqv; Ges lóz, fvmgvb gvby li wbr ^ Pvwn`v m ú K AewnZ niqv G M elyvwu cwipvwjz nq XvKv gnvbmixi kvnevm, nvb KvU cöv½b, Kgjvcyi ij kb, mvq`vev`, KviIqvb evrvi, wgicyi/mvezjx, wljmuvi/evmv ev, gnvlvjx/ jkvb, wj vb/ wwqvg Ges m`invu jâ NvU GjvKvq M elyvq Aš fy ³ wqj c_wkï, fvmgvb hšbkg x, w`bgryi, gy U, wi ªv I f vb PvjK Ges wf zk GK mßvn a i cöwzwu wbe vwpz v b evi evi hviqv-avmvi gva g cöwzwu GjvKv _ K 100Ôi g Zv fvmgvb gvbyl K wbe vpb Kiv nq hme fvmgvb gvbyl GKB v b MZ GKgvm hver ivwîhvcb K i Q KejgvÎ Zv `i KB G M elyvq Aš f y³ Kiv n q Q gvu 20wU wba vwiz vb _ K G cöwµqvq gvu 2,264 Rb fvmgvb gvbyl GB Rwi ci AvIZvq bqv nq wbh vm 14

XvKv kn ii fvmgvb Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎv Avn g` I Ab vb M elyvjä djvdj GB Rwi c AskMÖnYKvixiv iv Zi Avkªq j (86%), Lv ` i ms vb (46%) Ges KvR cvevi wbðqzv (40%) bv _vkv K Zv `i Rxe bi me P q eo mgm v wn m e D j L K i Q cvwb, m vwb Ukb myweav, wpwkrmv, cywjk I gv vb KZ K nqivwb, wbh vzb BZ vw` mgm vi P qi Gme mgm v fvmgvb gvbyl K ewk wpwš Z K i Gme fvmgvb bvix-cyi li g a Kg g gvby li eqmmxgv n Q 19 _ K 40 eqi hvi g a bvix `i msl vb ewk Avevi bvix `i GKUv wekvj Ask n Q weaev ev ZvjvKcÖvßv (30%) Ges ^vgx cwiz ³v (19%) 18 eq ii Kg eqmx wkï n Q 25% Ges cövq 7% n Q e -e v Gme fvmgvb gvby li ewki fvmb wbi i, 16% co Z I wjl Z cv i GK-cÂgvsk câg kªyx ch š cov jlv K i Q (cyi l GK- PZz_ vsk, bvix GK-`kgvsk) Zv `i Av qi cöavb Dcvq n Q w`bgrywi (28%), wf ve wë (24%) Ges UvKvB-Gi KvR (14%) Zviv mßv n M o 849 UvKv Avq K i Ges 692 UvKv e q K i cyi l `i Zzjbvq gwnjv `i Avq I e q `y UvB Kg G `i g a cyi liv M o Qq eqi a i Ges g qiv bq eqi a i iv vq Rxebhvcb Ki Q `vwi`ª B fvmgvb Rb Mvôx K GB Rxeb e Q wb Z eva K i Q gwnjv `i Î G K_v we klfv e cö hvr Gme gvbyl ivwîhvcb K i dyucv Z (36%), ij k b (14%) Ges wwqv g (13%) el vkv j Zviv RvqMv cwiez b K i Ggb Kv_vI h Z Pvq hlv b gv_vi Ici mvgvb n ji GKUz Av Qv`b `Iqv ev cviqv hvq fvmgvb gvby li ewkifvmb GKv ivwîhvcb K i (22%) A_ev Ab fvmgvb gvby li m ½ _v K ewkifvm gwnjv Zv `i ^vgxi m ½ (28%) Ges Q j- g qi m ½ _v K (27%) cyi l `i Î GB nvi n Q h_vµ g 13% Ges 0.6% djvdj we k l Y Rvbv hvq h, fvmgvb gvbyliv cöwzw`b M o mvz N UviI ewk mgq KvR K i mßv ni Qq w`bb Zviv KvR K i _v K `Lv M Q 72% cyi l Ges 55% bvix mvaviyz wzb ejvb wb R `i Lvev ii ms vb Ki Z cv i Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix 60% bvix-cyi l Zv `i Avq _ K mâq wbh vm 15

XvKv kn ii fvmgvb Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎv Avn g` I Ab vb K i cyi l `i 26% Ges bvix `i 15% Zv `i Av qi GKwU Ask MÖv g Zv `i cwiev i ev AvZ xq ^R bi Kv Q cvvvq fvmgvb gvbyl `i `yb-z Zxqvsk Iqvmvi cvwb cvb K i cvewjk Uq ju e envi K i 62% Ges MvmjLvbv e envi K i 36% cvqlvbv K i mvevb e envi K i 69% Ges Mvm ji mgq mvevb e envi K i 77% Kgc GK-cÂgvsk fvmgvb gvbyl Kvb KviY QvovB Zv `i iv vq _vkv Rxe b cywjkx nqivwbi wkkvi n q Q gv`k e emvi m ½ mswk ózvi Kvi Y wewfbœ mg q 22% MÖdZvi n q Q Avi 36% fvmgvb bvix-cyi l kvixwikfv e wbh vwzz n q Q AmyLwemy Li Î `Lv hvq 37% Rwicfy³ gvbyl Rwi ci `yõmßvn c~ e Amȳ wqj VvÊv jvmv me P q ewk N U Q (22%) Wvqwiqv I Avgvk q fy M Q 10% gvbyl Ily ai `vkv bi K úvdûv ii KvQ _ K wpwkrmv wb q Q cövq 80% Ges mikvwi nvmcvzv j wpwkrmv wb q Q 10% Ab vb Amy Li g a wqj M vmwuª Ki e _v 19%, k vmkórbxz mgm v 17%, Ges kixi e _v 13% gv`kvm³ wqj 24% cyi l Ges 5% bvix `uv Zi h Zœ Zuviv Uz_eªvm I c e envi Ki ji ewkifvm ÎB QvB I Kqjv e envi K i e j Rvwb q Q Zv `i g a hšbkg x `i msl v 3% n ji G nvi cök Zc Av iv ewk n e, KviY Rwi c G ckvi m ½ m ú ³Zvi K_v KD mvrvmywr ej Z Pvq wb GLv b D j L h, fvmgvb hšbkg x `i mvßvwnk Mo Avq n Q me P q ewk, 1,370 UvKv fvmgvb wkï `i 40% eo n q Kvb m vbrbk RxweKv MÖnY Ki Z Pvq we klz g q `i Gai bi D PvKv v ewk Q jwkï `i 16% cwienb kªwgk n Z P q Q, Aciw` K g qwkï `i 18% ckvrxex hgb wpwkrmk, cö KŠkjx ev wk K n Z P q Q eqm, mv izv Ges c _ fvmgvb _vkvi mgqmxgv Abymv i `Lv hvq h, eq gvbyliv ewk KvYVvmv n q c ob dzucv Z Nygv bvi Î, wzb ejv Lv ` i hvmv bi Î Ges h Kvb v b gjg~î Z v Mi Î Z e Kgeq `i P q Zviv ewk mâq Ki Z wbh vm 16

XvKv kn ii fvmgvb Rb Mvôxi RxebhvÎv Avn g` I Ab vb cv ib ^vfvwekfv eb eq iv Ab vb `i P q wpwkrmvi Rb nvmcvzv j hvq ewk `Lv hvq 7-18 eq ii wkïiv Ab vb `i P q cywjk KZ K MÖdZvi Ges kvixwikfv e wbm nxz nq ewk hviv wjl Z I co Z cv i Zviv wzb ejvb LvIqv-`vIqvi ms vb Ki Z m g Giv cvewjk Uq ju e envi K i Ges el vi mgq Nygvevi RvqMvq gv_vi Ici GKUv Av Qv`bI w` Z cv i mycvwikmg~n GB Rwi c fvmgvb gvby li mgm vi Mfx i hvevi Rb Zv `i Pvwn`vi cöwz i Z v ivc K i Av iv mgwš^z Rwi ci cö vebv i L KwZcq mycvwik Kiv n q Q Gme mycvwi k ejv n q Q, wewfbœ GbwRI fvmgvb wkï I hšbkg x `i wb q KvR Kivi cwi cöw Z eª vk cövßeq bvix-cyi l, e I cöwzeüx wf yk `i wb q KvR Ki Z cv i D³ Rwi c Av iv mycvwik Kiv n q Q h, Zvr wyk I ^íkvjxb Kg m~wp wn m e ivwîkvjxb Avkªq j evbv bv h Z cv i hlv b weï cvwb, ^v m Z cvqlvbvi e e v _vk Z cv i G Î bvggvî mvwf m PvR MÖn Yi K_v ejv n q Q we klz gwnjv `i myweavi Rb åvg gvb Uq j Ui e e v Ki Z A_ev bvggvî `v g ev webvg~ j XvKv kn ii wbw` ó wkqy v b m vwbuvwi Uq ju emv bvi mycvwik Kiv n q Q Gme fvmgvb gvby li Rb ^v Ki Lv` Kgg~ j `evi e e v Kiv h Z cv i hv Z K i `~wlz Lv` RbxZ iv Mi cöv`yf ve K g Av m fvmgvb gvbyl `i AmyLwemyL j M _vkvi Kvi Y åvg gvb ^v wk wb Ki gva g mev cö`vb Kiv h Z cv i G ^v mevq hšb ivm I cörbb ^v MZ mevi Aš f y³ _vk Z cv i h nzz fvmgvb gvby li A b KiB mâq cöeyzv i q Q, ZvB G mâq K Kv R jvwm q Gme gvby li AvZ Kg ms v bi e e v Kiv hvq G Qvov gvui Mvwo givgz IqvK kc, wbg vy wkí. n wkí, Mv g Um BZ vw` wel q cöwk Yi e e v Kiv h Z cv i hv Z K i fvmgvb wk kvi-wk kvixiv fwel Z wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvq KvR K i Zv `i fvmgvb Rxe bi mgvwß NUv Z cv i GR b cö qvrb mgwš^z ivr bwzk A½xKv ii Avi G Î ez gvb RwicwU mnvqk n Z cv i wbh vm 17

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:18-24 wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY mgxi iäb bv_, gv. gvneyeyj Kwei, KvRx mv jn Avn g`, MŠZg ivq, AvIjv` nv mb, GmGg byi j Avjg, drjyj Kwig PŠayix I Avwgbv gvneye wm ju wefv Mi fš MvwjK ˆewk ó i Kvi Y h Avw_ K AbMÖmiZv I mvgvwrk AmgZv m wó K i Zv GB AÂ ji wkï `i wk v K bvbvfv e cöfvwez K i wm ju wefv Mi wkïiv z j `wi Z fwz nq, Avevi AvMvg S i covi nvii Zv `i g a ewk GLvbKvi wk K `i g a mgqvbyewz Zvi Afve i q Q Zuviv `wi Z z j Av mb Avevi QywU niqvi Av MB we` vjq Z vm K ib ` ki Ab vb AÂ ji Zzjbvq wk v Î wm ju wefvm AbMÖmi GWy Kkb IqvP-Gi GB M elyvq wk v Î wm ju wefv Mi AbMÖmiZvi KviY AbymÜv bi Póv Kiv n q Q wm ju wefv Mi RbmsL v cövq beÿb j mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk Avi fš MvwjK w`k _ K wm ju ek ˆewPÎc~Y ; Gi ˆewkóvejx evsjv ` ki Ab vb GjvKv _ K Avjv`v wm j Ui gvu f~wgi 57.5% mgzj, 30.2% nvii AÂj Ges 12.5% Pv evmvb, ebf~wg, cvnvo BZ vw` wb q MwVZ wm j Ui cöv_wgk wk vjv fi Dchy³ eqmx wkï `i 80.5% Avi gva wgk wk vjv fi Dchy³ eqmx wkï `i 64.2% z j fwz nq `ywu nvib G msµvš RvZxq Mo nv ii Zzjbvq A bk Kg RvZxq Mo nvimg~n h_vµ g 86.4% I 77.7% Abyiƒcfv e, z j cov jlv K iwqj Ggb RbmsL vi Exploring low performance in education: the case of Sylhet division (2009-10) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 18

wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY bv_ I Ab vb nvi wksev cöv_wgk I gva wgk ii wk vjvfkvix Rbmvavi Yi nv ii wbwi LI wm ju wefv Mi Ae vb ` ki Mo Ae v bi Zzjbvq ek cq b mv izvi nv ii w`k _ K wm j Ui Ae vb mevi wb P M elyvi D Ïk I c wz wk vi wewfbœ m~p K wm ju wefvm Kb ` ki Ab vb AÂj _ K wcwq q i q Q? mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk, AvÂwjK ev Ab Kvb welq wm j Ui AMÖMwZi c _ evav ^iƒc? Gme evavmg~n Kb weivr Ki Q Ges Kxf e G jv `~i Kiv hv e? Ñ Av jvp M elyvq GB welq jv `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q Lvbv, wk v cöwzôvb Ges KwgDwbwU Rwic-Gi gva g Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q cöv_wgk I gva wgk Dfq ai bi wk v cöwzôvbb Rwi ci AvIZvq Avbv n q Q wm ju wefv Mi PviwU Rjvi MÖvgxY Ges kni GjvKvi Rb Avjv`vfv e Z_ we k ly Kiv n q Q GKB m ½ mgzj f~wg, nvii GjvKv, Ges Pv-evMvb/ebf~wg/cvnvo-Gi Rb I Avjv`v K i Z_ we k ly Kiv n q Q M elyvi cöv_wgk Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q 344wU KwgDwbwU, 7,498wU Lvbv Ges 254wU wk v cöwzôvb _ K GQvovI 56wU mv vrkvi, 12wU `jxq Av jvpbv, 64wU Km vww Ges 8wU ch e Yi gva gi Z_ AvniY Kiv n q Q GB M elyvwui me Z_ msmön Kiv nq 2010 mv ji gvp I GwcÖj gv m M elyvi djvdj wk v Î wm ju wefv Mi AbMÖmiZvi wewea KviY GB M elyvq D V G m Q h jv cvi úwikfv e m úwk Z KviY jvi ewkifvmb Ggb bq h G jv ïay wm j Ui Rb cö hvr mvwe Kfv e evsjv ` ki AbMÖmi GjvKv jvi m ½ Gi mvgäm Zv i q Q Z e GK_v ejv hvq h, Kv bv Kv bv Kvi Yi e vckzv wm ju wefv M ewk Ges Kv bv Kv bv Î G jvi cök wzi nq Zv Avjv`v gvîvi wbh vm 19

wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY bv_ I Ab vb fšmwjk Ae v nvii I Pv-evMvb GjvKvi M nvqb, hvmv hvm e e v I RbM Yi ckv wm j Ui Ab GjvKv Ges ` ki ev`evwk AÂj _ K m ú~y Avjv`v Ges LyeB SuywKc~Y I wbgœgv bi GmKj Î FZy f ` wfbœzvi `Lv hvq `Lv M Q, wm j Ui knivâj (gnvbmi I cšimfvmg~n) e ZxZ cy iv Rbc `B wkï `i we` vj q AwfMg Zvi nvi RvZxq ch v qi Mo nv ii Zzjbvq Kg mybvgmä I gšjfxevrvi Rjvq Ges Pv-evMvb GjvKvq GB nvi RvZxq Mo nv ii A bk wb P Avw_ K AbMÖmiZv Ges mvgvwrk AmgZv Avi ˆel g i Kvi Y GB AÂ ji wkïiv we` vj q fwz nq Kg hviv fwz nq ZvivI GKB Kvi Y cov jlv Pvwj q wb Z cv i bv hw`i Mo wn m e wm ju wefv Mi Avw_ K Ae v evsjv ` ki Ab wefvm jvi Zzjbvq fv jv wkš fš MvwjK wewfbœzvi Kvi Y GLv b Amg web v mi m vebv Lye ewk wkï `i wej ^ fwz I AvMvg S i cov Zzjbvg~jKfv e wm ju wefv Mi wkïiv `wi Z z j fwz nq, Avevi AvMvg S i covi nvii Zv `i g a ewk wm j Ui mkj eq mi wkï `i wbu fwz nvi RvZxq nv ii P q Kg hlv b evsjv ` ki Qq eqi eqmx wkï `i 65% z j fwz nq mlv b wm ju wefv M GB nvi 52% wkïi eqm 15 eqi n ZB mgzj f~wgi A a K wkï, nvii AÂ ji 60% Ges Pv evmvb, cvnvo I ebf~wgi 73% wkï we` vjq-ewnf~ Z wkï Z cwiyz nq G msµvš Zzjbvg~jK RvZxq nvi 40%-GiI wb P S i cov wkï `i GKwU As ki cwievi cov jlvi e qfvi enb Ki Z G Kev ib cv i bv Avi Ab iv Aí eq mb Avq-DcvR bi Rb bvbv ai bi Kv R hvm `q KwgDwbwUi m PZbZv fwz i Dchy³ eqmx wkï `i gv-eveviv wk vi i Z ev Sb GgbwK `wi`ª kªyxi gv-evev `i ÎI wk vi e vcv i AvMÖ ni KgwZ bb wkš Zviv hlb wkïi wk vjvf K Zv `i A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ê AskMÖn Yi m ½ Zzjbv wbh vm 20

wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY bv_ I Ab vb K ib ZLb A bk ÎB wøzxqwu cövavb cvq G Kvi YB wm j Ui MÖvgvÂj jv Z wkïkª gi e vck cövavb `Lv M Q GB wkï `i KD A _ i wewbg q Avevi KDev webvg~ j kªg`vb K i Gi m ½ hvm nq DbœZ Rxe bi cöz vkvq we `k hvevi AvKv v, we klz hy³iv R wk vmsµvš myweavw` wm ju wefv M cöv_wgk wk v cöwzôv bi KgwZ bb wkš Afve i q Q gva wgk wk vcöwzôv bi `Lv M Q, ` ki gvu cöv_wgk wk v cöwzôv bi 7.8% Avi gvu gva wgk wk vcöwzôv bi 3.9% wm ju wefv M Aew Z D j L h, evsjv ` ki we` vjq Mgb Dc hvmx eq mi wkï `i 6.4% wm ju wefv M emevm K i wk Ke `i Abycw wz I mgqvbyewz Zv cöv_wgk I gva wgk Dfq ai bi wk v cöwzôv bb wk K ^ízv i q Q cöv_wgk wk v cöwzôvbmg~ n Mo wk K 4.4 Rb Ges gva wg K 12.8 Rb wk vmz hvm Zv I cöwk Yi Î wm ju wefv Mi wk KMY ` ki Ab vb AÂ ji wk K `i mgch v q i q Qb bvix wk Ki AbycvZ wm j U ewk wkš `Lv M Q, MÖvgxY we` vjq jvi GK-PZz_ vsk wk K kn i emevm K ib we` vj q Abycw Z _vkv, `wi Z Dcw Z niqv I QzwUi Av MB we` vjq Z vm Kivi Î wm ju wefv Mi wk Kiv Zzjbvg~jKfv e GwM q i q Qb Rwic PjvKvjxb cöv_wgk wk K `i 21.6% Ges gva wgk wk K `i 12.4% we` vj q Abycw Z wq jb hv mviv ` ki Mo nv ii Zzjbvq ewk mybvgmä, nwemä Ges gšjfxevrvi Rjvi MÖvgxY we` vjqmg~ ni Ae v me P q kvpbxq e e vcbvi `ye jzv h_vh_fv e we` vjq cwipvjbvi Î we` vjq cwipvjbv KwgwU Ges Dc Rjv wk v Kg KZ v `i K g v ` vm Lye KgB `Lv M Q ek wkqz wbh vm 21

wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY bv_ I Ab vb wk vcöwzôv b MZ GK eq i GKeviI cwi`k K Av mb wb Avevi ek KÕwU wk v cöwzôvb gvî GK ev `ybevi cwi`k b Kiv n q Q, hv cö qvr bi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj cövq 73% cöv_wgk we` vjq 2009 mv j GKeviI cwi`k b Kiv nq wb we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi mfvi weeiyx ch v jvpbv K i wk K `i mgqvbyewz Zvi Afv ei wel q Kv bv Av jvpbv n q Q e j cögvy cviqv hvq wb Abvevmx evsjv `kx wm j Ui Avq-DcvR b Abvevmx evsjv `kx `i eo f~wgkv i q Q RwicK Z Lvbv jvi cövq GK-cÂgvs ki Kgc GKRb m`m Abvevmx evsjv `kx Zv `i cvvv bv A _ i Lye mvgvb AskB mvaviy wk vi Dbœq b e q Kiv n q Q G Î gv`ªvmv jv AMÖvwaKvi c q Q M elyvq Av iv `Lv M Q h, hme Lvbvq Abvevmx evsjv `kx m`m i q Q mme Lvbvq mvaviyz we` vj q AwfMg Zvi nvi ewk G cöeyzv cöv_wgk wk vi ÎB mxgve, gva wgk wk vi Î bq vbvš wiz Lvbv G M elyvq Ggb Kv bv AvjvgZ cviqv hvq wb hv _ K evsv hv e h, wm j Ui mvgvwrk I wk vmsµvš Dbœqb ev Aebq b Zv `i i Z c~y f~wgkv i q Q wm ju wefv Mi gvu Lvbvi 3.6% wm j Ui GK vb _ K Ab v b emwz vcb K i Q G mkj Lvbvi wkï `i we` vj q AwfMg Zvi nvi Ab `i Zzjbvq D j L hvm fv e Kg cöv_wgk I gva wgk Dfq wk vi Dc hvmx eqmx wkï `i g a GKB ai bi cöeyzv `Lv M Q gv`ªvmvi f~wgkv wm ju wefv Mi wkï `i g a gv`ªvmvq fwz niqvi cöeyzv Zzjbvg~jKfv e GKUz ewk gv`ªvmvq mvaviy we` vj qi Zzjbvq fv jv cov jlv nq Ggb aviyv _ KB gv-evev `i GKwU Ask mš vb `i gv`ªvmvq fwz Kivb wbh vm 22

wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY bv_ I Ab vb wk v Î wewb qvm wm ju wefv M cöv_wgk wk vcöwzôv bi msl v ` ki Ab vb GjvKvi g ZvB, hw`i M elyvfy³ 42% MÖv g Kv bv cöv_wgk we` vjq cviqv hvq wb gva wg Ki ÎI wm ju A bkuv wcwq q i q Q hw`i gva wgk i cov jlv Kivi Dc hvmx wkï `i 6.4% wm ju wefv M emevm K i Z_vwc ` ki gvu gva wgk we` vj qi 3.9% wm ju wefv M Aew Z bxwzmsµvš mycvwikgvjv wk v Î wm j Ui AbMÖmiZvi KviY AbymÜvb Ki Z wm q GB M elyvq GKKfv e Zvrch c~y Kv bv KviY Luy R cviqv hvq wb AbymÜv b h KviY jv cviqv M Q Zvi ewkifvmb evsjv ` ki wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi gšwjk KviY jvi cöwz Qwe gvî G Î mgvavb Luy R c Z n e mvwe Kfv e RvZxq KŠkj I AbMÖmi GjvKv K cövavb `qvi g a G Î KwZcq mycvwik n jv: Dc Rjv Ges wk vcöwzôvb ch v q wk v cwikíbv cöyqb i Z i m ½ we epbvq wb Z n e Dfq ch v qb cwikíbv cöyq bi Î mikv ii GKUv mvaviy w`kwb ` kbv _vk Z cv i Pv-evMv b wk v cwikíbv cöyqb cöwµqvq evmvb e e vck `i AskMÖnY LyeB i Z c~y nvii GjvKvq hvzvqvz e e vi Dbœqb cö qvrb wk v cömv i mikvi I bvbv emikvwi cöwzôv bi hme BwZevPK Kg m~wp i q Q m jv wm j Ui Kv bv Kv bv AÂ j ewa Z AvKv i we Z Kiv h Z cv i Gi g a i q Q Dce wë I DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kg m~wp hme GjvKvq wk v_ x fwz i nvi Kg Ges AvMvg S i covi nvi ewk mme GjvKvq Dce wëi cwigvy I msl v DfqB evov bv h Z cv i wbh vm 23

wm ju wefv M wk v Î AbMÖmiZvi KviY bv_ I Ab vb wm ju wefv Mi MÖvgxY Dc Rjvmg~ n Av iv ewk msl K wk v Kg KZ vi c` m wó K i AbwZwej ^ Zv `i wb qvm `Iqv `ikvi hme we` vj q wk K ^ízv i q Q hlv b cö qvrbxq msl K wk K wb qvm `Iqv `ikvi wk Kiv hb we` vj qi KvQvKvwQ emevm K ib mrb Zv `i Drmvn cö`vb Kiv cö qvrb vbxqfv e AwaKmsL K A vqx wk K wb qvm w` q wk K ^ízv wbim bi `ª Z GKUv D ` vm biqv h Z cv i wkï `i wk vi cöwz gv-evevi `vwqz eva evov bv Ges wk K `i K Zv `i Kv Ri cöwz Av iv Revew`wn Kivi j wbqwgzfv e we` vjq ch v q AwffveK-wk K mfvi Av qvrb Kiv `ikvi gv-evevi m ½ we` vj qi hvmv hvm evov bvi Î Ges mvwe Kfv e Revew`wnZv evov bvi Î we` vjq e vcbv KwgwU i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i Pv-evMvbg~n Ges `ym g nvii GjvKvq hlv b cöv_wgk we` vj qi ^ízv i q Q mlv b bzzb we` vjq vcb Kiv `ikvi vqx I AvbyôvwbK we` vjq vcb hw` mgqmv c nq Z e A vqx wfwë Z DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq vc bi K_v we epbv Kiv h Z cv i mikv ii Avw_ K mnvqzv wb q vbxq I RvZxq ^ Qv mex cöwzôvbmg~n Ges emikvwi D ` v³viv GKvR Ki Z cv ib wm j Ui wk v Dbœq b Av iv ewk Ae`vb ivl Z Abvevmx evsjv `kx `i DrmvwnZ Ki Z we kl D ` vm MÖnY Kiv `ikvi Ggb e e v biqv `ikvi hb GKUv hš_ I mgwš^z K g v ` v Mi m wó nq mikvwi D ` v M wm ju wefv Mi Rb we kl wk v Znwej MVb Kiv h Z cv i hlv b mikvi I Abvevmx evsjv `kxiv wbr wbr Ae`vb ivl eb wbh vm 24

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:25-28 mxgvš A j eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m~wpi Kvh KvwiZv g~j vqb wrbœvz Aviv I bvivqy P `ª `vm iv óªi Dbœq bi Rb wk kvi-wk kvixiv n Q eo m ú` evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey v ivi (2008) Z_ vbymv i G ` ki gvu RbmsL vi GKcÂgvsk n Q wk kvi-wk kvix (11-19 eqi) Zv `i Rxeb-RxweKv I ` Zvi Dbœq b Ges Zv `i AwaKvi m ú K m PZb K i M o Zzj Z mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk welqmg~n h_vh_ i Z mnkv i AbymiY Kiv DwPZ Z eb wk kvix-wk kvix `i ` gvbem ú ` iƒcvš i m e Ges Zviv ` ki mvwe K Dbœqb cöwµqvq Ae`vb ivl Z m g n e g~javivi Dbœqb cöwµqvi mv _ m ú ³ bv nevi Kvi Y mxgvš ez x GjvKvi gvbyl e vckfv e mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Dbœq b wcwq q i q Q mxgvš A j eª vk-gi wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kvh µg (Adolescent Development Programme ev GwWwc) Pvjy nq 2008 mv j mxgvš msjmœ hme GjvKvq Kvb GbwRIi Kvh µg bb Ggb QqwU Rjvi (h kvi, Rvgvjcyi, PuvcvBbeveMÄ, wm ju, K evrvi I w`bvrcyi) KwZcq MÖv g eª vk GB Kvh µg Pvjy K i Gme AÂj mxgv š i mwbœk U _vkvq GBPAvBwf/GBWm msµg Y SuywKc~Y wn m e we ewpz nq G A ji gvbyl K G m ú K m PZb Ki Z GwWwc Kg m~wpi AvIZvq wk kviwk kvix `i mvgvwrk I AvBb welqk (weevnmsµvš, hšzzk BZ vw`), hvzvqvz Ges RÛvi mgzv BZ vw` wel q m PZb Kivi cvkvcvwk Impact assessment of adolescent development programme in the selective border regions of Bangladesh (2010) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 25

mxgvš A j eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m~wpi g~j vqb Aviv I `vm GBPAvBwf/GBWm m ú K I AewnZ Kiv nq mvaviyz MÖvgv ji `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi gv S evj weevn `qvi cöeyzv ewk _vkvq Zv `i AwffveK `i Rb RÛvi mgzv welqk mfvi Av qvrb Kiv nq M elyvi D Ïk Av jvp M elyvi D Ïk wqj mxgvš A j GwWwc Kg m~wpi cöfve wbiƒcy Kiv GB M elyvq wk kvi-wk kvix `i mvgvwrk I AvBb wel q m PZb Ki Z, Zuv `i KvR-K g MwZkxjZv Avb Z Ges A_ bwzk gzvq b G Kg m~wpi cöfve m ú K AbymÜvb Kiv nq wk kvi-wk kvix `i AwffveK `i RÛvi mgzv m úwk Z ` wófw½ Z Kx cwiez b G m Q ZvI Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q Ab vb GjvKvq cwipvwjz GwWwc Kg m~wp Ges mxgvš A j cwipvwjz GwWwc Kg m~wpi g a cöavb cv_ K mg~n n Q wbgœiƒc: 1. mvaviyz hlv b eª v Ki wk v Kg m~wp i q Q hlv b GwWwc cwipvwjz nq Ges eª vk z ji kªyxk jv wk kvix K ve wn m e e eüz nq GB wk kvix K v ei gva g GwWwc Zvi mkj Kvh µg cwipvwjz K i wkš mxgvš A j GwWwc Kg m~wp cwipvwjz nq hlv b c~ e eª vk-gi Kvb Kg m~wp wqj bv 2. mvaviyz GwWwc Kg m~wp Z wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxeb-RxweKvi Dci cöwk Y `Iqv nq, wkš mxgvš A j cwipvwjz GwWwc Z ïaygvî Rxeb` Zvg~jK cöwk Y `Iqv nq 3. mxgvš A j GwWwc Kvh µg cwipvjbvq gv vi UªBbvi Zwi Kiv nq hv GKwU bzzb welq GBPAvBwf/GBWm-Gi Dci AwWI-wfRyqvj mvgmöx, RÛvi mgzvi welqk Z_ mvgmöx Ges g q `i wk vcö`vb mvgmöx cö_g ev ii gz GB Kvh µ gi Rb ˆZwi Kiv n q Q Gme mvgmöx ` ki Ab vb GjvKvq GwWwc Kg m~wp Z e eüz nq bv G M elyvq 2008 mv ji ebrjvbb Ges 2010 mv ji d jv-avc Rwi ci DcvË e envi Kiv n q Q wbh vm 26

mxgvš A j eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m~wpi g~j vqb Aviv I `vm djvdj wk kvi-wk kvix Ges Zv `i AwffveK `i mvwe K m PZbZv evov Z G Kg m~wpi BwZevPK cöfve j Kiv M Q ` Zvg~jK cöwk Yi Kvi Y wk kvi-wk kvix `i m gzv e o Q Ab w` K weev ni AvBbwm eqm Ges weevn m úwk Z m PZbZv wk kvi-wk kvix I Zv `i AwffvK `i GLbI wbgœ ch v qb i q Q mxgvš A ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i mvgvwrk I AvBb wel q m PZbZv evov Z GB Kg m~wpi Zvrch c~y cöfve cwijw Z n q Q GBPAvBwf/GBWm m ú K m PZbZvI e o Q ekvi hyek `i AmvgvwRK Kvh µ g hy³ nevi cöeyzv ewk _vkvi Kvi Y GB Kg m~wpi AvIZvq wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxeb` Zvg~jK cöwk Y `qv nq ïaygvî Avqg~jK Kv Ri mv _ RwoZ nevi Rb B bq eis mgv R wek Ljv `~i Kivi Rb I GB cöwk Y Kv R jvwm q wk kvi-wk kvixiv Avq-ea bg~jk Kvh vejx Z Av iv ewk Ask MÖn Yi my hvm cv Q ^v K `ªmg~ n, Ljvi gv V I eüz `i evmvq wk kvi-wk kvix `i e vck hvzvqvz GB Kg m~wpi MwZkxjZvi cwipq enb K i mgv Ri mvgwmök DbœwZi Rb RÛvi mgzv LyeB i Z c~y GB M elyvq `Lv M Q Kg m~wp Z AskMÖn Yi d j RÛvi mgzvi cöwz Zviv Av iv m PZb n q Q Ges Zv `i g bvfv ei h _ó DbœwZ n q Q M elyvi Km vww _ K `Lv hvq mvgvwrk wewfbœ Bmÿ Z Zv `i m PZbZv e o Q Zviv g b K i GB Kg m~wp Ae vnz ivlv DwPZ Z e gvuvgywufv e Kg m~wpi BwZevPK cöfve `Lv M ji eû wel qb hgb weev ni AvBbwm eqm I weevn we Q` m úwk Z wel q wk kvi-wk kvix Ges Zv `i AwffveK `i m PZbZv GLbI Lye Kg mxgvš A j GwWwc Kg m~wpi Rb GKwU wbivc` I vqx RvqMv wba viy Kiv DwPZ hlv b wk kvi-wk kvixiv mg ez n Z cv i Ges Ljvayjv I jlvcovq Zv `i mgq AwZevwnZ Ki Z cv i G vbwu Z wewfbœ m PZbZvg~jK jlv m ^wjz cv vi Ges wjd ju/cyw Kv cö`k bi Rb wbh vm 27

mxgvš AÂ j eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m~wpi g~j vqb Aviv I `vm ivlv h Z cv i mkj ii Rbmvavi Yi gv S cöpv ii Rb Av iv ewk wjd ju/cyw Kv ev cv vi wk kvi-wk kvix `i Kv Q w` Z n e Zviv Gme cöpvi mvgmöx Zv `i N i Ges Ab vb RbmgvMgg~jK v b ` wó MvPifv e jvwm q ivl Z cv i G Z me kªyxi gvby li gv S m PZbv e w cv e wbh vm 28

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:29-35 eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî: GKwU M elyvg~jk AbymÜvb Avkªvdz¾vgvb Lvb I g b q mgïvi wk vi myôz cwi ek Ges webvg~ j wk v DcKiY cviqv eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q jlvcov Pvwj q h Z QvÎ-QvÎx Ges Zv `i AwffveK `i DrmvwnZ K i Z Zxq kªyx Z cušqv bvi c i QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i hvevi nvi e w cvq KviY cvv cȳ Ki welqe KwVb e j g b nq cve Z PÆMÖv gi QvÎ-QvÎx `i Rb we` vj qi `~iz Avi hvben bi Afve GKwU eo mgm v wn m e wpwýz nq GB M elyvq eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq _ K QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i hviqvi KviY AbymÜvb Kiv nq Gme QvÎ-QvÎxiv eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq Qvov Ab Kvb we` vj q fwz nq bv G M elyvq DcvË msm nxz nq `yõwu av c cö_g ch v q QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i hvevi AbycvZ Rvb Z 681wU we` vj q Rwic Pvjv bv nq wøzxq ch v q D³ 681wU we` vjq _ K 128wU we` vjq wbe vpb Kiv nq ˆ`ePq bi gva g XvKv I PÆMÖvg kni Ges ev `ieb I ivovgvwu Rjvi cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~n G M elyvi Aš fy ³ wqj h 681wU we` vj q Rwic cwipvwjz nq mme we` vj q mvwe Kfv e QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi nvi wqj 6.13% Beyond dropout: a study on BRAC primary school (2010) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 29

eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî Lvb I mgïvi GB M elyvi mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n wqj: 1. QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi cöw Z eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi ez gvb Ae v Rvbv 2. S i covi m ½ hy³ welqmg~n wba viy Kiv 3. S i covi AvÂwjK KviYmg~n wby q Kiv 4. ez gvb S i hvevi AÂjwfwËK Ae v Rvbv Ges eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q hme QvÎ-QvÎx Zv `i wk v Ae vnz i L Q Zv `i m ú K AeMZ niqv 5. S i hviqv QvÎ-QvÎx `i AwffveK `i m ½ we` gvb QvÎ-QvÎx `i AwffveK `i ` wófw½i Zzjbv Kiv M elyvjä djvdj: S i covi KviYmg~n XvKv I PÆMÖvg kn ii Ges ev `ieb I ivovgvwu Rjvi 128wU we` vj q GB M elyvwu cwipvwjz nq eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq _ K QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i hvevi cuvpwu KviY wpwýz Kiv nq G jv n Q: cvwievwik (53.3%), e w³mz (34.2%), wk vmz (18.1%), we` vjq msµvš (14.5%) Ges mvgvwrk KviY (14.1%) Z Zxq kªyx Z S i hvevi nvi ewk wqj, h nzz QvÎ-QvÎx `i Kv Q cvv cȳ K jv KwVb e j g b nq G M elyvq mycvwik Kiv nq cvv cȳ K ms kvwaz K i QvÎQvÎx `i Rb mnrzi Kiv we` vj qi `~iz Ges hvbevn bi AfveI we` vj q hvevi Î cöfve d j cve Z PÆMÖv g we` vj q hvevi Dc hvmx wkï `i Rb GwU GKwU eo mgm v wn m e wpwýz nq g q wkïiv ch vß hvbevn bi Afv e we` vj q h Z Abxnv cökvk K i cve Z PÆMÖv gi QvÎ-QvÎxiv h_v mg q we` vj q Dcw Z nevi Rb hvbevnb Lye Kg cvq `~iez x we` vjq jv Z h Z BfwUwRs-Gi g Zv NUbv N U, d j g q `i we` vjq _ K S i covi nvi e w cvq ev `ieb wbh vm 30

eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî Lvb I mgïvi I ivovgvwu AÂ ji QvÎxiv wbqwgz we` vj q bv hvevi GKwU mgm v wn m e `~iz K wpwýz K i ch vß bšhvb ev bškv bv _vkvuvi we` vj q bv hvevi KviY wn m e `vqx K i Q Zviv Aciw` K XvKv I PÆMÖvg kn i ew D Q` Ges cöwz ekxi m ½ Kj ni Kvi Y eû cwievi Q j g qmn Ab Î P j hviqvq we` vj q hviqvi eü n q M Q Gme NUbvI we` vjq _ K S i covi Ab Zg KviY S i hviqv QvÎ-QvÎx `i ez gvb Ae v eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq Z vm Kivi c i eû QvÎ-QvÎx Ab we` vj q fwz nq G `i ewkifvmb Ab vb cöwzôv bi P q mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q ewk fwz nq GB nvi knivâ j 35% Ges cve Z PÆMÖv g 63% mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i KviY n Q G Î ek wkqy myweav cviqv hvq hgb mikvwi e wë, ch vß emvi RvqMv, Ljvi gv Vi myweav, ag xq wel q wk v cö`vb Ges K v mi mg q bgbxqzv Ab w` K AwffveKivI AvMÖnvwš^Z _v Kb Q j- g q `i ag xq cöwzôv b fwz Kivi Rb hv Z Zviv ag xq g~j evamg~n wkl Z cv i eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq Z vm Kivi c i wkqz QvÎ-QvÎx Avevi Ab vb GbwRI cwipvwjz we` vj qi fwz nq eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q wk v Ae vnz ivlv QvÎ-QvÎxe ` eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q hme QvÎ-QvÎx Zv `i wk vmöny Ae vnz i L Q Zviv KwZcq BwZevPK myweav jvf K i _v K hv Zv `i eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q _ K h Z DrmvwnZ K i wk vi myôz cwi ek Ges webvg~ j wk v DcKiY cövwß QvÎ-QvÎx `i eª vk we` vj q cov jlv Pvwj q h Z DrmvwnZ K i eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq mviv `ke vcx we Zfv e Qwo q i q Q Ges cöv_wgk wk vi my hvm m wó K i Q GB my hvm we klfv e mnvqzv cö`vb K i mme g q `i, hviv `xn c_ e q we` vj q h Z cv i bv e j c~ e cöv_wgk wk v c Z ewâz wqj wk v Pvwj q hviqv ewkifvm QvÎ-QvÎxiv (57%) Kvb ai bi Avqg~jK Kv R hy³ _v K bv Zviv ïaygvî wbh vm 31

eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî Lvb I mgïvi eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q cov jlv K i _v K G `i 1% Ab we` vj q hvq ag -welqk wk v MÖnY Kivi Rb Ges Aci 1% QvÎ-QvÎx we` vjq mg qi c i Ab KvR K i _v K Z e eû QvÎ-QvÎx we` vjq mg qi c i Zv `i AwffveK `i Kv R mvnvh K i Mixe Lvbvi m`m niqvq QvÎ-QvÎx `i M n vjxi Kv R mnvqzv Ki Z nq AwffveK `i ivbœv ev K wl Kv R mnvqzv Ki Z nq A_ev QvU fvb evb `i `Lvïbv Ki Z nq cöv_wgk we` vjq _ K S i hviqv Ges cov jlv Pvwj q hviqv evev-gvi ` wófw½ wk v Ae vnz ivlv I S i hviqv-g Dfq Lvbvi AwffveKMY eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi Ae v bi Dci i Z w` q e j Qb Lvbvi KvQvKvwQ niqvq ev Pv `i we` vj q fwz i Î GwU Zv `i mnvqzv K i Z e webvg~ j eb, cwýj Ges jlvi LvZv cviqvi myweav mš vb `i eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i Î AwffveK `i DrmvwnZ K i AwffveKiv Av iv ^xkvi K ib h, eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi wk vi gvb DbœZ ch v qi M elyv _ K Rvbv hvq QvÎ-QvÎx `i eqm S i cov ev wk v Pvwj q hvevi Î GKwU cöavb welq wn m e KvR K i ek wkqz wk v_ x Rvbvq Zv `i mncvvx `i P q eq mi Kvi Y kvixwikfv e ewk e w cviqvq we` vj q h Z Zviv j¾v eva K i AwffveKivI GKUz ewk eq mi Q j- g q `i we` vj q cvvv Z Awb QzK _v Kb m e v P S i hvevi NUbv N U wk v_ x `i 12-16 eqi eq mi g a AwffveKiv Av iv g b K ib cöv_wgk we` vj q cvvv bvi P q 12-16 eqi eqmx Q j- g q `i Lvbvi Kv RB wbhy³ Kiv DwPZ wbh vm 32

eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî Lvb I mgïvi Dcmsnvi ewkifvm AwffveK Avqea bg~jk Kv Ri m ½ hy³ _vkvi Kvi Y Q j- g q `i wk vi welqwu `Lfvj Ki Z cv i bv AwffveK `i AbvMÖ n QvÎ-QvÎxiv Drmvn nvwi q d j, d j eû QvÎ-QvÎx we` vjq _ K S i hvq M elyvq `Lv hvq AwffveK `i wk v Zv `i ev Pv `i wk v Ae vnz ivl Z eo f~wgkv cvjb K i KviY G Î AwffveKiv Zv `i ev Pv `i we` vjq KZ K cö`ë evwoi KvR Ki Z mnvqzv Ki Z cv i Aek eû S i hviqv QvÎ-QvÎx `i evev-gvi Abycw wz Z Zv `i QvU fvb- ev bi `Lv kvbv Ki Z nq GQvov cwiev i bvbv ai bi KvRI Ki Z nq d j g q `i Î we` vjq _ K S i hvevi nvi ewk _v K AÂjMZ cv_ K I G Î QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i hvevi Ici cöfve d j Avqea bg~jk Kv R Rwo q hviqv I hvmv hvm mgm vi we` vjq _ K S i hvevi Rb `vqx cve Z PÆMÖv gi QvÎ-QvÎx `i fvlvmz wewfbœzvi Kvi Y eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q h fvlvq cov bv nq Zv ûeû AbymiY Kiv KwVb d j wk K I QvÎ-QvÎx `i g a cvi úwik fve Av`vb-cÖ`v b mgm vi m wó nq eª vk wk v Kg m~wp wewfbœ b Mvôxi fvlv wb q KvR ïi K i Q cö_g _ K Z Zxq kªyx ch š cvv cȳ K `ywu ev wzbwu b Mvôxi fvlvq ˆZwi Kiv n q Q GQvov Ab vb Drm _ K Gme fvlvq M íi ebi msm nxz n q Q eª vk wk v Kg m~wp wewfbœ b Mvôxi wkï `i eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q wk v Pvwj q h Z we klfv e mnvqzv w` Q GLb cö qvrb cve Z PÆMÖv gi Ab vb fvlvq cvv cȳ K ipbv Kiv G Z K i wewfbœ b Mvôxi wkï `i we` vjq _ K S i cov n«vm cv e jlvcov Pvwj q hvevi Î cvv cȳ K i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i QvÎ- QvÎxiv Zv `i wk vq g bv hvmx n Z cv i hw` cvv cȳ Kmg~n c~e ez x eq ii cy Ki m ½ m½wzc~y nq ewkifvm QvÎ-QvÎx Z Zxq kªyx Z DËxY nevi c i cvv cȳ K Abymi Y mgm vi m ylxb nq wbh vm 33

eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî Lvb I mgïvi mycvwikmg~n eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq _ K QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i cov iv a wb gœv³ mycvwikmg~n ev evqb Kiv h Z cv i: 1. eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi QvÎ-QvÎxiv Z Zxq kªyx Z DVvi c i cvv cȳ KRwbZ RwUjZvq fv M c~e ez x eq ii cvv cȳ Ki m ½ bzzb kªyxi eb qi Kvb mv` k QvÎ-QvÎxiv Luy R cvq bv ZvB Z Zxq kªyxi eb m ú K cybwe epbv Kiv h Z cv i Ges Gme cvv cȳ K mnr Kiv h Z cv i 2. cve Z -PÆMÖv gi ivovgvwu I ev `ie b eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq vc bi gva g wewfbœ b Mvôxi wkï `i wk vi e e v Kiv h Z cv i G Î wk K Ges wk v_ x GKB b Mvôxi n Z n e Aciw` K, wewfbœ b Mvôxi QvÎ-QvÎx `i fvlv cöwk Y h mgq `Iqv nq Zv ch vß bq ZvB G Î cöwk Y evov Z n e 3. QvÎ-QvÎx `i S i hviqv Kgv Z we` vjqmg~ n wk K `i Dcw wz i Z c~y f~wgkv iv L KviY wkqz wkqz AwffveK Zv `i mš vb `i Ggb we` vj q cvvv Z AvMÖnx hlv b wk Kiv wk v cö`v b Avš wik _v Kb wk K S i hviqvi QvÎ-QvÎx S i covi Î bwzevpk cöfve d j wk K Nb Nb e`jv j we` vjq ek wkqz mg qi Rb eü _v K ZvB wk K `i we` vj q a i ivlvi Rb ch vß m vbx I my hvm-myweavi e e v Ki Z n e 4. wk v_ x `i Kv Q Bs iwr I AsK KwVb welq e j g b nq G Î Zviv fyj Ki j ev evwoi KvR K i Avb Z bv cvi j we` vj q wk K `i Øviv kvw i m ylxb nq ev ekv Lvq d j wbqwgz z j Avm Z QvÎ-QvÎxiv Drmvn nvwi q d j G Î wk K-wkw Kv `i wk v_ x `i Drmvn cö`v b m Pó n Z n e 5. eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q wewfbœ my hvm-myweav hgb ^v m Z cqtwb vkb myweav, ˆe`ÿ wzk cvlv, eâ Ges wbivc` cvwbi e `ve wbh vm 34

eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj q QvÎ-QvÎx S i hvevi mvgwmök wpî Lvb I mgïvi _vk Z n e N ii Qv` Ges `qvj gv S gv S givgz Kiv `ikvi ZvÕbv n j e wói cvwb Z kªyxk i ebcy K bó n q h Z cv i 6. kªyx Z fwz i Î QvÎ-QvÎx `i kvixwik e w I eqm we epbvq wb Z n e, KviY kvixwikfv e ev eq m eo wk v_ xiv Zvi P q kvixwikfv e ev eq m QvU wk v_ xi m ½ GK Î K vm Ki Z j¾v cvq 7. we` vjq jv Z evwl K mvs wzk Abyôv bi e e v Kiv DwPZ G Z K i wk v_ x I AwffveKMY we` vj qi Kg Kv Êi cöwz AvMÖn eva Ki e Ab w` K wk v_ xiv hgb mvs wzk Kg Kv Ê AskMÖnY Ki Z m g n e Zgwb wbr ^ mvs wzk cwiwpwzi Zz j ai Z cvi e, we klz cve Z PÆMÖvg AÂ j wbh vm 35

BRAC wbh vm 2011 AvM ;22:36-42 AwZ`wi`ª Lvbvmg~ n gvz Z Kvjxb ^v mev cvevi mvwe K wpî: GKwU AbymÜvbx cöwz e`b byrnvz PŠayix I ˆmq` gvmy` Avn g` Mf ezx Ae v K gwnjviv GKwU ^vfvwek Ae v wn m eb we epbv K i Ges Mf ezx n q Q KxÕbv Rvbvi Rb B KejgvÎ gwnjviv gvz Z c~e mev MÖnY K ib Ges cöm ei Rb Kvb c~e cö wz MÖnY K i bv AwZ`wi`ª Lvbv jv Z gvz Z Kvjxb mevi Î mbvzb wek vm Ges AvPvi-AvPi Yi ek cöfve i q Q Avw_ K mxgve Zvi m ½ hymcrfv e mbvzb wek vm I AvPvi-Abyôvb gvz Z c~e RwUjZvq mev wb Z wej ^ NUvq `wi`ªzv m Z I wbr xi Mf avi Yi mgq wkqz msl K ^vgx BwZevPK f~wgkv iv L evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY GjvKvq Ges knivâ ji ew Z gvz Z Kvjxb ^v mev wb q wewfbœ M elyv cwipvwjz n ji AwZ`wi`ª bvixiv Gi evb ib i q M Q GUv Rvbv `ikvi h, bvixiv Kvb Ae vq bzzb Af vm ^Ztù Z fv e MÖnY K i Ges GUv Zv `i AvPiYMZ cwiez b NUv bvi Rb cövmw½k Kx bv eª v Ki AwZ`wi`ª Kg m~wpi wøzxq ch v q Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnYKvix gwnjv `i gvz Z Kvjxb ^v mev MÖn Yi (cömekvjxb mg q, cöm ei mgq I cöme ciez x) cök wz ch e Y K i GB M elyvq Zv Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q ^v wk v m úwk Z evz v cušqv Z ev G msµvš Kg m~wp cöyq b G ai bi M elyv mnvqk n e Maternal care practices among the ultra poor households in rural Bangladesh: a qualitative exploratory study (2011) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c mvims c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 36