Natural Radioactivity of Building Rocks in quarries South-west part of Yemen.

IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-issn: 2278-4861.Volume 6, Issue 6 Ver. III (Nov.-Dec. 2014), PP 76-89 Natural Radioactivity of Building Rocks in quarries South-west part of Yemen. Geologist/ AneesA.H.Al-Nehary Department of GeoenvironmentalYemen Geological Survey and Minerals Resource Board(YGSMRB) Yemen,Sana'a Abstract: Totally of 40 samples of 6 different building materials rocks were collected from 11 quarries which are founding in south-west part of Yemen. all samples from quarry Basalt, Tuff,Granite, SchistGranit, Migmatit and Limestone which are known as shown in table,3.1. Measurement were done by High Purity Germanium(HPGe) to determine the concentration natural radionuclide of (C Th, C Ra and C k ). Activity Concentration Index(I), Radium Equivalent(Ra eq ), Dose rate (D), Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE),External hazards index(h ex ), Internal hazards index(h in ) were calculated to Building Rocks. The results of Activity concentration(i) for samples were determined k 40 ( 1963.60)Bq/kg.Ra-226 (MDA 300.30)Bq/kg. Th-232 (MDA - 170.933)Bq/kg. the average values for radium equivalent are 264.04 Bq/Kg. it is less than the safe limits as recommended by the (OECD). The mean measured absorbed dose rates in all location was 121.653 ngy.h 1. the average value for indoor effective dose 0.619 msvy 1 and the average annual effective dose equivalent for outdoor value 0.155 msvy 1 and do not exceed the limits defined ineu. The External hazards index (H ex ) with an average 0.71 for (Hex) which is below than unity.the average values of Internal hazards index(h in ) are 0.95.it is below the internationality accepted value. The average for representative level index values were 1.96 msv/y which are higher than 1 msv/y. The results of the present work indicate that a lot of quarries in Yemen with a normal level of natural radiation background, and the rocks from the studied area do not pose a significant radiological threat to population when used as construction materials except the quarries Megmatite and Schist-Gneiss. Key Words : Activity Concentration Index(I), Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE), building materials, concentration natural radionuclide of (C Th, C Ra and C k ), Dose rate (D), External hazards index(hex), High Purity Germanium(HPGe), Radium Equivalent(Ra eq ), 1 Introduction The building materials and industrial rocks which are principles important in development in any country and represent sub sector after oil in some country and resources depletion. There are extensively used along Yemen for this types of rocks and it exploit by traditional way therefore, the waste due to process quarrying are big amount and it needs to proceedings mitigation safe uses in construction dwelling the according to resulting. There are about more than 200 of quarries are produced building rocks using in construction dwelling and it working by random way. Building rocks contain a natural radioactivity and emit gamma radiation influence by human body due to exposure to its radiation. According to United Nation Scientific Committee on effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) report, that The natural radiation present the largest contributor source(87%) to external dose of world population. In this work we have been investigated about building rocks and health radiological effects to radiation in Yemen and to estimate the Radium- Equivalent activity, which is related to external exposure to ɣ- dose rate. The result of concentration activity, radium-equivalent, Dose rate were, Hazard index, and representative level index were co mpared with world average level index. 2 Definitions and Abbreviation 2.1 UNSCEAR: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2.2 ICRP : The international commission on Radiological Protection. 2.3 EC : European Commission recommendation no. 112, 1999. 2.4 OECD : Organization Economic and corporation Development. 2.5 MDA : Minimum Detectable Activity. 2.6 Main materials for building : The building materials used to build the main structures of a building. 2.7 Decorative materials The building materials used for indoor and outdoor decorations of a building. 76 Page

2.8 Building The buildings or indoor spaces, places which are used for humans to carry out production, working, living or other activities. According to the different applicat ion purposes of buildings, 2.9 Building Materials it s the raw materials which comes with another materials to construction purposes e.g., materials raw in cement manufacturing, tiles, ceramic and coating. 2.10 Classification rocks and building materials According To method of uses the rocks and building materials were classified into : 2.10.1 Main construction rocks General it used in the building by main parts and we don't change in its properties e.g. texture, shape,or component during use it. 2.10.2 sub construction materials we uses it with another materials in construction e.g. the sandstone,limeston, pumic and gypsum are mixed to manufacturing of cement. 1.1 Fig.2.1: Topo. shows the uses of natural rocks in construction. 3 Experimental methods 3.1 Sample collection and preparation In quarry were collected at 2-5 sampleswere crushed and mixed in order to bemonolithic and representative to all quarry(table.4.1and Fig.3.1).The selection should be at the depth 0.5 1 m,fresh and size about (1 1.5)kg. Fig.3.1 :location map shows the samples and their types. 77 Page

3.2 Preparation samples Totally of 40 samples of building materials were collected from 11 quarries from 3 different governorates in Yemen(table,3.1and Fig.3.1). The following process for preparation samples : Firstly, all samples were crushed and grounded. Then, sieved by sieve its mesh about 0.2mm to become uniform in mixture and size to all Particles. afterwards, the samples were put in a container plastic about 500gm and hermetically sealed to prevent the escape of gaseous Rn-222, Rn-220 and kept them. Afterwards, it were stored to ~ 30 day to allow U-238, Th-232 decay series to reach to secular equilibrium, finally, the sample were measurement by gamma ray spectrometer high purity germanium(hpgm). Table.3.1: samples of locations Name Rock BASALT TUFF LIMESTONE ELE.m 1750 1745 1740 1770 916 930 907 914 910 537 536 235 526 Y 1560819 1560703 1560740 1560730 1482734 1482674 1482971 1482898 1482852 1473713 1473947 1474145 1474383 X 415656 415673 415618 415603 431712 431866 431618 431616 431627 472457 472486 472602 472333 Location.NO. GRANIT 2973 1494755 397471 15 TUFF BASALT LIMESTONE GRANIT TUFF SchistGranite Migmatite 1569 2550 353 357 362 367 150 180 207 165 215 680 685 682 686 149 216 302 460 411 2115 2110 2110 2115 1813 1529 1496336 1496316 1476374 1476374 1476350 1476309 1474222 1474353 1474402 1474015 1469614 1472883 1492795 1492298 1492169 1530575 1544431 1545127 1556926 1558927 1530446 1530444 1530452 1530396 1472500 147000 394646 393527 350150 350174 350145 350163 330720 330902 331458 331319 332733 363683 363683 363720 363701 332488 337243 346806 353106 347891 411818 411786 411793 411783 426000 428000 Lm-2 serial NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 78 Page

3.3 Measurement procedure The activities of Ra-226, Pb-214 and Bi-214 in equilibrium with their parents were assumed to represent the 238U activity, while the activities of Ac-228,, Pb-212 and Bi-212 were assumed to represent the Th-232 activity. 238U and 232Th activ ities were calcu lated using average value of their p rogeny Ra-226, Pb-214, Bi- 214, Ac-228, Pb-212, Bi-212 and K-40,respectively.Gamma spectrometry measurements were made with high purity Ge detector of 35% relative Efficiency and resolution 1.85 kev at the 1332 kev gamma of Co-60 (Canberra, GC 3518 model). The detector was shielded in a 8 cm thick lead well internally lined with 2mm Cu and 2mm Cd foils. The detector output was connected to a spectroscopy amplifier (Canberra, model 2002CSL). The energy calibration and relative efficiency calibration of the spectrometer were carried out using 200 ml containers, where they were stored for about 1 month to reach the secular equilibrium. Calibration sources which contain Am-241, Cd-109, Co-57, Ce-139, Hg-203, Sn-113, Sr-85, Cs-137, Y88 and Co60 (SRM solution of mixed radioactive nuclides (R8/31/38 QCT48)) was used for the energy and efficiency calibration. Peaks for energy range between 50 and 2780 kev.the counting time for each sample and background was 64800s. Gamma spectroscopy was used to determine the Activities of U238, Th232 and K40.The activity concentrations of Th232 and U238 were calculated assuming secular equilibrium with their decay products. The gamma ray transitions of energies 186.3 kev (Ra226), 351.9, 296.20 kev (Pb214) and 609.3,1120 kev (Bi214) were used to determine the concentration of the U238 series. The gamma-ray lines at 911.0, 338.4 kev (Ac228), 583.3 kev, 239 kev (Pb212) and 727.3 kev (Bi212) were used to determine the concentration of the Th232 series. The 1460 kev gamma-ray transition was used to determine the concentration of K40.The activity Levels of the samples obtained for Ra226, Pb214, Bi214, Ac228, Pb212, Bi212 and K40 a re expressed in Bq/kg. 4 Discussion and Results 4.1 index 1: Activity concentration The specific radioactive values of Ra-226, K-40 and Th-232 Measured in the building materials are shown in (table.4.1,4.2,4.3) respectively. As seen from the (table.4.2) (fig.4.2), the rang of activity k-40( 1963.60)Bq/kg, the maximum value was showed in location and the minimum value was showed in location (). With an average 1083.80 Bq/kg. The rang of activity Ra-226 in (table.4.1) (fig.4.1,) (MDA 300.30)Bq/kg. the maximum value was showed in location and the minimum value was showed in location (B -2). With an average 89.47 Bq/kg. The rang of activity Th-232 in (table.4.3) and (fig,4.1)(mda 170.933)Bq/kg. the maximum value was showed in location () and the minimum value was showed in location (LM -2). With an average 63.72 Bq/kg, ± 3.93 Bq/kg. The samples of Ra-226 (,,,,,)were obtained higher than the world wide average activity concentration[1]and the location(,,,,) were obtained lower than the world average activity concentration of Ra-226 which are 50 Bq/kg. [1] the location of Th-232 (,,,,) were obtained lower the world average activity concentration. [1] And the location(,,,,,)were obtained higher than the world average activity concentration of Th-232 were higher than the world wide average which are 50 Bq/Kg. [1] the location of K-40 (,,,) were obtained lower the world average activity concentration. And the location(,,,,,,,)were obtained higher than the world average activity concentration of Th-232 which are 500 Bq/Kg. [1].the variation in activity concentration levels at different samples was due to variation in geological formations. Table.4.1: activity concentration of Ra-226.Table.4.2 : activity concentration of K-40. k-40(bq/kg) Ra-226 code sam. 12.10 2.90 27.70 5.90 MDA MDA 76.40 7.10 104.20 66.80 4.90 46.60 371.50 7.90 109.48 91.40 17.20 300.30 1.71 17.16 9.50 2.04 24.05 3.20 8.20 100.70 115.00 8.90 127.60 76.50 12.20 126.40 93.90 6.64 89.47 83.84 MDA MDA 3.2 17.2 300.3 91.40 k-40 282.30 138.50 1547.10 1315.60 1619.35 1963.60 153.68 1875.80 1390.90 1584.30 1083.80 1963.60 CodeSam. 79 Page

Table.4.3 : activity concentration of Th-232. ±)gk/qb( 1.133 0.433 5.467 2.900 6.767 8.867 0.373 MDA 5.700 5.767 5.867 3.93 MDA 8.867 ht232)gk/qb( 20.100 4.133 104.133 40.733 106.157 170.933 1.400 MDA 82.967 88.933 81.467 63.72 MDA 170.933 Code sample World mean Fig.4.1: Bar graph showing activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th. World mean Fig.4.2: Bar graph showing activity concentrations of K-40. 80 Page

4.2 Index 2 : Activity concentration index (I) the European commission guidance document proposes the introduction of an activity concentration index (I)[2], it is used to assess the safety requirement of building materials. And there are more than indexes in (Table.4.6) which used in road, street, related to construction work, lanfilling and landscaping.[2] activity concentration index (I)=ACRa/300 + ACTh/200 + ACK/3000 1 (1) Where AC Ra is the Ra-226 activity concentration Bq/kg, AC Th is the Th-232 activity concentration Bq/kg and AC K is the K-40 activity concentration Bq/kg. the activity index should not exceed the values in table.4.7,depended on the dose criterion and the manner in a building.[2] From (table.4.5, and fig.4.3)the values has been founded from (0.07 2.51). with the average 0.98 which is below than the world wide average.[2] the (,,,,,) had obtained higher than unity and the location (,,,,)had obtained more than unity. Table.4.5: activity concentration index(i) for studied samples. index (I) k-40 Th-232(Bq/kg) Ra-226 code sam. 0.29 12.10 282.30 1.133 20.10 2.90 27.70 0.07 5.90 138.50 0.433 4.13 1.38 76.40 1547.10 5.467 104.13 7.10 104.20 0.80 66.80 1315.60 2.900 40.73 4.90 46.60 1.44 371.50 1619.35 6.767 106.16 7.90 109.48 2.51 91.40 1963.60 8.867 170.93 17.20 300.30 0.12 9.50 153.68 0.373 1.40 1.71 17.16 0.10 3.20 0 2.04 24.05 1.38 115.00 1875.80 5.700 82.97 8.20 100.70 1.33 76.50 1390.90 5.767 88.93 8.90 127.60 1.36 93.90 1584.30 5.867 81.47 12.20 126.40 0.98 83.84 1083.80 3.93 63.72 6.64 89.47 0.07 3.2 0.373 1.4 1.71 17.16 2.51 91.40 1963.60 8.867 170.93 17.20 300.30 81 Page

World mean Fig.4.3. activity concentration index(i) for studied samples. Table.4.6 : Radioactivity indexes (I) of building materials as a final products and their use. NO. Materials Radioactivity index (I) ( value 1 For Use in house building 1.1 Materials for use in bulk amounts, e.g. concrete, wall 1.2 Filling materials for use under and near the building 1.3 Superficial and other materials with restricted use: tiles, boards (I 1) = CRa/300 + CTh/200 + CK/3000 2 Materials for use in road, street and related construction work 2.1 Materials for use in bulk amounts, e.g. concrete, wall I 2 = CRa/700 + CTh/500 + CK/8000 I 2 1 2.2 Superficial and other materials with restricted use: paving... 3 Materials for use in landfill and landscaping 3.1 Use in landfill and landscaping 3.2 Must be investigated on the disposal of the material I 3 = CRa/2000 + CTh/1500 +CK/20000 Table.4.7: Maximum recommended values of activity concentration index depending on the dose criterion, and the way and the amount the material is used in a building. [2] dose criterion 0.3 ms v (annually) 1 ms v (annually) I 1 1 I 1 6 I 2 1,5 I 3 1 I 3> 1 Materials used in bulk amounts, e.g. concrete Superficial and other materials with restricted use: tiles, boards, etc. I 0.5 I 1 I 2 I 6 4.3 Index 3 : RADIUM EQUIVALENT INDEX(Ra eq ) the distribution of Ra -226, Th-232 and K-40 in building material is not uniform. Uniformity with respect to exposure to radiation has been defined in term of RadiumEquivalent activity (Ra eq ) in Bq/kg to compare the specific activity of containing material different amounts in Ra -226, Th-232 and K-40. It is calculated by the formula[3]: Radium Equivalent (Raeq) (Bq.kg 1) =CRa + 1.43 CTh + 0.077 CK 370(2) 82 Page

Where C Ra is the Ra-226 activity concentration Bq/kg, C Th is the Th-232 activity concentration Bq/kg and C K is the activity concentration Bq/kg. For safe use of building material Radium Equivalent activity (Ra eq ) should be less than 370Bq/Kg[4] It is assumed that 370 Bq/kg of Ra-226,259Bq/kg of Th-232 and 4810Bq/Kg of K-40 produce the same gammaray dose rate[5]. From the( table.4.8 and figure.4.4) the average values are 264.04 Bq/Kg.The average value of the radium equivalent is less than the safe limits as recommended byoecd.[4] Any Ra eq Concentration value that exceeds 370 Bq / kg may pose radiation hazards. The highest value of Radium Equivalent is in location(,) and the lowest location is in location(b -2).it is observed that the calculated radium equivalent is lower than the recommended maximum value 370 Bq/kg [4]except the values(372.24,385.97,695.93) at location(,,)respectively was higher than the recommended value and location () is 372.24 which is near to recommended value. Therefore we recommended that use be construction with some regulation and work a lot of studies at the location(,). Because the Radium Equivalent index values for these locations exceeded the international standard of 370 Bq/Kg. ) RADIUM EQUIVALENT INDEX(Raeq 80 2T- 3T- 1T- 2LM- World mean370bq/kg 1LM- 1M 2G- 1G- 2B- 1B- 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 RADIUM EQUIVALENT INDEX(Raeq Location Code Fig.4.4 : Radium Equivalent index of 226Ra,232Th226Ra and 40K in the sample. Table.4.8: Radium Equivalent index of 226Ra,232Th226Ra and 40K in the sample. Ra eq Th- 232(Bq/kg) Ra-226 k-40(bq/kg) code sam. 78.18 16.58 372.24 206.15 385.97 695.93 31.00 27.95 363.78 361.80 364.89 264.04 16.58 695.93 1.133 0.433 5.467 2.900 6.767 8.867 0.373 0 5.700 5.767 5.867 20.100 4.133 104.133 40.733 106.157 170.933 1.400 0 82.967 88.933 81.467 2.90 7.10 4.90 7.90 17.20 1.71 2.04 8.20 8.90 12.20 27.70 104.20 46.60 109.48 300.30 17.16 24.05 100.70 127.60 126.40 12.10 5.90 76.40 66.80 371.50 91.40 9.50 3.20 115.00 76.50 93.90 k-40 282.30 138.50 1547.10 1315.60 1619.35 1963.60 153.68 1875.80 1390.90 1584.30 83 Page

4.4 Index 4 : AbsorbedDoseRateD(nGy.h 1 ) The absorbed dose rates in air measured 1m above surface of earth's quarry are calculated by Monte Carlo method[6]as: Dose rate D(nGy.h 1 ) =0.462AC Ra + 0.621 AC Th + 0.0417 AC K (3) Where C Ra is the Ra-226 activity concentration Bq/kg, C Th is the Th-232 activity concentration Bq/kg and C K is the activity concentration Bq/kg. the (table.4.9 and fig 4.5) presented the values. the rang of values are from(8.342 326.770) ngy.h 1 the values (,,,,,,) were higher than the world average value of 60 ngy.h 1 [7]and the values(,b- 2,,) were below than the world average value of 60 ngy.h 1. The mean measured absorbed dose rates in all location was 121.653 ngy.h 1 which is higher than the world average value of. [7] Table.4.9 : Absorbed dose rate index of 226Ra,232Th226Ra and 40K in the sample. D(nGy.h 1 ) Th-232(Bq/kg) Ra-226 k-40(bq/kg) code sam. 37.051 8.342 177.321 101.685 184.030 326.770 15.206 13.224 176.267 172.179 126.103 121.653 8.342 326.77 1.133 20.100 2.90 27.70 12.10 1.2 0.433 4.133 5.90 Fig.4.5 5.467 : Absorbed 104.133 dose rate index 7.10 of 226Ra,232Th226Ra 104.20 and 76.40 40K in the sample. 2.900 40.733 4.90 46.60 66.80 6.767 106.157 7.90 109.48 371.50 8.867 170.933 17.20 300.30 91.40 0.373 1.400 1.71 17.16 9.50 0 0 2.04 24.05 3.20 5.700 82.967 8.20 100.70 115.00 5.767 88.933 8.90 127.60 76.50 5.867 81.467 12.20 126.40 93.90 k-40 282.30 138.50 1547.10 1315.60 1619.35 1963.60 153.68 1875.80 1390.90 1584.30 ) 1Dose rate D(nGy.h 2T- 3T- 1T- 60 ngyh -1 Safe Limit 2LM- 1LM- 1M 2G- 1G- 2B- 1B- 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Dose rate D(nGy.h 1 Location Samples 4.5 Index 5 : Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE): To estimate the annual effective dose rates, the conversion coefficient from absorbed dose in air to effective dose (0.7Sv.Gy 1 ) and outdoor occupancy factor (0.2Sv.Gy 1 ) proposed by UNSCEAR,[7]are used. Therefore, The world average indoor and outdoor occupancy factors are 0.8 and 0.2 respectively.[7] Therefore, the effective dose rate in units of msvy -1 was estimated using the formula[8] 84 Page

Indoor & Outdoor Effective Dose Equivalent Natural Radioactivity of Building Rocks in quarries South-west part of Yemen Indoor effective dose:e ied (msvy 1 ) = D(nGyh 1 ) 8760h.y -1 0.8 0.7SvGy 1 10 6 (4) outdoor effective dose:e oed (msvy 1 ) = D(nGyh 1 ) 8760h.y -1 0.2 0.7SvGy 1 10 6 (5) the annual effective dose equivalent were calculated and listed in (table.4.10and fig.4.6).they were found to be in the rang(0.04-0.9) msvy 1 with an average value 0.619 msvy 1 for indoor effective dose and the annual effective dose equivalent for outdoor were found to be in the rang(0.01 0.4) msvy 1 with an average value 0.155 msvy 1 and do not exceed the limits defined inthe recently published European Commission document Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials, Radiation Protection 112, which provides guidance for setting the controls on the radioactivity of building materials in European countries. In table.4.6. all the values were below than 1 msv/y which recommended it by(icrp)[9].the international commission on Radiological Protection has recommended the annual effective dose equivalent limit of 1 msv/y for the individual members of the public and 20 msv/y for the radiation workers [9]. excepted the value (1.6 msv/y) which are higher than 1 msv/y for indoor the annual effective dose equivalent. 2T- 3T- 1T- 2LM- Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE) 1LM- ) 1Eied (msvy ) 1Eoed (msvy 2G- 1M 1G- 2B- 1B- 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 location Quarry E oed (msvy 1 ) 0.01 0.22 0.12 0.23 0.40 0.02 0.02 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.155 0.01 0.4 Fig.4.6: Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE) for studied sample. Table.4.10 : Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE) for studied sample. E ied (msvy 1 ) Th-232(Bq/kg) k-40(bq/kg) Ra-226 k-40 0.18 1.133 20.100 2.90 27.70 12.10 282.30 0.04 0.433 4.133 5.90 138.50 0.87 5.467 104.133 7.10 104.20 76.40 1547.10 0.50 2.900 40.733 4.90 46.60 66.80 1315.60 0.90 6.767 106.157 7.90 109.48 371.50 1619.35 1.60 8.867 170.933 17.20 300.30 91.40 1963.60 0.07 0.373 1.400 1.71 17.16 9.50 153.68 0.06 0 0 2.04 24.05 3.20 0.86 5.700 82.967 8.20 100.70 115.00 1875.80 0.84 5.767 88.933 8.90 127.60 76.50 1390.90 0.86 5.867 81.467 12.20 126.40 93.90 1584.30 0.619 0.04 1.60 code sam. 4.6 Index 6 : External hazards index(h ex ) The External hazards index (H ex ) is a radiation hazard defined by( Beretka and Mathew). to evaluated the radiation indoor dose rate due to the external exposure radiation from natural radiation radionuclide in the 85 Page

Internal Hazard Index (Hin) and External Natural Radioactivity of Building Rocks in quarries South-west part of Yemen construction building materials of dwelling.this index value must be less than unit[10]. to keep the radiation hazard insignificant based on formula. H ex, is defined as[11]: H ex = AC(Ra)/370+ AC(Th)/259+AC(K)/4810 1(6) Where C Ra is the Ra-226 activity concentration Bq/kg, C Th is the Th-232 activity concentration Bq/kg and C K is the activity concentration Bq/kg. the maximum value for(h ex ) equal to unity corresponds to upper limited of(ra eq )370Bq/Kg. The value were listed in (table.4.11and fig.4.7)for this study. the values were are obtained from (() 1.88()). the maximum value is in location(m1) and the minimum value in location () respectively, with an average 0.71 for (H ex) which is below than unity[10]. which indicates that the area is no threat of exposure for the population.. 4.7 4.8 Table.4.11: Internal Hazard Index (H in ) and External Hazard Index (H ex ) for Studied Samples Used as Building Materials. H in 0.29 1.29 0.68 1.34 2.69 0.13 0.14 1.25 1.32 1.33 0.95 2.69 H ex 0.21 1.01 0.56 1.04 1.88 0.08 0.08 0.98 0.90 0.99 0.71 1.88 1.133 0.433 5.467 2.900 6.767 8.867 0.373 0 5.700 5.767 5.867 Th-232(Bq/kg) 20.100 4.133 104.133 40.733 106.157 170.933 1.400 0 82.967 88.933 81.467 2.90 7.10 4.90 7.90 17.20 1.71 2.04 8.20 8.90 12.20 Ra-226 27.70 104.20 46.60 109.48 300.30 17.16 24.05 100.70 127.60 126.40 k-40(bq/kg) 12.10 5.90 76.40 66.80 371.50 91.40 9.50 3.20 115.00 76.50 93.90 k-40 282.30 138.50 1547.10 1315.60 1619.35 1963.60 153.68 1875.80 1390.90 1584.30 code sam. Hex Hin 3.00 World Mean 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 Hazard Index (Hex) 2T- 3T- 1T- 2LM- 1LM- 2G- 1M 1G- 2B- 1B- Location ofquarry Fig.4.7:Internal Hazard Index (H in ) and External Hazard Index (H ex ) for Studied Samples Used as Building Materials. 4.9 Index 7 : Internal hazards index(h in ) Radon and its short- lived products are also hazardous to the respiratory organs. The internal exposure to radon and its daughter products is quantified by the Internal hazards index(h in ) which is given by the equation as[10]: H in = AC(Ra)/185+ AC(Th)/259+AC(K)/4810 1 (7) 86 Page

Representative Level Index Natural Radioactivity of Building Rocks in quarries South-west part of Yemen Where C Ra is the Ra-226 activity concentration Bq/kg, C Th is the Th-232 activity concentration Bq/kg and C K is the activity concentration Bq/kg. for the safe use of a materials in the construction of dwelling,(h in ) should be less than unity[10]. From (table.4.11and fig.4.7 ) the values range were( 2.69) for the location(,) respectively. the average values are 0.95.it is below the internationality accepted value[10] 4.10 Index 8: Radiation Hazard Index or Representative Level Index (I γr ). In order to examine whether the samples meets these limits of dose criteria, Another radiation hazard index, the representative level index, Iγr, used to estimate the level of γ- radiation hazard associated with the natural radionuclides in specific investigated samples, is definedfrom the following Equation [11]: I γr = ACRa/150 + ACTh/100 + ACK/1500(8) Where C Ra is the Ra-226 activity concentration Bq/kg, C Th is the Th-232 activity concentration Bq/kg and C K is the activity concentration Bq/kg. The representative level index values were listed in (table.4.12and figure.4.8) they were varied from0.13 () msv/y to 5.02() msv/y. the location(,,.,,,) were obtained higher than unity and the location(,,,)were obtain below than unity. The average were 1.96 msv/y which are higher than 1 msv/y.[2] Table.4.12:Radiation Hazard Index of 226Ra,232Th226Ra and 40K in the sample. I γr 0.57 0.13 2.77 1.60 2.87 5.02 0.23 0.19 2.75 2.67 2.71 1.96 0.13 5.02 1.133 0.433 5.467 2.900 6.767 8.867 0.373 0 5.700 5.767 5.867 Th- 232(Bq/kg) 20.100 4.133 104.133 40.733 106.157 170.933 1.400 0 82.967 88.933 81.467 2.90 7.10 4.90 7.90 17.20 1.71 2.04 8.20 8.90 12.20 Ra-226 27.70 104.20 46.60 109.48 300.30 17.16 24.05 100.70 127.60 126.40 k-40(bq/kg) k-40 12.10 282.30 5.90 138.50 76.40 1547.10 66.80 1315.60 371.50 1619.35 91.40 1963.60 9.50 153.68 3.20 115.00 1875.80 76.50 1390.90 93.90 1584.30 code sam. Representative Level Index 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 2T- 3T- 1T- 2LM- 1LM- 2G- 1M 1G- 2B- 1B- sample name Fig.4.8 :Radiation Hazard Index of 226Ra,232Th and 40K in the samples. 87 Page

Quarry Code (I) (Ra eq) D(nGy.h 1 ) Eo ed (msvy 1 ) E ied (msvy 1 ) (H in) (H ex) (I γr) 0.29 0.07 1.38 0.8 1.44 2.51 0.12 0.1 1.38 1.33 1.36 0.98 0.07 78.18 16.58 372.24 206.15 385.97 695.93 31 27.95 363.78 361.8 364.89 264.04 16.58 37.051 8.342 177.321 101.685 184.03 326.77 15.206 13.224 176.267 172.179 126.103 121.653 8.342 2.51 695.93 326.77 0.4 1.6 2.69 1.88 5.02 Table.4.13:Radioactivity concentration Index(I),Radium Equivalent(Ra eq ),Dose Rate(D), Annual effective doses Equivalent(AEDE),External Hazard index(h ex ), Internal Hazard Index(H in ), Representative Level Index (Iγr). 5 Biological effects on Radiation There are three ways which Radio nuclides enter to the human body(dipak et al.,2008): 1. Direct inhalation of air born particulates, or direct exposure to skin. 2. Ingestion through mouth. 3. Entry by skin. 6 Table.5.1: shows the numbers of cancer cases and cancer risk ratio in quarry. 0.01 0.22 0.12 0.23 0.4 0.02 0.02 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.155 0.01 0.18 0.04 0.87 0.5 0.9 1.6 0.07 0.06 0.86 0.84 0.86 0.619 0.04 0.29 1.29 0.68 1.34 2.69 0.13 0.14 1.25 1.32 1.33 0.95 0.21 1.01 0.56 1.04 1.88 0.08 0.08 0.98 0.9 0.99 0.71 0.57 0.13 2.77 1.6 2.87 5.02 0.23 0.19 2.75 2.67 2.71 1.96 0.13 Cancer Risk Ratio % 0.08 0.018 0.381 0.218 0.395 0.702 0.033 0.028 0.379 0.37 0.271 D(nGy.h 1 ) 37.051 8.342 177.321 101.685 184.03 326.77 15.206 13.224 176.267 172.179 126.103 Quarry Code Fig.5.1 par graph shows the cancer risk ratio in quarry. 88 Page

7 Conclusion The following conclusion can be drawn from the present investigation: 8 The results of the present work indicate that a lot of quarries in Yemen with a normal level of natural radiation background, and the rocks from the studied area do not pose a significant radiological threat to population when used as construction materials except the quarries Megmatite and Schist-Gneiss 9 From the calculated values, and from the viewpoint radiation It is found that: i. the quarries which product basalt and limestone are well below the recommended safe limit values, therefore we can use it in construction materials. ii. For safe use in building materials we don't use Migamatite( ) and schist-gneiss rocks( ) which use locally in some villages in south- west of Yemen, because their all indexes are higher than international standards, therefore the risk(fig.5.1 ) will be high due to uses this types of rocks. iii. The quarry () products granit are acceptable for uses as superficial building material with some restricted use as countertops and decoration. 3. this work can be used as a baseline data for further research work. 4. Regarding to the Quarries that product Building materials the following points require attention : Safe mode from view point radiation, distance translation, mode of work in quarry, References 9.1 UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, New York, (2000). [1]. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Pol. J. Chem. Tech., Vol. 13, No. 3, 2011 27 Materials, Radiation Protection 112, European Commission, Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection, 1999, p.11 [2]. Krieger R.1981, Harb et al., 2010Beretka and Mathew, 1985) [3]. UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, New York, (2000), (OECD, 1979; UNSCEAR, 1982; UNSCEAR, 1988 [4]. Stranden, 1976 [5]. UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly with Annexes, United Nations, NewYork 1988 [6]. UNSCEAR Sources, effects and risks of ionization radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General assembly, with Annexes, New York (2000).] [7]. UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly with Annexes, United Nations, NewYork 1998 [8]. (ICRP)The international commission on Radiological Protection,1993 [9]. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION(ICRP, 2000Harb et al., 2010) [10]. NEA-OECD 1979; Alam M.N et al. 1999, Abbady A.G.E., 2004 89 Page