TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1 THE STORY OF LIFE ON EARTH... 2 LIVING AND NON-LIVING... 7 THE DOMAINS... 9 SIX KINGDOMS: PRESENTATION...14 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SIX KINGDOMS...23 SIX KINGDOMS CHART...26 TREE OF LIFE: PRESENTATION...29 TREE OF LIFE: ARCHAEA KINGDOM... 33 TREE OF LIFE: BACTERIA KINGDOM... 36 TREE OF LIFE: PROTISTA KINGDOM... 39 TREE OF LIFE: FUNGUS KINGDOM...49 TREE OF LIFE: PLANT KINGDOM...56 TREE OF LIFE: ANIMAL KINGDOM...65 CHAPTER 2: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS THE PROKARYOTIC CELL...86 THE EUKARYOTE CELL...92 CHAPTER 3: THE ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA KINGDOMS INTRODUCTION... 103 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 108 KEY EXPERIENCE... 109 THE ARCHAEA KINGDOM CHART... 110 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 111 Phylum Methanogens... 112 Phylum Extreme Thermophiles... 113 Phylum Extreme Halophiles... 114 THE BACTERIA KINGDOM CHART... 115 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 116 Phylum Cyanobacteria... 117 Phylum Purple and Green Bacteria... 119
Phylum Prochlorophytes... 121 Phylum Mycoplasma... 122 Phylum Spirochaetae... 123 Phylum Thiopneutes... 124 Phylum Nitrogen Fixing Aerobic Bacteria... 126 Phylum Pseudomonads... 128 Phylum Omnibacteria... 129 Phylum Chemoautotrophic Bacteria... 132 Phylum Myxobacteria... 134 Phylum Fermenting Bacteria... 136 Phylum Aeroendospora... 138 Phylum Micrococci... 140 Phylum Actinobacteria... 141 BACTERIA REPORTS... 143 LIFE CYCLES... 145 HOW THE BACTERIA SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 146 WHO AM I? STORIES... 148 CHAPTER 4: PROTISTA KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 150 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 153 KEY EXPERIENCE... 156 THE PROTISTA KINGDOM CHART... 157 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 158 Phylum Caryoblastea... 158 Phylum Sarcodina... 159 The Parts of the Amoeba... 161 Phylum Actinopoda... 165 The Parts of the Radiolarian... 168 Phylum Foraminifera... 172 Phylum Ciliophora... 173 The Parts of the Paramecium... 175
Phylum Apicomplexa... 179 Phylum Cnidosporidia... 181 Phylum Zoomastigina... 183 Phylum Chrysophyta... 185 Phylum Haptophyta... 187 Phylum Dinophyta... 188 Phylum Euglenophyta... 190 The Parts of the Euglena... 192 Phylum Cryptophyta... 195 Phylum Xanthophyta... 196 Phylum Bacillariophyta... 197 Phylum Phaeophyta... 199 The Parts of the Brown Algae (Kelp)... 201 Phylum Rhodophyta... 204 Phylum Gamophyta... 206 Phylum Chlorophyta... 208 Phylum Labyrinthulomycota... 211 Phylum Acrasiomycota... 212 Phylum Myxomycota... 213 Phylum Oomycota... 215 PROTISTA REPORTS... 217 LIFE CYCLES... 219 HOW THE PROTIST SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 220 WHO AM I? STORIES... 222 CHAPTER 5: THE FUNGUS KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 224 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 228 KEY EXPERIENCE... 229 EXPERIMENTS WITH YEAST... 233 THE FUNGUS KINGDOM CHART... 234 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 235 Phylum Chytridiomycota... 235 Phylum Zygomycota... 237
Phylum Ascomycota... 239 Phylum Basidiomycota... 241 Deuteromycetes... 243 Lichens... 244 Mycorrhizae... 249 FUNGUS REPORTS... 250 LIFE CYCLES... 252 HOW THE FUNGUS SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 253 WHO AM I? STORIES... 255
Biology Manual Part 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 6: THE PLANT KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 2 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 6 KEY EXPERIENCE: THE PLANT...14 THE PLANT CELL...18 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE ROOT - LONGITUDINAL SECTION...28 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE ROOT - CROSS SECTION... 33 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE HERBACEOUS STEM - CROSS SECTION... 39 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE WOODY STEM - CROSS SECTION... 44 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE LEAF - CROSS SECTION...50 Photosynthesis...56 KEY EXPERIENCE - THE FLOWER...62 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE FLOWER - CROSS SECTION...67 THE PLANT KINGDOM CHART...74 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH...75 Phylum Hepatophyta...75 Phylum Anthocerophyta... 77 Phylum Bryophyta...78 Phylum Psilophyta...81 Phylum Lycophyta...82 Phylum Sphenophyta... 84 Phylum Pterophyta...86 Phylum Cycadophyta... 90 Phylum Ginkgophyta...92 Phylum Coniferophyta...93 Phylum Gnetophyta...95 Phylum Anthophyta...97 PLANT REPORTS...99 LIFE CYCLES... 101 HOW THE PLANT SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 102 WHO AM I? STORIES... 104
Biology Manual Part 2 THE WATER CYCLE... 105 THE NITROGEN CYCLE... 112 THE CARBON CYCLE... 117 CHAPTER 7: THE ANIMAL KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 124 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 128 THE ANIMAL CELL... 146 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CHART... 156 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 157 Phylum Placozoa... 157 Phylum Porifera... 157 Phylum Cnidaria... 158 Phylum Ctenophora... 158 Phylum Mesozoa... 159 Phylum Platyhelminthes... 159 Phylum Nemertina... 160 Phylum Gnathostomulida... 160 Phylum Gastrotricha... 161 Phylum Rotifera... 161 Phylum Kinorhyncha... 162 Phylum Loricifera... 162 Phylum Acanthocephala... 163 Phylum Entoprocta... 163 Phylum Nematoda... 164 Phylum Nematomorpha... 164 Phylum Ectoprocta... 165 Phylum Phoronida... 165 Phylum Brachiopoda... 166 Phylum Mollusca... 167 Phylum Priapulida... 168 Phylum Sipuncula... 168 Phylum Echiura... 169 Montessori Research and Development 2006
Biology Manual Part 2 Phylum Annelida... 170 Phylum Tartigrada... 171 Phylum Pentastoma... 171 Phylum Onychophora... 172 Phylum Arthropoda... 172 Phylum Pogonophora... 173 Phylum Echinodermata... 173 Phylum Chaetognatha... 174 Phylum Hemichordata... 174 Phylum Chordata... 175 ANIMAL REPORTS... 176 INVERTEBRATE/VERTEBRATE... 178 PHYLUM PORIFERA... 180 PHYLUM CNIDARIA... 186 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES... 196 PHYLUM NEMATODA... 203 PHYLUM ANNELIDA... 209 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA... 215 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA... 224 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA... 232 VERTEBRATES... 239 PHYLUM CHORDATA - FISH... 244 PHYLUM CHORDATA - AMPHIBIANS... 252 PHYLUM CHORDATA - REPTILES... 258 PHYLUM CHORDATA - BIRDS... 267 PHYLUM CHORDATA - MAMMALS... 273 MOUNTAIN LION (COUGAR)... 283 BOBCAT... 285 WOLF... 288 COYOTE... 291 BLACK BEAR... 294 THE GREAT RIVER... 296 THE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY... 299 Montessori Research and Development 2006
Biology Manual Part 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 6: THE PLANT KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 2 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 6 KEY EXPERIENCE: THE PLANT...14 THE PLANT CELL...18 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE ROOT - LONGITUDINAL SECTION...28 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE ROOT - CROSS SECTION... 33 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE HERBACEOUS STEM - CROSS SECTION... 39 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE WOODY STEM - CROSS SECTION... 44 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE LEAF - CROSS SECTION...50 Photosynthesis...56 KEY EXPERIENCE - THE FLOWER...62 INTERNAL PARTS OF THE FLOWER - CROSS SECTION...67 THE PLANT KINGDOM CHART...74 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH...75 Phylum Hepatophyta...75 Phylum Anthocerophyta... 77 Phylum Bryophyta...78 Phylum Psilophyta...81 Phylum Lycophyta...82 Phylum Sphenophyta... 84 Phylum Pterophyta...86 Phylum Cycadophyta... 90 Phylum Ginkgophyta...92 Phylum Coniferophyta...93 Phylum Gnetophyta...95 Phylum Anthophyta...97 PLANT REPORTS...99 LIFE CYCLES... 101 HOW THE PLANT SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 102 WHO AM I? STORIES... 104
Biology Manual Part 2 THE WATER CYCLE... 105 THE NITROGEN CYCLE... 112 THE CARBON CYCLE... 117 CHAPTER 7: THE ANIMAL KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 124 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 128 THE ANIMAL CELL... 146 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CHART... 156 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 157 Phylum Placozoa... 157 Phylum Porifera... 157 Phylum Cnidaria... 158 Phylum Ctenophora... 158 Phylum Mesozoa... 159 Phylum Platyhelminthes... 159 Phylum Nemertina... 160 Phylum Gnathostomulida... 160 Phylum Gastrotricha... 161 Phylum Rotifera... 161 Phylum Kinorhyncha... 162 Phylum Loricifera... 162 Phylum Acanthocephala... 163 Phylum Entoprocta... 163 Phylum Nematoda... 164 Phylum Nematomorpha... 164 Phylum Ectoprocta... 165 Phylum Phoronida... 165 Phylum Brachiopoda... 166 Phylum Mollusca... 167 Phylum Priapulida... 168 Phylum Sipuncula... 168 Phylum Echiura... 169 Montessori Research and Development 2006
Biology Manual Part 2 Phylum Annelida... 170 Phylum Tartigrada... 171 Phylum Pentastoma... 171 Phylum Onychophora... 172 Phylum Arthropoda... 172 Phylum Pogonophora... 173 Phylum Echinodermata... 173 Phylum Chaetognatha... 174 Phylum Hemichordata... 174 Phylum Chordata... 175 ANIMAL REPORTS... 176 INVERTEBRATE/VERTEBRATE... 178 PHYLUM PORIFERA... 180 PHYLUM CNIDARIA... 186 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES... 196 PHYLUM NEMATODA... 203 PHYLUM ANNELIDA... 209 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA... 215 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA... 224 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA... 232 VERTEBRATES... 239 PHYLUM CHORDATA - FISH... 244 PHYLUM CHORDATA - AMPHIBIANS... 252 PHYLUM CHORDATA - REPTILES... 258 PHYLUM CHORDATA - BIRDS... 267 PHYLUM CHORDATA - MAMMALS... 273 MOUNTAIN LION (COUGAR)... 283 BOBCAT... 285 WOLF... 288 COYOTE... 291 BLACK BEAR... 294 THE GREAT RIVER... 296 THE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY... 299 Montessori Research and Development 2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1 THE STORY OF LIFE ON EARTH... 2 LIVING AND NON-LIVING... 7 THE DOMAINS... 9 SIX KINGDOMS: PRESENTATION...14 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SIX KINGDOMS...23 SIX KINGDOMS CHART...26 TREE OF LIFE: PRESENTATION...29 TREE OF LIFE: ARCHAEA KINGDOM... 33 TREE OF LIFE: BACTERIA KINGDOM... 36 TREE OF LIFE: PROTISTA KINGDOM... 39 TREE OF LIFE: FUNGUS KINGDOM...49 TREE OF LIFE: PLANT KINGDOM...56 TREE OF LIFE: ANIMAL KINGDOM...65 CHAPTER 2: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS THE PROKARYOTIC CELL...86 THE EUKARYOTE CELL...92 CHAPTER 3: THE ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA KINGDOMS INTRODUCTION... 103 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 108 KEY EXPERIENCE... 109 THE ARCHAEA KINGDOM CHART... 110 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 111 Phylum Methanogens... 112 Phylum Extreme Thermophiles... 113 Phylum Extreme Halophiles... 114 THE BACTERIA KINGDOM CHART... 115 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 116 Phylum Cyanobacteria... 117 Phylum Purple and Green Bacteria... 119
Phylum Prochlorophytes... 121 Phylum Mycoplasma... 122 Phylum Spirochaetae... 123 Phylum Thiopneutes... 124 Phylum Nitrogen Fixing Aerobic Bacteria... 126 Phylum Pseudomonads... 128 Phylum Omnibacteria... 129 Phylum Chemoautotrophic Bacteria... 132 Phylum Myxobacteria... 134 Phylum Fermenting Bacteria... 136 Phylum Aeroendospora... 138 Phylum Micrococci... 140 Phylum Actinobacteria... 141 BACTERIA REPORTS... 143 LIFE CYCLES... 145 HOW THE BACTERIA SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 146 WHO AM I? STORIES... 148 CHAPTER 4: PROTISTA KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 150 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 153 KEY EXPERIENCE... 156 THE PROTISTA KINGDOM CHART... 157 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 158 Phylum Caryoblastea... 158 Phylum Sarcodina... 159 The Parts of the Amoeba... 161 Phylum Actinopoda... 165 The Parts of the Radiolarian... 168 Phylum Foraminifera... 172 Phylum Ciliophora... 173 The Parts of the Paramecium... 175
Phylum Apicomplexa... 179 Phylum Cnidosporidia... 181 Phylum Zoomastigina... 183 Phylum Chrysophyta... 185 Phylum Haptophyta... 187 Phylum Dinophyta... 188 Phylum Euglenophyta... 190 The Parts of the Euglena... 192 Phylum Cryptophyta... 195 Phylum Xanthophyta... 196 Phylum Bacillariophyta... 197 Phylum Phaeophyta... 199 The Parts of the Brown Algae (Kelp)... 201 Phylum Rhodophyta... 204 Phylum Gamophyta... 206 Phylum Chlorophyta... 208 Phylum Labyrinthulomycota... 211 Phylum Acrasiomycota... 212 Phylum Myxomycota... 213 Phylum Oomycota... 215 PROTISTA REPORTS... 217 LIFE CYCLES... 219 HOW THE PROTIST SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 220 WHO AM I? STORIES... 222 CHAPTER 5: THE FUNGUS KINGDOM INTRODUCTION... 224 TIME LINE OF LIFE... 228 KEY EXPERIENCE... 229 EXPERIMENTS WITH YEAST... 233 THE FUNGUS KINGDOM CHART... 234 CLASSIFICATION AND RESEARCH... 235 Phylum Chytridiomycota... 235 Phylum Zygomycota... 237
Phylum Ascomycota... 239 Phylum Basidiomycota... 241 Deuteromycetes... 243 Lichens... 244 Mycorrhizae... 249 FUNGUS REPORTS... 250 LIFE CYCLES... 252 HOW THE FUNGUS SATISFIES ITS NEEDS... 253 WHO AM I? STORIES... 255