Name: Perid: Date: PERIODIC TABLE NOTES HONORS CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant terms / ideas are in all capitals and blded! Organizing the Elements -Chemists needed a way t all the elements and thse yet t be -DOBEREINER (1829) gruped elements int, three with similar -NEWLANDS (1865) arranged elements in rder f increasing (prperties repeated every elements LAW OF OCTAVES ) The First Peridic Table - (1869) published the first Peridic Table -Arranged elements in rder f and similar -Left spaces fr elements AND the using his table *THE DISCOVERY OF AND HELPED CONVINCE SCIENTISTS OF THE OF HIS TABLE PROPERTIES MATCHED THE PROPERTIES!! Prblems with the Table -Mendeleev thught sme f the atmic masses were s he brke his rules (placed befre due t ) -Atmic were nt wrng he just did nt knw yet that each element had a number f! PERIODIC LAW: -MOSELEY (1913) develped the Peridic Table -Arranged elements in rder f increasing 1
Reading the Table -PERIOD: -GROUP: *Three f elements n the Peridic Table METALS: -Abut f elements are in this class -High (shiny) -Gd f heat and electricity -Typically at rm temperature (except ) -DUCTILE: -MALLEABLE: -High and -Frm (+) NONMETALS: -N - f heat and electricity -Mst (nt all) are at rm temp -Lw and - malleable r ductile - -Tend t frm (-) METALLOIDS: -Have prperties f bth and -In frmatin depends n their 2
Classifying the Elements -Elements can be int ne f different classificatins: 1) REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS Grups t (s and p rbitals are highest but nt ) Wide range f 2) TRANSITION METALS f table (electrns in rbital) 3) INNER TRANSITION METALS Tw rws (electrns in the rbital) RARE EARTH METALS 4) NOBLE GASES Grup (p rbital and highest energy level ) Representative Elements (Main Grup Elements) -ALKALI METALS: -ALKALINE EARTH METALS: -Brn Grup: -Carbn Grup: -Nitrgen Grup: -Oxygen Grup: -HALOGENS: Transitin Metals -Grups / sublevel -Charges (+) Inner Transitin Metals - and series / sublevel - NOBLE GASES: Why Are Families Similar? Each family has the number f VALENCE ELECTRONS ( ) which determines an element s All want!! 3
IONS: -Atms in their elemental state are (prtns and electrns are ) -Atms can r electrns giving them a -Ins have number f prtns and electrns CATIONS: -Atms that electrns becme catins (lss f charged particles) -Frmed frm - f electrns determines the (1+, 2+, etc.) ANIONS: -Atms that electrns becme anins (mre charged particles) -Frmed frm - f electrns determines the (1-, 2-, etc.) Charge Frmatin -Think f it like What Determines the Charge? LOSING electrns is! GAINING electrns is! - n the Peridic Table and!! -Atms want electrns in their uter r highest energy level t be stable They want t be like a! S they GAIN r LOSE electrns t accmplish this... Whichever is!!!! 4
Practice -Determine if each f the fllwing is a catin r anin and give the charge it frms: a) : b) : c) : d) : Peridic Trends -Since the Peridic Table grups elements by similar, certain can als be seen when the table is analyzed -These trends can have similarities as yu g acrss a r dwn a Factrs Influencing Trends 1) Electrn Energy Level: 2) Nuclear Charge: 3) SHIELDING EFFECT: ATOMIC RADIUS: -Trend: dwn a clumn and ging acrss a rw -WHY DOES IT FOLLOW THIS TREND? Grup: As yu g dwn a clumn, the number f and increase s the radius! Rw: As yu g acrss a rw, all e- are in the same and the nuclear charge is, causing the uter e- t be held s it! IONIC RADIUS: -Trend: dwn a clumn and ging acrss a rw fr catins and anins, but catins are and anins are Grup: As yu g dwn a clumn, the number f and increase s the radius! 5
Rw: Catins are because as e- are nuclear charge increases and hlds tighter, while anins are because as e- are nuclear charge decreases and des nt hld as tight but each type still as g acrss! IONIZATION ENERGY: -Trend: dwn a clumn and ging acrss a rw -WHY DOES IT FOLLOW THIS TREND? Grup: As yu g dwn a clumn, energy levels are added and the valence e- are mre frm the pull f the nucleus, making it t pull ff an e- s it! Rw: As yu g acrss a rw, the nuclear charge gets (hlds e- tighter) and the rbital gets clser t being which adds, making it t pull ff an e- s it! -Watch fr EXCEPTIONS like,, etc... WHY d they ccur?: (answer) -T remve a secnd e-, even energy is required (gets t steal) s Inizatin Energy with each electrn remved! ELECTRONEGATIVITY: -Trend: dwn a clumn and ging acrss a rw -WHY DOES IT FOLLOW THIS TREND? Grup: As yu g dwn a clumn, mre are added, making the valence e- frm the nucleus and nt held as due t shielding s it! Rw: As yu g acrss a rw, metals are mre likely t e- t frm catins, while nnmetals want e- t be stable, frming anins s it! ELECTRON AFFINITY: -Trend: dwn a clumn and ging acrss a rw -WHY DOES IT FOLLOW THIS TREND? Think in terms f the the attractin t an e-, the mre is released! 6
Metallic / Reactivity -As yu g dwn a grup, the metallic character as well as the reactivity f the elements -Exceptin: As yu g dwn the family reactivity! Therefre, the mst reactive element in the halgen family is!! Practice -Which has the GREATER atmic size? -Which has a LOWER inizatin energy? -Which has a HIGHER electrnegativity? -Which has LESS shielding? -Which is MORE reactive? 7
SUMMARY OF PERIODIC TRENDS 8