Learning Goals for 2.1 1.Trace the flow of energy from the sun through a living system. 2.Explain the process of photosynthesis 3.Give examples of producers and consumers. 4.Explain the relationship among the terms: producer, consumer, autotroph & heterotroph.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs What is a Heterotroph and an Autotroph?? Let s use the root words: Define: 1.Hetero- & -troph 2. Auto- & -troph
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Let s think of some examples of Autotrophs (remember self nourishment)
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs What about a Mushroom? Or a Venus Fly Trap?
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things are known as. Since the organism is consuming the food, they are also referred to as. Some heterotrophs get their food by eating plants. Other heterotrophs, such as this cheetah, obtain food from plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals. Still other heterotrophs, such as mushrooms, obtain food by decomposing other organisms; these are called decomposers instead of consumers.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Organisms that make their own food are called. These organisms are also called because they are producing food. Plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates that can be used for food is known as photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Equation
Chemical Energy and Food Where do organisms get energy? How about these examples:
Learning Goals for 2.2 5. Compare photosynthesis to cellular respiration; discuss its cyclic flow. 6. Compare cellular respiration to fermentation.
Chemical Energy and Food How does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? Review Question: Where is energy stored in a molecule? Food provides living things with the chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce. Food molecules contain chemical energy that is released when its are broken.
Chemical Energy and Food Energy stored in food is expressed in units of calories. A Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. 1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie, or Calorie. Cells use all sorts of molecules for food, including fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The energy stored in each of these molecules varies because their chemical structures, and therefore their energy-storing bonds, differ. Cells break down food molecules gradually and use the energy stored in the chemical bonds to produce compounds such as ATP that power the activities of the cell.
Overview of Cellular Respiration What is cellular respiration? Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of. It occurs in the cell s.
Overview of Cellular Respiration If oxygen is available, organisms can obtain energy from food by a process called cellular respiration. The summary of cellular respiration is presented below. In symbols: 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy In words: Oxygen + Glucose Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy The cell has to release the chemical energy in food molecules (like glucose) gradually, otherwise most of the energy would be lost in the form of heat and light.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Photosynthesis removes from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes. The energy flows in opposite directions. Photosynthesis deposits energy, and cellular respiration withdraws energy. The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The release of energy by cellular respiration takes place in plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria. Energy capture by photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
THINK ABOUT IT We use oxygen to release chemical energy from the food we eat, but what if oxygen is not around? Is there a pathway that allows cells to extract energy from food in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation Fermentation is a process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the of. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells instead of the mitochondria. There are two different types of fermentation: 1. Alcoholic 2. Lactic Acid
Alcoholic Fermentation Yeast and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation that produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is used to produce alcoholic beverages and causes bread dough to rise. Lactic Acid Fermentation Most organisms, including humans, carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
Energy and Exercise How does the body produce energy during different stages of exercise?
Quick Energy Cells normally contain small amounts of energy produced during cellular respiration, enough for a few seconds of intense activity. Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough energy to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up oxygen debt and clear the lactic acid from the body.
Long-Term Energy For intense exercise lasting longer than 90 seconds, cellular respiration is required to continue production of energy. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does. The body stores energy in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen. These glycogen stores are enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity. After that, the body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy. So how long do you have to exercise before you start really burning fat? Long-Term Energy Hibernating animals like this brown bear rely on stored fat for energy when they sleep through the winter.