PACKET #5 - MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM RG: Chapter 27.2 (read text pages )

PACKET #5 - MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM RG: Chapter 27.2 (read text pages 691-694) Name Per 1k. Recognize the cumulative nature of scientific evidence. 1n. Know that when an observation does not agree with an accepted scientific theory, the observation is sometimes mistaken or fraudulent or sometimes the scientific theory is wrong. 1. The first astronomers thought that the stars revolved around the 2a. Aristotle suggested an earth centered or model of the solar system. 2b. In this model the, the and the revolve around the. 3. What changes did Ptolemy make to the model? 4a. What kind of model did Nicolaus Copernicus propose? 4b. What is at the center of this model? 5. How did Copernicus s model solve the problem of some planets moving backwards? 6a. What is Kepler s first law? 6b. The law states that each planet orbits the 6c. Elliptical orbits can vary in shape. Some elliptical orbits are very oval and others are almost perfect. 6d. Define Eccentricity: 8a. Isaac Newton hypothesized that a moving body will. This concept is called. 8b. For example, a ball rolling on a smooth surface will 7a. What is Kepler s second law? 7b. The law describes the speed at which objects 7d. What is Kepler s third law? 7e. Define orbital period: 9a. Because a planet does not follow a straight path, an outside. Newton gave this force the name. 9b. The father from the sun a planet is the, the weaker Earth's Catastrophic Past- Video Guide 1. When Earth was in a molten state, what was the material that sank to the planet's center? a) iron b) lead c) mercury 2. The water that flooded early Earth. a) was brought by ice comets b) was generated by microbes 3. It appears that the earliest life forms lived. a) under extremes of temperature and pressure b) by combining sunlight with molten lava 4. Ancient volcanic islands contributed to the formation of the first land masses, according to clues obtained by scientists who analyzed. a) fossils embedded in lava formations b) limestone produced by marine organisms c) soil and rock obtained by drilling holes d) shock waves sent deep into the Earth's crust 5. According to scientific evidence, oxygen gas first became part of Earth's atmosphere as a result of. a) erosion of oxides b) activity of microbes c) impacts of comets d) eruptions of volcanoes 6. The continents of Africa and South America are moving. a) closer to each other b) eastward at the same rate c) away from each other d) westward at the same rate 7. Some scientists think that the volcanic eruptions that wiped out the dinosaurs were triggered by the impact of a meteorite that landed. a) in the Indian Ocean b) near the Hawaiian islands c) in the Namib Desert d) off Mexico's Yucatan peninsula 8. It appears that the last Ice Age began around the time when. a) the Himalayas were formed b) the first life forms appeared c) Pangaea was splitting apart d) sunspot activity cooled Earth 9. Several pieces of evidence indicate that a large, underwater cave system on Grand Bahama Island was once dry. One such piece of evidence is that the cave system has. a) large, blind crabs b) walls made of granite c) a soft, sandy floor d) fossilized bat droppings 10.The Channeled Scablands in Grand Coulee Canyon, Washington, were carved by. a) gigantic floods b) severe earthquakes c) huge meteorites d) ferocious tornadoes 1

Reading Guide: Chapter 27.1a (read text pages 685-687) FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1b. Know the evidence from earth and moon rocks indicates that the solar system was formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas approx. 4.6 billion yrs ago. 1c. Know the evidence from geological studies of earth & other planets suggest that early earth was different from today. 1a. Define solar system? 2a. Almost 5 billion years ago, the amount of gravity near one of these clouds increased as a result of a nearby. 1b. Define planets? 2b. What is a solar nebula? 2c. What did energy from collisions cause? 3a. What was forming in the outer regions of the solar nebula, at the same time the sun was forming? 3b. What are planetesimals? 3c. What are protoplanets? 3d. What do protoplanets become? 4. Find Figure 2 (bottom pg 686-687) Look at all of the pictures and read each caption below the picture. Describe in 2 sentences what Figure 2 is showing: 5a. The four protoplanets close to the sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) contained large percentages of. 5b. These planets lost their less dense gases because at the temperature of the gases,. 5c. As the denser material sank to the centers of the planets and formed 5d. The inner planets are smaller,. 6a. As a group (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune) they formed far from the sun and therefore. 6b. They did not lose their lighter elements such as, or their. 6c. Today these planets are referred to as gas giants because they are composed & are huge planets. 6d. Pluto is smaller than our moon and can be described as a 6e. Pluto is part of a new category of Reading Guide: Chapter 27.4b (Read text pages 707-708) Objects beyond Neptune, Kuiper Belt & Exoplanets 1a Students know how the differences and similarities among the sun, the terrestrial planets, and the gas planets may have been established during the formation of the solar system 1a. When was Pluto discovered? 1b. Now it is defined 1c. Describe Pluto s orbit: 2a. Size km 2b. Pluto is than earths moon. 2c. Describe what Pluto is made of: 3. Define the Kuiper Belt: 4. Look Figure 7 & list the other 2 objects that are part of the Kuiper belt: & 5. Define a dwarf planet: 6. Astronomers have discovered 200 planets that orbit stars other than our sun. These planets are called. Exo means 7. Exoplanets can t be seen with a telescope so they can be detected only because their 9. Most of the exoplanets that have been identified are than Uranus, but recently two exoplanets have been discovered that are closer to. 2

The Planets- Webquest 1. List the eight planets starting with the one closest to the sun. 2. List the 4 inner (terrestrial) planets 3. List the 4 outer (jovian) planets 4. What lies in between Mars and Jupiter? Collect data about the planets: Planet Revolution period (time to go around the sun) Mercury Rotation Period (time to spin on axis-1 day) Inner or outer planet? Rings or no rings # of moons? (If none = 0) made of rock or gas Does it have a thin or THICK atmosphere? Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Analyze your planet data: 5. Which planets are closest to the sun? inner or outer (circle the answer) 6. Which planets have a short Revolution period? inner or outer A long Revolution period? inner or outer 7. Which planets have a short Rotation period? inner or outer A long Rotation period? inner or outer 8. Which planets have rings? inner or outer planets 9. List the planets with more than 3 moons Are these inner or outer planets? 10. Which planets are made of rock? inner or outer Which planets are made of gas? inner or outer 11. Which planets have a thin atmosphere? inner or outer Which planets have a thick? inner or outer Conclusion 12. List 4 characteristics that all of the Outer Planets share 13. List 4 characteristics that all of the Inner Planets share Pluto no longer a planet?? 1. Pluto is no longer considered a planet. What is its new category? 2. Describe Pluto s size as compared to the other planets. 3. Pluto s orbit around the sun is very different than the other planets. Describe how it is different. 4. Pluto is in an area of space called the Belt 5. What is Pluto made of? 6. Does Pluto have an atmosphere? If so what is it made of? Is it thick or thin? 7. How many moons does Pluto have? 8. Does Pluto have rings? 9. Pluto is no longer considered a planet because it is very different than the other outer planets. List 5 ways Pluto is different that the outer planets: 3

FORMATION OF THE EARTH QUESTIONS (Read pgs 688-690) 1. During the formation of the earth it was very hot. List and explain the 3 reasons why it was so hot. 2. As the earth was becoming a solid what happened to all of the heavy elements (like iron)? 3. Why did this happen to all of the heavy elements? 4. What is differentiation? 5. The earth separated into 3 layers. Describe the 3 layers. Core- Mantle- Crust- 6. The earth cooled and solid rock formed. What type of elements made up the surface? FORMATION OF THE OCEANS QUESTIONS (Read pg 690) 1. Some scientists think that part of Earth s water came from space. What brought it here? 2. The water from these bodies then became part of the atmosphere. What happened to it once the earth cooled? 3. The water collected on the surface and what did it form? 4. Describe this first ocean: 5a. Dissolved solids were carried to the oceans. Where did they come from? 5b. What did they do to the concentration of chemicals in the ocean? 6. How do the oceans affect global temperatures? 7. What did the early ocean water dissolve? 4

Kepler s Three Laws Illustrated (Read pg 692-693) Part I. KEPLER S FIRST LAW INTRODUCTION (fill in the following blanks using your book) Kepler s first law is called the Law of. It states that the planets orbit the sun in a path called an. An ellipse is a closed curve whose shape is determined by two points or. In planetary orbits, one focus is located Elliptical orbits can vary in shape. Some orbits are. Other orbit shapes are almost perfect. The shape of an orbit can be described in a numerical form called During a planet s orbit, is it always the same distance from the sun? Why?: Diagram of a Circle: Diagram of an Ellipse: LAB DIRECTIONS A. Draw 4 different ellipses (Work in a team of 2 people) Step 1. Fold a sheet of paper in half. Each person will draw 2 ellipses with different distances between the foci Step 2. Choose the ellipse that you are going to draw (Distance between foci = 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, or 4 cm) Step 3. Measure and Mark the foci points of either 1.0 cm, 2.0 cm, 3.0 cm or 4.0 cm apart. Step 4. Pin the paper on a piece of cardboard at the appropriate foci, & draw the ellipse with a string Distance between foci (cm) Type of Ellipse: round, rounded oval, oval or elongated oval 1 cm a. 2 cm b. 3 cm c. 4 cm d. B. Conclusion Questions: 1. Describe the ellipse as you increased the distance between the foci 2. Describe what would happen to the ellipse if you increased the length of the string without changing the distance between the foci. (get some string and try it!) Part II. KEPLER S SECOND LAW INTRODUCTION (fill in the following blanks using your book) Kepler s second law is called the Law of. This law describes the at which planets travel at different points in their. Kepler discovered that Mars moves when it is closest to the sun. Therefore it must travel when it is furthest from the sun. He calculated that a line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of another object (like a planet) will sweep through equal in an equal period of. 5

LAB DIRECTIONS A. Comparing the Areas of equal time periods 1. Trace the ellipse from the book (fig. 2- pg 693) in the space below. Put this paper over the book and trace the exact shape and lines. 2. Label the SUN and color it orange 3. Put a BLUE dot in the middle of the ellipse and label it focus. 4. Color the short FAT slice RED, and the skinny slice BLUE. B. Conclusion Question: 1. These 2 pie slices are equal in AREA even though they are different shapes (FAT slice and skinny slice). This means that the closer the planet is to the sun (slower or faster) it will travel and it will cover (more or less) distance in the same amount of time. Part III. KEPLER S THIRD LAW (Fill in the following blanks using your book ) Kepler s third law is called the Law of. It describes the relationship between the distance of a planet from the sun and the. The orbit period is the required for the planet to make one full revolution about the sun. The equation for this relationship is where K is a constant, a = & p. Scientists can find out how far away the planets are from the sun by using this law, because they can measure the. 6

FORMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere - Earth s 1st Atmosphere ( billion year ago) Made of (H) & (He). These light gasses (H & He), were heated by solar radiation The gasses were carried away by. FYI: also had the same 1st atmosphere of H & He. Earth s 2nd Atmosphere all over earth produced, carbon dioxide, & nitrogen gas. The only living organisms were. 100 s of millions passed The earth continued to & formed clouds. Rain fall formed the. Earth s third atmosphere (Our Current Atmosphere) Oxygen appeared when broke the water vapor H 2 O into H & 0. However, most of the came from, when plants appeared 2-3 billion years ago. Photosynthesis makes oxygen by turning As plants became wide spread became abundant in the atmosphere. Today our atmosphere is: -Nitrogen (N 2 ) 21%-Oxygen (O 2 ) 0.03 %- (CO 2 ) 0.07 % miscellaneous gases (ex: H 2 O ) 7

Notes: Kepler s Laws 3 Laws of Planetary Motion Law of Planets travel around the sun in a path called an. : point when planet is closest to the sun : point when planet is farthest from the sun 2 focal points ( ) Ellipse is is at one of the foci Ellipses can be rounded to. The earth s elliptical orbit is rounded. Law of Equal Areas A line drawn from the center of a planet to the center of the sun sweeps over. Planets travel when they are closer to the sun and when they are farther away. Law of Periods The farther a planet is from the sun,. : how long it takes a planet to orbit the sun (years) : a 3 = p 2 : a = (AU); p = (years) 1 AU = distance from sun to earth ( ) 8

NOTES: Solar Nebular Theory The Solar Nebular Theory Is a theory that describes how the. Simply put.it is the theory that best explains the (bya). Step 1: : : (bya) Approximately ago our began to form. At this time our. A nearby sent shockwaves triggering our to begin to. Step 2: The nebula began to, &. Most of the material was pulled by toward the forming our. Tiny began forming along of the disk. Step 3: These tiny collided and and began to. As they grew larger and larger the & protoplanets were formed. The in the center would eventually. Step 4: : (bya) The is officially a star. has begun. The grew larger and became the, the dwarf planet and that currently orbit our sun. The rest of the debris has either or has been swept into space by the. 9

History of Astronomy Reading: Read the handout and answer the questions below: 1. What is the Geocentric Theory? 2. Who came up with the Heliocentric theory & explain what the theory said about the universe. 3. What did Eratosthenes calculate about the earth? 4. What is the Ptolemic Theory? 5. Who was a Danish Astronomer and what did he discover? 6. Who was the 1 st astronomer to look at the sky with a telescope? 7. What did Newton discover that exists between all bodies of matter? Video Guide: Standard Deviants- The History of Astronomy & Kepler s Laws 1. Did the first astronomers believe the earth was round? 2. What does GEOCENTRIC universe mean? 3. What 2 things did Aristotle believe? 4. What does HELIOCENTRIC mean? 5. How fast does the earth wobble on it s axis? 6. What did Copernicus believe? 7. What did Tycho Discover that showed the sky changed? 8. How did Tycho die? 9. How many Laws did Kepler discover? 10. Planets move faster when they are (closer to the sun/ farther from the sun) Astronomers Wheel Supplies: Construction paper, worksheet, and book. Directions: 1. Trace a globe or use a compass to draw a circle on a piece of paper and cut it out. 2. Fold the your circular piece of paper in half 3 times (you should have 8 sections) 3. Trace the lines with a ruler and a pen. 4. Pick 8 astronomers and write their name at the top of each section. Use the handout or your text book pgs 691-694 5. READ THE SECTION ABOUT EACH ASTRONOMER then fill in the section with the info: Dates that the astronomer lived & where they lived. Do this directly below their name (Example: Greece - 1400-1460). Explain at least 2 things that they did, invented, and/or discovered? (this fill up the entire section of the wheel) Draw a picture on the back of the section that pertains to their contributions to astronomy. 10

Asteroids- pg 739 What are they? Sketch of an asteroid- Figure 1, pg 739 Where are they located? What are they made of? (composition) DEEP THOUGHT: Draw a diagram showing the location of the Asteroid Belt in the solar system: include sun & inner & outer planets Comets- pg 741 What are they? Where are they located? Describe the 3 parts: Core (nucleus)- Draw the orbit of a long period comet-fig 4, pg 742 Coma- Tail- 11

Define Meteoroids-pg 743 Define Meteor Meteroids-pg 743 Where are they located? Space/atmosphere/earth (circle one) Shooting Star What is it? Why do they occur? Meteor Shower What are they? How often do they occur? What causes them? Meteors Where are they located? Space/atmosphere/earth (circle one) Meteorites Where are they located? Space/atmosphere/earth (circle one) Draw a picture showing all 3! (include earth, atmosphere & space) 12