Research in Physics Why? Who pays for it? How do you decide what to do? Professor Ani Aprahamian University of Notre Dame
The US economy depends on Science scientific and technical innovations they produce Economic studies conducted even before the informationtechnology revolution have shown that as much as 85% of measured growth in US income per capita was due to technological change.
WHO PAYS FOR IT? National Science Foundation Department of Energy NASA NIH NIST Others
National Science Foundation Press Release 09-168 Global Warming Causes Outbreak of Rare Algae in Caribbean Corals
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense " With an annual budget of about $6.06 billion, we are the funding source for approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by America's colleges and universities. In many fields such as mathematics, computer science and the social sciences, NSF is the major source of federal backing.
Presidential Appointments
FY2009 MPS BUDGET REQUEST Mathematical and Physical Sciences Funding (Dollars in Millions) Change over FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2008 Estimate Actual Estimate Request Amount Percent Astronomical Sciences $215.39 $217.86 $250.01 $32.15 14.8% Chemistry 191.22 194.22 244.67 50.45 26.0% Materials Research 257.27 260.22 324.59 64.37 24.7% Mathematical Sciences 205.74 211.79 245.70 33.91 16.0% Physics 248.47 250.52 297.70 47.18 18.8% Multidisciplinary Activities 32.64 32.70 40.00 7.30 22.3% Total, MPS $1,150.73 $1,167.31 $1,402.67 $235.36 20.2% Totals may not add due to rounding.
DIRECTORATE FOR Mathematical & Physical Sciences PHYSICS RESEARCH DRIVEN BY FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, OPTICAL, AND PLASMA PHYSICS BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS NUCLEAR PHYSICS PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS
The Department of Energy is the single largest Federal government supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, providing more than 40 percent of total Federal funding for this vital area of national importance. It oversees, and is the principal Federal funding agency of, the Nation s research programs in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, and fusion energy sciences. Such a diverse research portfolio supports tens of thousands of principal investigators, post-doctoral students, and graduate students who are tackling some of the most challenging scientific questions of our era.
Research and Development DOE manages fundamental research programs in basic energy sciences, biological and environmental sciences, and computational science and is the Federal Government s largest single provider of funds for materials and chemical sciences. Ensuring the supply of radio isotopes Radio Isotopes have become key agents in the diagnosis and effective treatment of various cancers, heart disease and other medical problems. DOE programs ensure the availability of an adequate supply of medical and research isotopes, which is essential to the Nation s health care system. Research in environmental sciences The Department conducts research in climate change, geophysics, genomics, life sciences, and science education, as well as scientific research in the areas of fossil energy and environmental science.
So, How are priorities set???????? Federal agencies get advice
National Science Academies National Academy of Engineering National Institutes of Health National Research Council The Board on Physics and Astronomy is the Academies' principal forum for issues connected with the fields of physics and astronomy.
What is dark matter? What is dark energy? How did the universe begin? Was Einstein right about gravity? How have ν shaped the universe? What are nature s most energetic particles? Are protons stable? Are there new states of matter at exceedingly high density/energy? Are there additional dimensions? How were elements Fe to U made? Is a new theory needed at the highest energies and EM Fields?
Decadal Studies. Plasma Physics Atomic and Molecular Optics Nuclear Physics Particle Physics plans Astronomy
Get advice from different bodies.. Nuclear Science Advisory Committee NSAC is an advisory committee that provides official advice to the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) on the national program for basic nuclear science research. High Energy Physics Advisory Panel The High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP) has advised the Federal Government on the national program in experimental and theoretical high energy physics (HEP) research since its inception in 1967.
NSAC Long Range Plan We recommend a targeted program of experiments to investigate neutrino properties and fundamental symmetries. These experiments aim to discover the nature of the neutrino, yet-unseen violations of time-reversal symmetry, and other key ingredients of the New Standard Model of fundamental interactions. Construction of a Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory is vital to U.S. leadership in core aspects of this initiative. DOE and NSF charged Nuclear Science Advisory Committee in July 2006 to develop a long range plan for the next decade. Report delivered on December 2007
PARTICLE PHYSICS PROJECT PRIORITIZATION PANEL (P5) The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) is a sub-panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP). Charged in Jan 2008 by NSF and DOE with recommending a 10-year road map for particle physics. The three frontiers of research in particle physics, as expressed by the P5 Panel, which form an interlocking framework that addresses fundamental questions about the laws of nature and the cosmos.
P5 RECOMMENDATIONS Report approved by HEPAP at their May 2008 meeting in Washington. From Executive Summary: The panel recommends a world-class neutrino program as a core component of the US program, with the long-term vision of a large detector in the proposed DUSEL laboratory and a high-intensity neutrino source at Fermilab. The panel endorses the importance of a deep underground laboratory to particle physics and urges NSF to make this facility a reality as rapidly as possible. Furthermore the panel recommends that DOE and NSF work together to realize the experimental particle physics program at DUSEL. Fermilab/DUSEL program recommended by P5 constitutes the primary element of the on-shore U.S. particle physics program during the coming decade.
PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE
PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE IS: An ambitious intellectual and technical program aimed at major discoveries A multi-year Federal strategy A multi-agency, coordinated program A multi-disciplinary approach A natural opportunity for broad impact, education, and public outreach Courtesy of J. Dehmer
THEME 1: DARK ENERGY JDEM Joint DOE-NASA process NAS Beyond Einstein Program Assessment Committee Multiple R&D efforts LSST (NSF-DOE) NSF & DOE support preconceptual design R&D Dark Energy Task Force DE via effect of clusters of galaxies on CMB NSF: ACT & SPT NASA: Chandra, Con-X (future), Spider (balloon), Planck (with ESA)
THEME 2: DARK MATTER, NEUTRINOS, PROTON DECAY DUSEL - NSF solicitations for science scope and site selection NSF-DOE HEPAP, NSAC, & AAAC sub panels roadmapping Multidisciplinary Scope Geosciences Engineering Biology
Highest priority for Physics.New Projects Engineering Geoscience Physics Astrophysics Biology
The Long Baseline Experiment NOvA (off-axis) MINOS (on-axis) Homestake DUSEL 735 km Mega-Detector at DUSEL: CP violation, Proton Decay, Supernova 1300 km Fermilab The configuration of a Mega-Detector at Homestake, that is greater than 1,000 km from a high intensity beam from Fermilab, offers an opportunity for transformational discovery that is unique in the world.
m.w.e. Baksan Gran Sasso Canfranc Frejus/Modane Boulby Pyhassalmi Solotwina Kamioka INO SNOLAB Homestake DUSEL Soudan WIPP 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Asia 5000 6000 Europe 7000 Planned facilities in yellow North America
THEME 3: GRAVITY Numerical relativity research NSF/NASA/DOE AdvLIGO LISA design ongoing (ESA +NASA) LISA
J I N A JOINT INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS An NSF Physics Frontier Center Timothy Beers, Astronomy, MSU Hendrik Schatz, NSCL, MSU James Truran, Astrophysics, U. Chicago Michael Wiescher, NSL, Notre Dame
DISCOVERY OF 40 MG, 42,43 AL, AND 44 SI IN 2007 Enhanced selectivity from two-stage separator: 1.5 10 17 48 Ca nuclei ( nat W target, E/A = 141 MeV) three 40 Mg nuclei Transport Beam Line S800 Analysis Line PID Detector Setup K500 Cyclotron K1200 Cyclotron A1900 Fragment Separator Timing Detectors Production Target Achromatic Degrader HFB-8 FRDM Baumann et al., Phys. Rev. C75 (2007) 064613; Nature (2007)
Press Release 07-154 Newly Created Forms of Magnesium and Aluminum New isotopes push the edge of nuclear existence
Six Grand Challenges in AMO Science From the NRC AMO2010 Study (Interim Report) What is the nature of physical law? What happens at the lowest temperatures in the universe? What happens when we turn up the power? Can we control the inner workings of a molecule? How will we control and exploit the nanoworld? What lies beyond Moore s law?
Quantum Information Science in MPS Harnessing fundamental quantum properties for exploration of new scientific frontiers and development of new technologies